@ARTICLE{Ilyas_Muhammad_Observer_2022,
 author={Ilyas, Muhammad and Khan, Awais and Khan, Muhammad Abbas and Xie, Wei and Riaz, Raja Ali and Khan, Yousaf},
 volume={vol. 32},
 number={No 1},
 journal={Archives of Control Sciences},
 pages={85-103},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2022},
 publisher={Committee of Automatic Control and Robotics PAS},
 abstract={Propofol infusion in anesthesia administration requires continual adjustment in the manual infusion system to regulate the hypnosis level. Hypnotic level is based on Bispectral Index Monitor (BIS) showing the cortical activity of the brain scaled between 0 to 100. The new challenging aspect of automation in anaesthesia is to estimate the concentration of hypnotic drugs in different compartments of the body including primary, rapid peripheral (muscle), slow peripheral (bones, fat) and effect site (brain) compartment based on Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Pharmacodynamics (PD) model. This paper aimed to regulate the hypnosis level with estimating the Propofol concentrations using a linear observer in feedback control strategy based on Integral Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Controller (ISTSMC). The drug concentration in plasma of the silico patients accurately estimated in nominal transient. The results show that tracking errors between the actual output in form of BIS level and linearized output nearly approaches to zero in the maintenance phase of anesthesia to ensure the controller response on sliding phase with optimum performances by achieving desired hypnotic level 50 on BIS. The robustness of control strategy is further ensured by adding measurement noise of electromagnetic environment of operation theatre distracting signal quality index of the output BIS level.},
 type={Article},
 title={Observer design estimating the propofol concentration in PKPD model with feedback control of anesthesia administration},
 URL={http://czasopisma.pan.pl/Content/122924/PDF-MASTER/art05_internet.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/acs.2022.140866},
 keywords={pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models, bispectral index monitor, observer design, sliding mode control},
}