Life Sciences and Agriculture

Journal of Plant Protection Research

Content

Journal of Plant Protection Research | 2021 | vol. 61 | No 3

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Abstract

Today the use of plant extracts, in particular essential oils, is a natural alternative to synthetic insecticides in the fight against crop pests. In this study, the insecticidal activity of essential oils and powder of Xylopia aethiopica (Annonaceae) were tested by both fumigation and contact against Callosobruchus maculatus. The essential oil of X. aethiopica, obtained by steam distillation and the powder, with a particle size of 1 mm, were used for the tests. The analysis of essential oils and powder of X. aethiopica by GC-MS/FID and GC/MS-HS-SPME, showed that the main compounds were β-pinene (28.9–19.0%), 1,8-cineole (14.9–7.6%) and α-pinene (9.8–19.4%). Insecticidal activity of essential oils and powder of X. aethiopica, respectively, by fumigation (F) and contact (C) against C. maculatus showed toxicity LD50 = 0.2 ± 0.0 μl.cm–3, LT50 = 16.4 ± 1.2 hours (F) and LD50 = 9.2 ± 0.7 g.kg–1, LT50 = 69.6 ± 0.4 hours (C). The essential oil and powder of X. aethiopica can be considered as bio-insecticides against C. maculatus for the protection of cowpeas in Senegal.
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Authors and Affiliations

Abdoulaye Thiam
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Momar Talla Guèye
2
Cheikhna Hamala Sangharé
1 2
Papa Seyni Cissokho
2
Elhadji Barka Ndiaye
1
Serigne Mbacké Diop
1
Michel Barka Diop
3
Ibrahima Ndiaye
1
Marie Laure Fauconnier
4

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
  2. Laboratory of Phytosanitary Analyses, Institute of Food Technology, Dakar, Senegal
  3. Unit of Training and Research of Agronomic Sciences, Aquaculture and Food Technology (S2ATA), Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal
  4. General and Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio-Tech University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
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Abstract

The phyllosphere refers to the entire aerial habitat of plants while phylloplane describes the entire leaf surface. The phylloplane provides a niche for diversified microbial communities and as such it is an important ecosystem both ecologically and economically. For many years, phylloplane dwellers have been studied as bio protectants and enhancers of growth in host plants. Plants and phylloplane-microbial-interactions result in increased fitness and productivity of agricultural crops. In this study, an attempt was made to compile previous studies in order to better understand the role of phylloplane microbiota in influencing the physiology of flora. We also proposed possible further research to explore molecular aspects of signaling mechanisms established by the phylloplane microbial community with their hosts which impact the latter’s physiology.
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Authors and Affiliations

Susmita Goswami
1
ORCID: ORCID
Navodit Goel
1
Rita Singh Majumdar
2

  1. Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
  2. Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract

During 2016–2017 surveys, carried out for phytoplasma diseases in ornamental plants in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces, Iran, found symptoms of virescence, phyllody, reduced size of leaves and flowers in columbine ( Aquilegia vulgaris). Total DNAs extracted from symptomatic and symptomless plants were tested for the presence of phytoplasma using P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2 primers in direct and nested PCR producing amplicons of about 1.8 and 1.2 kb, respectively, from all symptomatic A. vulgaris plants, but not from symptomless ones. The consensus sequence of the detected phytoplasma named Aquilegia phyllody (APh) was 100% identical with strains clustering to phytoplasmas enclosed in the 16SrI group as also confirmed by phylogenetic analyses. Both real and virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of R16F2n/R16R2 amplicons showed profiles that were identical to each other and indicated the affiliation of the APh phytoplasma to the 16SrI-R subgroup. This is the first report of a 16SrI-R phytoplasma associated with this A. vulgaris phyllody disease.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ghobad Babaei
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seyyed Alireza Esmaeilzadeh-Hosseini
2
Soudeh Davoodi
1
Assunta Bertaccini
3

  1. Plant Protection Research Department, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Shahrekord, Iran
  2. Plant Protection Research Department, Yazd Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Yazd, Iran
  3. Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Viale Fanin, Bologna, Italy
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Abstract

