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Abstract

Surface roughness has an important influence on the service performance and life of parts. Areal surface roughness has the advantage of accurately and comprehensively characterizing surface microtopography. Understanding the relationship and distinction between profile and areal surface roughness is conducive to deepening the study of areal surface roughness and improving its application. In this paper, the concepts, development, and applications of surface roughness in the profile and the areal are summarized from the aspect of evaluation parameters. The relationships and differences between surface roughness in the profile and the areal are analyzed for each aspect, and future development trends are identified.
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Authors and Affiliations

Baofeng He
1
Siyuan Ding
1
Zhaoyao Shi
1

  1. Beijing University of Technology, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
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Abstract

In this paper, we present an experimental setup developed for the calibration of dynamic force transducers which is based on the drop mass method. The traceability to SI units is realized through well-known mass characteristics and a reference shock accelerometer attached to that mass. Two approaches are proposed to analyse dynamic force employing a drop mass system. One approach depends on the inertial force of a falling mass while the other deals with the work-energy principle. Results of both approaches are then compared to the response of a statically calibrated force transducer. It is shown that the obtained maximum relative deviations between the response of force transducer and the first approach results are 1% while those of the second approach are 2%.
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Bibliography

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[6] Satria, E., Takita, A., Nasbey, H., Prayogi, I. A., Hendro, H., Djamal, M., & Fujii, Y. (2018). New technique for dynamic calibration of a force transducer using a drop ball tester. Measurement Science and Technology, 29(12). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aaeb71
[7] Schlegel, C., Kieckenap, G., Glöckner, B., Buß, A., & Kumme, R. (2012). Traceable periodic force calibration. Metrologia, 49(3), 224–235. https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/49/3/224
[8] Sivaselvan, M. V., Reinhorn, A. M., Shao, X., & Weinreber, S. (2008). Dynamic force control with hydraulic actuators using added compliance and displacement compensation. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 37(15), 1785–1800. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.837
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[11] Yang, Y., Zhao, Y., & Kang, D. (2016). Integration on acceleration signals by adjusting with envelopes. Journal of Measurements in Engineering, 4(2), 117–121. https://www.jvejournals.com/ article/16965/pdf
[12] Zhang, L., & Kumme, R. (2003). Investigation of interferometric methods for dynamic force measurement. In XVII IMEKO World Congress, Metrology in the 3rd Millennium, Croatia, 315–318.
[13] Zhang, L.,Wang, Y., & Zhang, L. (2010). Investigation of calibrating force transducer using sinusoidal force. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1253, 395–401. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3455481
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Authors and Affiliations

Shaker A. Gelany
1
Gouda M. Mahmoud
1

  1. National Institute of Standards (NIS), Tersa St, El-Haram, PO Box 136, Code 12211, Giza, Egypt
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Abstract

Geographic trajectory of a pipeline is important information for pipeline maintenance and leak detection. Although accurate trajectory of a ground pipeline usually can be directly measured by using global positioning system technology, it is much difficult to determine trajectory for an underground pipeline where global positioning system signal cannot be received. In this paper, a new method to determine trajectory for an underground pipeline by using a pipeline inspection robot is proposed. The robot is equipped with a low-cost inertial measurement unit and odometers. The kinematic model, measurement model and error propagation model are established for estimating position, velocity and attitude of the robot. The path reconstruction algorithm for the robot is proposed to improve accuracy of trajectory determination based on pipeline features. The experiment is given to illustrate that the position errors of the proposed method are less than 40% of that of the standard extended Kalman filter.
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Bibliography

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[16] Usarek, Z., &Warnke, K. (2017). Inspection of gas pipelines using magnetic flux leakage technology. Advances in Materials Science, 17(3), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1515/adms-2017-0014
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[18] Hyun, D., Yang, H. S., Park, H. S., & Kim, H. J. (2010). Dead-reckoning sensor system and tracking algorithm for 3-D pipeline mapping. Mechatronics, 20(2), 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.mechatronics.2009.11.009
[19] Lee, D. H., Moon, H., Koo, J. C., & Choi, H. R. (2013). Map building method for urban gas pipelines based on landmark detection. International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems, 11(1), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12555-012-0049-6
[20] Li, T., Zhang, H., Niu, X., & Gao, Z. (2017). Tightly-coupled integration of multi-GNSS singlefrequency RTK and MEMS-IMU for enhanced positioning performance. Sensors, 17(11), 2462. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112462
[21] Sahli, H., & El-Sheimy, N. (2016). A novel method to enhance pipeline trajectory determination using pipeline junctions. Sensors, 16(4), 567. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16040567
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[25] Xu, L., Li, X. R., Duan, Z., & Lan, J. (2013). Modeling and state estimation for dynamic systems with linear equality constraints. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 61(11), 2927–939. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2013.2255045
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Authors and Affiliations

