Orchards are sprayed at the agro-technical speed ranging from 4 to 6 km per hour. The research paid attention to the influence of a higher speed reaching 8 km/h on the quality of orchard trees spraying. Applying higher speed causes a labour efficiency increase while spraying and reduces time of treatment performance. However, increasing the speed should not decrease the quality of leaf coverage with the sprayed liquid. The results of the carried out research indicate a possibility of increasing the working speed without deteriorating the quality of spraying in dwarf orchards.

The genetic resistance of potato varieties can be utilized to lower the fungicide rates used for plant protection against late blight. The very resistant varieties can be protected with half the rate of fungicide without negative effect on efficiency of the con troi.

The paper presents the results of plor experimenrs on susceptibility of 4 culrivars of fiber flax: Alba, Bel inka, Nike and Wiko ro broad-leaved weed herbicides (chlorsulfuron, benrazon + MCPA) and graminicides (haloksylop-R, chizalofop P, and seroxidim), used as single or mixtures, The experiments were conducted on rwo soil suitability complexes in the years 1994--1996. The culrivars Alba and Wiko were more susceptible ro herbicides than Nike and Belinka. More susceptible Alba and Wiko showed faster phenological developmenr as compared to two other cultivars, especially in the first period of growing season (from germination ro the stage of fast growth). Herbicides had more phytotoxic effeet on flax planes on light soil than on other ones. The most phytotoxic effect on res red cultivars, leading ro a reduction of scurched fiber yield, was observed for the mixture of haloksylop-R + chlorsulfuron and benrazon + MCPA followed by setoxidim ar 7-day inrerval. Higher yields of most flax cultivars were observed when flax was sprayed with chlorsulfuron herbicides followed by one of the reseed graminicides (haloksylop-R, chizalofop P or setoxidim) after seven days from application of chlorsulfuron. The cultivar Nike has been found to be the most resistant to reseed herbicides. Application of chemical methods of weed conrrol for cultivation of this cultivar resuited in an increase of long yield of scurched fiber. The herbicides reseed in the experiment usually had a beneficial effect on the quality of flax scurched fiber, especially in case of Alba and Wiko culrivars.

Experiment was conducted twice: in spring of 1999 and 2000. Two greenhouse cucumber varieties (Aramis and Corona) with different susceptibility to spider mires were employed to compare the harmfulness of the two-spotted spider mite and the carmine spider mite. Effects of the rwo-spotted spider mite and the carmine spider mite feeding either on the fruit production or on the content of some organic compounds were measured. Moreover, development of spatially separated populations of the two-spotted spider mite and the carmine spider mite was analysed. Two abiotic parameters were taken into account: temperature and sunlight duration. Increment of the carmine spider mite population density was faster during the season of higher temperature and sunlight duration (spring of 2000). Differences in the development of rwo-spotted spider mite were not observed. The increase of fruit weight was closely correlated with increase of densiry of spider mires. The feeding of relatively low populations of the carmine spider mite (up to 5-7 mobile stages per leaf) stimulated the weight increase of fruits collected from Aramis and Corona varieties. The feeding of rwo-spotted spider mite and the carmine spider mire affected the distribution of organic compounds produced in plants. In quire severely infested leaves (2-3 damage level of De Ponti scale) rota! amount of sugars and phenolic compounds increased as compared ro control leaves.

A method for obtaining of alkaloid preparations (A, fraction and pure alkaloid perchlorates ofA5 one) from bitter lupin (Lupinus albus L. cv. Bac) extract and evaluation of their usefulness for plant protection are described. The activity of the extract as well as its fraction A, and two major alkaloids of A3 one was tested on pests such as large cabbage white (Pieris brassicae L.) and small cabbage white (Pieris rapae L.) fed with leaves of cabbage treated with these preparations. Fractionation of the extract to obtain A, fraction and alkaloids perch I orates ofA3 one has been sufficient to eliminate impurities that may potentially cause undesirable by-effects in biological tests. Significant changes in various stages of development of insects were observed. Generally, fraction A, of lupin extract caused decrease in mass of fed feed as well as weight of objects observed. Furthermore, numerous visible damages of fed larvae and pupae that caused their inability to generate normal imagines (butterflies) were observed. Perchlorates of lupanine and 13-hydroxylupanine derived from lupin extract A3 fraction have not shown that effect, particularly on P. brassicae. Above supports an evidence that only natural bioconjugates of active substance may perform strong biological activity. In spite of similarity of tested insect species considerable differences between them in reaction to preparations were noticed.

Method for determination of carbendazim residues in fruits, vegetables and cereals was described. The compound was extracted with methanol-hydrochloric acid mixture, and after liquid-liquid partition step with dichlorornethane, was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with column switching and ultraviolet (UV) detection. The average recoveries of carbendazim from fortified sample were from 68.7% ± 4.3% to 92.6% ± 4.5%, the coefficients of variation were from 2.9% to 6.3%, and the limits of quantification at "A = 279 nm were from 0.02 mg/kg to 0.2 mg/kg.