The seed is one of the most important inputs of agricultural products and its quality and health can be affected by seed-borne fungi. Seed-borne fungal pathogens are a major threat to black cumin production and cause considerable yield losses every year worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify seed-borne fungi, the effects of natural fungal infected seeds on some seed quality indicators, and also to investigate cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs), pathogenicity and aggressiveness of the isolates obtained from seeds. The constituents of essential oils (EOs) from seeds of Iranian and Syrian black cumin populations were identified and their effect on [isolated] seed-borne Fusarium isolates. A total of 17 isolates were identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics of Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani species. The results of the standard germination test showed that there was a significant difference between the studied seed populations in the germination and vigor indices. Our results indicated that most of the identified isolates were in the seed coat, while a few isolates of F. oxysporum were located in embryos. The results of the pathogenicity test showed that about 42% of the isolates were pathogenic and 58% of the isolates were non-pathogenic. Different levels of pathogenicity and aggressiveness were observed for various isolates of Fusarium species. All Fusarium isolates were not capable of producing CWDEs as pathogenicity factors. Analyzing the activity of CWDEs, including cellulase, pectinase, xylanase and lipase produced by the Fusarium isolates, revealed that activity levels of CWDEs are positive and are correlated with variations in pathogenicity and aggressiveness of seed-borne fungal isolates on seeds. The EOs were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the major constituents were identified as ρ-cymene, trans-anethole, thymoquinone, limonene, carvacrol and α-thujene. The results showed that the compounds ρ-cymene, limonene, carvacrol, thymoquinone and transanethole had antifungal effects against F. oxysporum isolate. It seems that the percentage of carvacrol and limonene composition in the EOs components can affect the presence of the seed-borne Fusarium. This is the first report on the effect of EO compositions of black cumin seed populations on seed-borne Fusarium isolated from the same seeds. The findings of this research showed that the amounts and types of constituents of EOs of black cumin seed populations are different and they can affect the abundance of seed-borne fungi and their level of pathogenicity and aggressiveness.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nima Khaledi
1
Farshid Hassani
1

  1. Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Abstract

Fusarium wilt, incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), causes serious production losses of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. Biological control, using an antagonistic of Trichoderma species, is a bio-rationale and an alternative method to synthetic pesticides against most phytopathogens. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of T. harzianum and/or T. viride in reducing Fusarium wilt and to determine the relationship between disease severity and plant growth promoting traits of these species. Trichoderma viride exhibited better phosphate solubilization and production of cellulases, ligninases, chitinases, proteases, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), siderophores and indole acetic acid (IAA) than T. harzianum. For field assessment, five treatments with three replicates were used. The field was inoculated with the wilt fungus (FOL). Both Trichoderma spp. used were applied as a seed treatment, mixed in the soil, and FOL inoculated soil served as the untreated control. During the two consecutive years, seed treatment with T. viride exhibited the least disease severity, the highest physiological activity, the highest biochemical and antioxidant contents, and tomato plants treated with it exhibited the best growth and yield. It was concluded that Trichoderma viride can potentially be used to reduce Fusarium wilt and promote plant growth and yield in commercial tomato production.
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Authors and Affiliations

Arshi Jamil
1

  1. Department of Plant Protection, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Abstract

It has already been well established that long exposure to low doses of pesticidesis linked to consumer risks. So, this study purposed to investigate the amounts of pesticide residues and potential health risks associated with them. The risk assessment was determined by two methods: 1. Pesticide toxicity index (PTI) depending on the maximum residue limit (MRL) to calculate the hazard quotient (HQ); 2. Health risk assessment (HR) using acceptable daily intake (ADI) and estimated daily intake (EDI) to calculate the health index (HI). Pesticide residues were estimated in 176samples of the most popularly consumed vegetables collected from major retailers and markets in Dakahlia, Egypt (during 2018). There were 111 samples contaminated with pesticide residues (63.1%), of which 29 samples (16.48%) were higher than the maximum residue limits (MRL).Residues of 23 compounds were found in the analyzed samples, of which chlorpyrifos was the most frequentin 33 samples (18.75%);while cypermethrin was the lowest (detected in one sample). According to WHO toxicity classification, 12 of the detected pesticides were moderately hazardous (class II), seven pesticides belonged to class III (slightly hazardous), three compounds were found in class U (unlikely to pose an acute hazard with normal use), while carbofuran is a highly toxic compound (class Ib). Also, the obtained data revealed that, the HI’s for the individual pesticides ranged from 0.0018 to 64.0% of ADI indicates no risk of adverse effects following exposure to the individual pesticides. The cumulative exposure amounts (PTI values) ranged from 1.58 in snake cucumber to 128.44 in potato tubers, indicating that, the combined risk index of pesticide residues was a significant health risk for consumers according to the individual risk index.It can be concluded that there is a need for strict regulation and regular monitoring of pesticide residues in foodstuff for consumers’ health protection.
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Authors and Affiliations