Shuo Zhang
1
Stevan Dubljevic
1

  1. University of Alberta, Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, T6G 2R3 Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Abstract

We present two main ways to precisely create the equivalent transfer function of picosecond time-to-digital converters based on commonly used method with tapped time coding delay lines. The ways consist either in evaluation of the quantization steps boundaries of the delay lines or in summation of numbers of the line quantization steps. The paper contains results of comprehensive analysis of both methods. The advantage and high versatility of the addition method is demonstrated.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Dominik Sondej
1
Rafał Szymanowski
1
Ryszard Szplet
1

  1. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Communication Systems, gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw 46, Poland
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Abstract

NTC thermistors are frequently used low in cost temperature sensors which provide some of the most desirable sensing features. However, due to the nonlinear static transfer function their sensitivity decreases with temperature increase, causing lower measurement accuracy in some regions of the measurement range. This paper proposes a method for NTC thermistor nonlinearity compensation using a Wheatstone bridge and a novel dual-stage single-flash piecewise-linear ADC. Both conversion stages are performed using the same flash ADC of a novel design based on a reduced number of comparators employed. In this manner, simpler design, lower production costs, higher compactness and lower power consumption of the linearizing ADC, are achieved. The proposed linearizing method is tested on the Vishay NTCLE413E2103F520L thermistor, in the range from 0°C to 100°C, and the obtained results confirmed the effectiveness of the method in measurement accuracy improvement: when the flash ADC of 10-bit resolution is employed the accuracy obtained is 7:4747 10-5°C.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Jelena Jovanović
1
Dragan Denić
1

  1. University of Niš, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Measurements Department, Aleksandra Medvedeva 14, 18000 Niš, Serbia
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Abstract

This paper proposes an evaluation method for the observable trap depth range of space charge when using the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method and its complementarity with the current integration charge (Q(t)) method. Based on the measurement process of the PEA method and the hopping conduction principle of space charge, the relationship between the trap depth and the residence time of charge is analysed. A method to analyse the effect of the measurement speed and the spatial resolution of the PEA system on the observable trap depth is then proposed. Further results show when the single measurement time needs 1 s and the resolution is 10 µm at room temperature, the corresponding trap depth is larger than 0.68 eV. Meanwhile, under high temperature or with voltage applied, the depth can further increase. The combined measurement results of the PEA and Q(t) methods indicate that the former focuses on charge distribution in deep traps, which allows to calculate the distorted electric field. The latter can measure the changing process of the total charge involved in all traps, which is applicable to analysing the leakage current. Therefore, the evaluation of HVDC insulation properties based on the joint application of the two methods is more reliable.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hanwen Ren
1
Tatsuo Takada
2
Yasuhiro Tanaka
2
Qingmin Li
1

  1. North China Electric Power University, State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, Beijing 102206, China
  2. Tokyo City University, 1-28-1 Tamazutsumi, Setagaya, Tokyo, 158-8557, Japan
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Abstract

A laser measurement system for measuring straightness and parallelism error using a semiconductor laser was proposed. The designing principle of the developed system was analyzed. Addressing at the question of the divergence angle of the semiconductor laser being quite large and the reduction of measurement accuracy caused by the diffraction effect of the light spot at the longworking distance, the optical structure of the system was optimized through a series of simulations and experiments. A plano-convex lens was used to collimate the laser beam and concentrate the energy distribution of the diffraction effect. The working distance of the system was increased from 2.6 m to 4.6 m after the optical optimization, and the repeatability of the displacement measurement is kept within 2.2 m in the total measurement range. The performance of the developed system was verified by measuring the straightness of a machine tool through the comparison tests with two commercial multi-degree-of-freedom measurement systems. Two different measurement methods were used to verify the measurement accuracy. The comparison results show that during the straightness measurement of the machine tool, the laser head should be fixed in front of the moving axis, and the sensing part should move with the moving table of the machine tool. Results also show that the measurement error of the straightness measurement is less than 3 m compared with the commercial systems. The developed laser measurement system has the advantages of high precision, long working distance, low cost, and suitability for straightness and parallelism error measurement.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Peng Xu
1
Rui Jun Li
1
Wen Kai Zhao
1
Zhen Xin Chang
1
Shao Hua Ma
1
Kuang Chao Fan
1