In the experiments the lifetime, survival and feeding preferences of Sitona lineatus L. on the various broad bean cultivars were investigated. The measures of the injured disks were performed by means of automatic image analysis. This method led to reduction of time required for the measures. Based on these experiments it can be suggested that Hangdown Zielony was the most preferable and suitable cultivar for the S. lineatus adults from all tested broad bean cultivars. The largest injured disk surface, the longest life and the highest survival of Sitona weevils were recorded on this variety.

Stevenson W.R., Loria R., Franc G.D., Weingartner D.P. (eds.). 2001. Compendium of Potato Diseases. 2"d edition. APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, ISBN 0-89054-275-9.

The Airjet bi-fluid nozzle mixes air with the spray solution inside the nozzle to atomize the spray. The AirJet can produce droplets of consistent size at a wide range of flow rates. Unlike conventional nozzles, the Airjet will not change droplet size as rates and pressures change. The quality of wheat spraying obtained while applying AirJet TK-VSlO nozzles was tested. The coverage was estimated on water sensitive papers. Nozzles were used at the liquid pressure: 0.22; 0.28; 0.35 MPa and air pressure: 0.07; O.OS; 0.09; 0.1 MPa. Relatively low spray volumes 90 I/ha, 11 O I/ha and 150 I/ha were obtained at constant working speed of 6 km/h.

The purpose of this paper is to estimate levels of pesticide residues present on or in greenhouse vegetables of che south-eastern Poland. Samples taken by trained inspectors of Inspectorates of Plant Protection (national monitoring program) and by personnel of the Experimental Station (surveillance programme) were generally analysed unwashed and unpeeled. The results obtained were compared to their MRLs and then were used for che assessment of che long (chronic) and short-term (acute) exposure of adult consumers. Detectable residues (above limie of determination) were found in 45%, 36%, and 20% of che tomato, pepper and cucumber samples (national monitoring program), respectively, and in 78%, and 52% of che tomato and cucumber samples (surveillance programme). Long-term intake of residues by an adult consumer of the south-eastern Poland did not exceed the level of 0.2% of che ADI, indicating that sufficient margin of safety exist for the consumer. From shore-term exposure, only consumption of tomatoes containing DTCs and chlorochalonil residues were close to levels of respective ADIs.

Phytophthora cinnarnorni dominated among isolates obtained from diseased 9 species of ericaceous plants. Inoculation of leaves or shoot parts by that species resulted in the fast development of necrosis. In greenhouse trials the pathogen caused root and shoot rot within 10-12-week-growth. The source of isolate had significant influence on the development of Phytophthora rot.

The investigations were carried out at Bonin during I 996-1999. The aim of the study was the comparison of PVY, PVS, PVM and PLRV infection pressure in different periods of growing season. The PVY pressure was the greatest. The mean (of 4 years) infection was 32%. Evidently lower infection was observed for PVS (19%) and PVM (7%) and extremely low for PLRV (only O.Ol%). The most intense spread of PVY, PVS and PVM took place from second IO days of July until first ten days of August.

The purpose of applying an additional air flux in field sprayers is limiting liquid drift. The flux also influences the quality of plant spraying. Krukowiak Bravo sprayer, produced by Krukowiak Company, was applied in the research on the influence of air flux on the quality of coverage ofwinter wheat (Sakwa variety). The plant coverage was determined using water sensitive papers. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the influence of air volume discharged by the air sleeve equipped sprayer and air induction nozzles on the coverage of the plant. The spray coverage ofwheat with ID 120-03 Lechler nozzles was satisfactory, both in case of conventional and air assisted applications.

The results of studies on residues of dithiocarbamate fungicides in 13 different crops during 1999-2000 are presented. According ro monitoring programme 2,226 samples of fruits and vegetables were collected from the productions sites in the whole country. The samples were analyzed for residue content by a spectrophotometric method. In 11.3% of samples the residues were detected. Residues exceeding Polish MRLs were found in 10 samples (0.5 %).

The bioindicative research conducted in 1998 concerned the soil polluted by lead in the region ofGlass Factory in Krosno. Potato beetle larvae descending to soil for pupation were the soil bioindicator. Samples of soil were collected in the distance of 500 to 1,000 m from the factory emitters, and later the lead content was determined in the Chemical Agricultural Station in Rzeszów. The lead level in the l" pollution zone was 200.0 mg Pb/kg while in the 2"d zone 70.0 mg/kg, and in the soil sample from the control field the level was 12.0 mg/kg. The obtained results of the analysis conducted in the laboratory of the Regional Experimental Station did not show any significant differences between both the beetle mass which emerged from the soil, and their number from the control field and the experimental one.

Field experiments were conducted to determine the influence of adjuvams on fenoxaprop-Pvethyl bioefficacy against wind grass (A pera spica-venti), wild oats (Avena fatua) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli). The commercial product Puma Universal 069 EW, which contains 69 g,/1 offenoxaprop-P-ethyl, was applied with different adjuvants in springtime in winter barley, winter triticale, winter wheat and spring wheat. The adjuvants have improved efficacy of Puma Universal 069 EW. Mineral paraffin oil (Atpolan 80 EC) was the most effective adjuvant.