Shehata E.M. Shalaby
1
ORCID: ORCID
Gehan Y. Abdou
1
Ibrahim M. El-Metwally
2
Gomaa M.A. Abou-elella
1

  1. Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
  2. Botany Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract

The yield of many crops can be increased by irrigating them with magnetically treated water (MTW). The aim of our research was to determine if the efficacy of a soil-applied herbicide such as metribuzin against weeds could be affected by MTW. A split-plot randomized complete block experiment was designed with two main plots, including potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) irrigated with equal volumes of MTW and non-MTW. Sub-plots were weedy control, weed-free control (hand-weeded), and pre-emergence application of metribuzin at 420 and 525 g a.i. · ha–1. Generally, MTW induced the seed germination and vegetative growth of Amaranthus blitoides S.Watson and Convolvulus arvensis L., resulting in a reduction of the total tuber yield of potato from 1.47 to 1.18 kg · m–2. MTW improved the efficacy of weed control strategies, resulting in an improvement of the total tuber yield and the water use efficiency of potato. The total tuber yield when metribuzin was applied at 420 g a.i. · ha–1 with MTW (3.51 kg · m–2) was more than when metribuzin was applied at 525 g a.i. · ha–1 with non-MTW (2.76 kg · m–2). It can be concluded that the use of MTW can be a safer crop production method by reducing the required dosage of metribuzin to control weeds. Considering the fact that the use of MTW without herbicide application increased the density of weed species, this method should be limited to a scenario where weeds can be effectively controlled.
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Authors and Affiliations

Akbar Aliverdi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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Abstract

More than 4100 plant-parasitic nematodes species have been described to date, some of which are of significant economic importance since they cause losses in agriculture. This paper presents new data on three species of the genus Longidorus: L. attenuatus, L. elongatus and L. euonymus from Poland. The study was based on 1138 soil samples taken from different regions of the country. A total of 77 populations of L. elongatus, 23 of L. attenuatus and 7 of L. euonymus were found which corresponds with 6.76%, 2.02% and 0.62% of all analyzed samples, respectively. Distribution maps are presented together with data on the morphometrics, molecular markers D2-D3 28S rDNA and data on host plants on which the nematodes were found.
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Authors and Affiliations

Franciszek Kornobis
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Entomology and Animal Pests, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
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Abstract

The use of environmentally friendly bio-pesticides is crucial for higher root and sugar yield in sugar beets. The economic importance of beet moth [ Scrobipalpa ocellatella Boyd. (Lep.: Gelechidae)] losses in the field and storage highlight the need for evaluation of appropriate, environmentally friendly methods for pest control. The aims of the present study were to i) assess azadirachin (AZN) effects on the life cycle and activity of the pest, and ii) manage the beet moth on roots under laboratory conditions. For the experiments, the main concentrations were prepared on the basis of the field-recommended dose of this pesticide (1–1.5 l/1000 l water). The LC50 was estimated for 3rd instar larvae. Later, at sublethal concentrations, the relative time for the emergence of each developmental stage was determined. The mean female fecundity was 37% (±4) for treated tests at the lowest AZN concentration (0.5 ml · l–1). AZN at 0.5 ml · l–1 concentration resulted in 62 (±4) deposited eggs per plant for the treated roots and 326 (±1) for roots in the control test. Mortality increased in response to increased AZN concentrations. The results revealed that after 72 h, the highest AZN concentration (2.5 ml · l–1) caused 100% repellency and 82% (±1.38) mortality on 3rd instar larvae. According to our findings, a concentration of 2 ml · l–1 AZN (20 gr active ingredient per 1 hectare) after 4 days affected 1st instar larvae and the larvae with no further development had 92.2% (±1.2) mortality. In conclusion, the results revealed that AZN as a biorational pesticide can significantly minimize the losses of S. ocellatella on sugar beet crops.
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Authors and Affiliations