  1. Hefei University of Technology, School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei, China
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Abstract

A dynamic weighing system or a checkweigher is an automated inspection system that measures the weight of objects while transferring them between processes. In our previous study, we developed a new electromagnetic force compensation (EMFC) weighing cell using magnetic springs and air bearings. This weighing cell is free from flexure hinges which are vulnerable to shock and fatigue and also eliminates the resonance characteristics and implements a very low stiffness of only a few N/m due to the nature of the Halbach array magnetic spring. In this study, we implemented a checkweigher with the weighing cell including a loading and unloading conveyor to evaluate its dynamic weighing performances. The magnetic springs are optimized and re-designed to compensate for the weight of a weighing conveyor on the weighing cell. The checkweigher has a weighing repeatability of 23 mg (1σ) in static situation. Since there is no lowfrequency resonance in our checkweigher that influences the dynamic weighing signal, we could measure the weight by using only a notch filter at high conveyor speeds. To determine the effective measurement time, a dynamic weighing process model is used. Finally, the proposed checkweigher meets Class XIII of OIML R51-1 of verification scale e 0.5 g at a conveyor speed of up to 2.7 m/s.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hyun-Ho Lee
1
Kyung-Taek Yoon
1
Young-Man Choi
1

  1. Ajou University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 206, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

The article presents a new technique for measuring paper deformation in unidirectional tensile tests, based on recording and analysis of a series of specimen images. The proposed technique differs from the DIC-based deformation measurement in that the cross-correlation of image data has been replaced with linear filtering. For this purpose, a regular grid of markers is printed on the sample. Filtering the image creates local maxima in the places where markers occur. The developed algorithm finds their location with sub-pixel accuracy. Printing a grid of markers on tested paper and use of reference objects visible in the same image as the paper sample, freed from the need to mechanically connect the camera and the universal testing machine and from the necessity to electronically synchronize their work. The obtained deformation distributions and Poisson’s ratios are in accordance with the literature data which confirms the correctness of the developed measurement technique.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Pełczyński
1
Włodzimierz Szewczyk
1
Maria Bieńkowska
1

  1. Centre of Papermaking and Printing, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Wolczanska 223, Poland
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Abstract

Optical vortices are getting attention in modern optical metrology. Because of their unique features, they can be used as precise position markers. In this paper, we show that an artificial neural network can be used to improve vortex localization. A deep neural network with several hidden layers was trained to find subpixel vortex positions on the spiral phase maps. Several thousand training samples, differing by spiral density, its orientation, and vortex position, were generated numerically for teaching purposes. As a result, Best Validation Performance of the order of 10��5 pixel has been reached. To verify the usefulness of the proposed method, a related experiment in the setup of an optical vortex scanning microscope has been reported. It is shown that the vortex can be localized with subpixel accuracy also on experimental phase maps.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Popiołek-Masajada
1
Ewa Frączek
2
Emilia Burnecka
1

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Department of Optics and Photonics, Poland
  2. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Department of Telecommunication and Teleinformatics, Poland
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Abstract

The Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico del Gas developed a static expansion system to enable the calibration of medium and high vacuum pressure gauges in Colombia. The system can generate pressures between 0.1 Pa and 100 kPa. The characterization tests included the evaluation of pressure stability and desorption rate, a trueness test, and the analysis of the uncertainty budget of the calibration result. The pressure stability test was successfully completed and showed the positive effect of baking on the final pressure in the system. The trueness test allowed concluding that the calibration results with the system are comparable with those obtained with a reference meter traceable to a national metrology institute. The uncertainty budget analysis indicated the dominance of the pressure of the unit under calibration and of the initial pressure in the small tank in different pressure ranges on the uncertainty of the result. A comparison with a Monte Carlo simulation led to the conclusion that in this situation, the GUM (Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement) method is not ideal for estimating the uncertainty of the results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jonathan Javier Duarte Franco
1
Carlos Mauricio Villamizar Mora
2
Carlos Eduardo García Sánchez
1

  1. Corporación Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico del Gas, Grupo de Investigación en Fluidos y Energía, Carrera 23# 106-08, ZIP 680004, Bucaramanga, Colombia
  2. Universidad Industrial de Santander, Escuela de Ingeniería Mecánica, Grupo de Investigación en Energía y MedioAmbiente, Carrera 27 calle 9, ZIP 680002, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Abstract

Electrical properties of semiconductor materials depend on their defect structure. Point defects, impurities or admixture contained in a semiconductor material, strongly affect its properties and determine the performance parameters of devices made on its basis. The results of the currently used methods of examining the defect structure of semiconductor material are imprecise due to solution of ill-posed equations. These methods do not allow for determination of concentration of the defect centers examined. Improving the resolution of the obtained parameters of defect centers, determining their concentration and studying changes in the resistivity of semi-insulating materials can be carried out, among others, by modelling changes in the concentration of carriers in the conduction and valence bands. This method allows to determine how charge compensation in the material affects the changes in its resistivity. Calculations based on the Fermi-Dirac statistics can complement the experiment and serve as a prediction tool for identifying and characterizing defect centers. Using the material models (GaP, 4H–SiC) presented in the article, it is possible to calculate their resistivity for various concentrations of defect centers in the temperature range assumed by the experimenter. The models of semi-insulating materials presented in the article were built on the basis of results of testing parameters of defect centers with high-resolution photoinduced transient spectroscopy (HRPITS). The current research will allow the use of modelling to determine optimal parameters of semi-insulating semiconductor materials for use in photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS).
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Suproniuk
1

  1. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Electronic Systems, gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, Warsaw
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Abstract

A mathematical method for nonlinear surrogate synthesis of frame surface eddy current probes providing a uniform eddy current density distribution in the testing object area is proposed. A metamodel of a frame movable eddy-current probe with a planar excitation system structure, used in the algorithm for surrogate optimal synthesis was created. The examples of a nonlinear synthesis of excitation systems with the application of the modern metaheuristic stochastic algorithms for finding the global extremum are considered. The numerical findings of the problem analyses are presented. The efficiency of the synthesized excitation structures was demonstrated on the basis of the eddy current density distribution graphs on the surface of the control zone of the object in comparison with classical analogues.
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Authors and Affiliations

Volodymyr Ya. Halchenko
1
Ruslana Trembovetska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Volodymyr Tychkov
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cherkasy State Technological University, Instrumentation, Mechatronics and Computer Technologies Department, Blvd. Shevchenka, 460, 18006, Cherkasy, Ukraine
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Abstract

The coexistence of two congeneric amphipods, boreal Gammarus oceanicus, and arctic G. setosus, was studied during the summer seasons of 2017-2019 in the region of Isfjorden, Forlandsundet, and Prins Karl Forland island in the west-central part of the Svalbard archipelago (Arctic). Across the study area species distribution often overlapped, but the domination patterns mirrored environmental conditions preferred by each species. Both species, however, were able to survive in suboptimal conditions. On a small spatial scale (in one sample) the species were separated, which may suggest an antagonistic relationship between them. The ongoing changes in the environment of Svalbard will likely affect these two species differently. The increasing intrusion of Atlantic waters will probably favor the further expansion of G. oceanicus along the Svalbard coasts. This will be due to the gradual advance of the existing population, as an influx of individuals from the Nordic seas seems unlikely. G. setosus will remain the dominant species in cold-water areas such as the inner fjords and the northeastern coast of Svalbard and may find new suitable habitats in lagoons or estuaries fed by melting glaciers. Despite predicted changes in the distribution range of both species, their future coexistence should still be possible due to the wide range of environmental tolerance and the heterogeneity of the Svalbard coastal habitats.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Marcin Węsławski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Joanna Legeżyńska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lech Kotwicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mikołaj Mazurkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sergej Olenin
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, Sopot 81-712, Poland
  2. Marine Research Institute, Klaipėda University, Universiteto al. 17, 92294, Klaipėda, Lithuania
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Abstract

Welding of AISI H13 tool steel which is mainly used in mold making is difficult due to the some alloying elements and it high hardenability. The effect filler metal composition on the microstructural changes, phase evolutions, and hardness during gas tungsten arc welding of AISI H13 hot work tool steel was investigated. Corrosion resistance of each weld was studied. For this purpose, four filler metals i.e. ER 312, ER NiCrMo-3, ER 80S, and 18Ni maraging steel were supplied. Potentiodynamic polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study the corrosion behavior of weldments. It was found the ER 80S weld showed the highest hardness owing to fully martensitic microstructure. The hardness in ER 312 and ER NiCrMo3 weld metals was noticeably lower than that of the other weld metals in which the microstructures mainly consisted of austenite phase. The results showed that the corrosion rate of ER 312 weld metal was lower than that other weld metals which is due to the high chromium content in this weld metal. The corrosion rate of ER NiCrMo-3 was lower than that of 18Ni maraging weld. The obtained results from EIS tests confirm the findings of potentiodynamic polarization tests.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sadegh Varmaziar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hossein Mostaan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mahdi Rafiei
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mahdi Yeganeh
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran
  2. Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
  3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Abstract

Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) is identified as a suitable technique to prepare the alumina titanium carbide composite to overcome the difficulty in fabricating it through other consolidation method. The present work focuses on the fabrication and characterization of a series of titanium carbide reinforced alumina ceramic composites using a spark plasma sintering process. The titanium carbide reinforcement on the alumina matrix is varied between 20 and 35 wt.%, in order to improve the electrical conductivity and fracture toughness of the composites. The particle size of the starting powders at received and ball milled conditions was analysed through Particle size analyser and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Microstructural analysis revealed that the TiC reinforcement is uniformly dispersed in the sintered composite. XRD report showed that α-alumina and titanium carbide were the two dominant phases without the formation of any reaction phases. Further, the correlation between mechanical and physical properties of the prepared composite was investigated as a function of TiC. Various fracture toughening indicators like crack deflection, bridging and branching were analysed by Vicker’s indentation method. Electrical resistivity of the sintered compact decreases proportionally with the increase in titanium carbide constituents. Maximum density (98.80%) and hardness (20.56 GPa) was obtained for 30 wt. % reinforced composite. Almost 40% improvement in fracture toughness is noted for 25 wt. % reinforced composite. This work demonstrates the synthesis and fabrication of alumina titanium carbide composites at low temperature via SPS resulted in obtaining an intact compact with improved mechanical and electrical properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

G. Selvakumar
1
S. Prakash
1
K. Rajkumar
1

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, India
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Abstract

In this study, Ni20Cr coatings were obtained by cold spraying on an aluminum alloy 7075 substrate. The obtained coatings were characterized by a uniform microstructure and low porosity. The sprayed coating has the same phase composition as the powder used. Next, the cold sprayed coatings were heat treated using a TRUMPF TLF 6000 TURBO (4 kW) CO2 laser. The laser surface melting of the coatings resulted in the formation of a columnar structure and an improvement in their mechanical properties. The Ni20Cr cold sprayed coatings after additional laser melting showed lower porosity and an increase in microhardness and Young`s modulus.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Soboń
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, 7 Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego Av., 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

In this study, the surface roughness of galvannealed low carbon Al-killed and Ti-Nb stabilized interstitial free steels was investigated using the industrial galvannealing process parameters. The iron content of the coatings was also analysed to establish a relationship with the surface roughness and coating composition. The surface roughness displayed an exponential behaviour with increasing of annealing time at each annealing temperature in both steel coatings, which was in an increasing order in the galvannealed low carbon Al-killed steel coating, whereas it was a reverse order in the galvannealed Ti-Nb stabilized interstitial free steel coating. The craters were observed on the galvannealed coatings resulting in high surface roughness. Increasing the iron content of the coatings leads to a reduction in the surface roughness with δ1k phase.
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Authors and Affiliations

Candan Sen Elkoca
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bulent Ekmekci
2
ORCID: ORCID
Oktay Elkoca
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Bulent Ecevit University, Alapli Vocational High School, Zonguldak 67850, Turkey
  2. Bulent Ecevit University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey
  3. Duzce University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Duzce 81620, Turkey
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Abstract

The influence of nano dispersion on the thermoelectric properties of Bi2Te3 was actively investigating to wide-spread thermoelectric applications. Herein this report, we have systematically controlled the microstructure of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 (BST) alloys through the incorporation of carbon nanofiber (CNF), and studied their effect on thermoelectric properties, and mechanical properties. The BST/x-CNF (x-0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 wt.%) composites powder was fabricated using high energy ball milling, and subsequently consolidated the powder using spark plasma sintering. The identification of CNF in bulk composites was analyzed in Raman spectroscopy and corresponding CNF peaks were recognized. The BST matrix grain size was greatly reduced with CNF dispersion and consistently decreased along CNF percentage. The electrical conductivity was reduced and Seebeck coefficient varied in small-scale by embedding CNF. The thermal conductivity was progressively diminished, obtained lattice thermal conductivity was lowest compared to bare sample due to induced phonon scattering at interfaces of secondary phases as well as highly dense fine grain boundaries. The peak ZT of 0.95 achieved for 0.1 wt.% dispersed BST/CNF composites. The Vickers hardness value of 101.8 Hv was obtained for the BST/CNF composites.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Sharief
1
B. Madavali
1
Y. Sohn
2
J.H. Han
2
G. Song
1
S.H. Song
1
S.J. Song
1