Somaye Allahvaisi
1
Mahdi Hassani
2
Bahram Heidari
3

  1. Plant Protection Research Department, Hamedan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Hamedan, Iran
  2. Sugar Beet Research Department, Hamedan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Hamedan, Iran
  3. Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Abstract

Dolichos ( Lablab purpureus L.) is a drought tolerant legume used as food/feed and improvement of soil fertility. The production of dolichos in Kenya, Nakuru County is however limited by insect pests like bean aphids, pod borers and whiteflies. Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of cropping systems (dolichos monocrop and maize-dolichos intercrop) and field margin vegetation on bean aphids and their natural enemies. The experiment was conducted in Njoro (high field margin vegetation) and Rongai (low field margin vegetation) during May- December 2019 and MarchNovember 2020 cropping seasons. Bean aphid percent incidence, severity of damage and abundance was assessed at seedling, early vegetative, late vegetative and flowering dolichos growth stages. The populations of natural enemies in the plots and field margin vegetation were monitored using pan traps and sweep nets. Species diversity and composition of the field margin vegetation was determined using a quadrat. Results showed that location and cropping system had significant effects on bean aphid infestations. A high bean aphid incidence (38.13%) was observed in Njoro compared to Rongai (31.10%). Dolichos monocrop had significantly higher bean aphid infestation (51.63%) than the maize-dolichos intercrop system (24.62%). A highly diverse Shannon-weaver index was observed in Rongai (1.90) compared to Njoro (1.67). Dolichos monocrop had a more diverse Shannon-weaver index (1.8) than the maize-dolichos intercrop system (1.7). Rongai had the most abundant annual and perennial field margin vegetation species. The field margin species richness and diversity were higher in Rongai (81%) than in Njoro (54%). The findings of this study have demonstrated that a maize-dolichos intercrop in Rongai can reduce bean aphid damage in dolichos.
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Authors and Affiliations

Christine N. Mwani
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jane Nyaanga
1
Erick K. Cheruiyot
1
Joshua O. Ogendo
1
Philip K. Bett
2
Richard Mulwa
1
Philip C. Stevenson
3
Sarah E.J. Arnold
3 4
Steven R. Belmain
3

  1. Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, Kenya
  2. Biological Sciences, Egerton University, Kenya
  3. Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, UK
  4. Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
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Abstract

The efficiency of a formulated salicylic acid (Zacha 11, 500 mg · l–1) and a Bacillus bioproduct (JN2-007, 1 × 107 cfu · ml–1) in controlling cassava root rot disease and enhancing growth was evaluated. The results revealed that cassava stalk soaking and foliage spraying with Zacha 11 formulation or Bacillus subtilis bioproduct could increase cassava growth at 60 days after planting under greenhouse conditions. Zacha 11 gave the tallest stem height (11.67 cm), the longest root length (18.91 cm) and the greatest number of roots (49.50). Fusarium root rot severity indices of all treated treatments were reduced, and were significantly lower than that of the water control. Plants treated with Zacha 11 and JN2-007 had disease severity reduction of 53.33 and 48.33%, respectively. Furthermore, all treatments increased the endogenous salicylic acid (SA) content in cassava plants at 24 inoculation with significant differences when compared to the untreated samples. The efficacy of Zacha 11 and JN2-007 was evaluated at two field locations, using two different cassava varieties, cv. Rayong 72 and CMR-89. The results showed that all elicitors could suppress root rot disease as well as bacterial leaf blight. Furthermore, the elicitors helped cassava plants cv. Rayong 72 and CMR-89 to increase tuber weight, yield and starch contents, compared to the water control. Thus, it is possible that these formulations could be effective in controlling diseases and increasing cassava productivity.
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Authors and Affiliations

Chanon Saengchan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piyaporn Phansak
2
Toan Le Thanh
3
Narendra Kumar Papathoti
1 4
Natthiya Buensanteai
1

  1. School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
  2. Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand
  3. Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
  4. Research and Development Division, Sri Yuva Biotech Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Abstract

Over the last decade, an expansion of sugar beet weevil has been observed in Poland, damaging seedlings of sugar beet plants. The distribution of damage caused by this species in Poland is presented. The expansion of the distribution of losses was illustrated on the UTM map in 2-year intervals.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zdzisław Klukowski
1
Jacek Piszczek
2

  1. Department of Plant Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
  2. Regional Experimental Station, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute (IPP – NRI), Poznań, Poland

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