  1. Kongju National University, Division of Advanced Materials Engineering & Institute for Rare Metals, Cheonan, 331-717, Republic of Korea
  2. Chungnam National University, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

The nano-sized Y2O3 dispersed W composite powder is prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of a tungsten precursor using ammonium metatungstate hydrate and a polymer addition solution method using Y-nitrate. XRD analysis for calcined powder showed the formation of WO2 phase by partial oxidation of W powder during calcination in air. The TEM and phase analysis for further hydrogen reduction of calcined powder mixture exhibited that the W powder with a uniform distribution of Y2O3 nanoparticles can be successfully produced. These results indicate that the wet chemical method combined with spray pyrolysis and polymer solution is a promising way to synthesis the W-based composites with homogeneous dispersion of fine oxide particles.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hyeonhui Jo
1
Young-In Lee
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Myung-Jin Suk
3
Young-Keun Jeong
4
ORCID: ORCID
Sung-Tag Oh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
  2. Seoul National University of Science and Technology, The Institute of Powder Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
  3. Kangwon National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
  4. Pusan National University, Graduate School of Convergence Science, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

To comprehensively investigate the diversity of a chamfer technology and a convex roll technology under the same soft reduction process (i.e., section size, reduction amount, casting speed and solid fraction), a three-dimensional mechanical model was developed to investigate the effect of the chamfer profile and roll surface profile on the deformation behavior, cracking risk, stress concentration and reduction force of as-cast bloom during the soft reduction process. It was found that a chamfer bloom and a convex roll can both avoid the thicker corner of the as-cast bloom solidified shell, and significantly reduce reduction force of the withdrawal and straightening units. The convex profile of roll limits lateral spread along bloom width direction, therefore it forms a greater deformation to the mushy zone of as-cast bloom along the casting direction, the tensile strain in the brittleness temperature range (BTR) can obviously increase to form internal cracks. The chamfer bloom is much more effective in compensating the solidification shrinkage of mushy zone. In addition, chamfer bloom has a significant decrease of tensile strain in the brittleness temperature range (BTR) areas, which is expected to greatly reduce the risk of internal cracks.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nanfu Zong
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tao Jing
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yang Liu
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Tsinghua University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
  2. Jiangsu Changqiang Iron and Steel Corp., Ltd., Jiangsu 214500, China
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Abstract

Copper slag is usually a mixture of iron oxide and silicon dioxide, which exist in the form of fayalite (2FeO·SiO2), and contains ceramic components as the SiO2, Al2O3 and CaO depending on the initial ore quality and the furnace type. Our present study was focused on manufacture of foundry pig iron with Cu content from copper slag using high-temperature reduction smelting and investigate utilization of by-products as a reformed slag, which is giving additional value to the recycling in a replacement of raw material of Portland cement. Changes of the chemical and mineralogical composition of the reformed slag are highly dependent on the CaO concentration in the slag. The chemical and mineralogical properties and microstructural analysis of the reformed slag samples were determined through X-ray Fluorescence spectroscopy, X-Ray diffractometer and Scanning Electron Microscopy connected to the dispersive spectrometer studies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Urtnasan Erdenebold
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jei-Pil Wang Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Pukyong National University, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

This research study intends to develop an online tool condition monitoring system and to examine scientifically the effect of machining parameters on quality measures during machining SAE 1015 steel. It is accomplished by adopting a novel microflown sound sensor which is capable of acquiring sound signals. The dry turning experiments were performed by employing uncoated, TiAlN, TiAlN/WC-C coated inserts. The optimal cutting conditions and their influence on flank wear were determined and predicted value has been validated through confirmation experiment. During machining, sound signals were acquired using NI DAQ card and statistical analysis of raw data has been performed. Kurtosis and I-Kaz coefficient was determined systematically. The correlation between flank wear and I-Kaz coefficient was established, which fits into power-law curve. The neural network model was trained and developed with least error (3.7603e-5). It reveals that the developed neural network can be effectively utilized with minimal error for online monitoring.
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Authors and Affiliations

Moganapriya Chinnasamy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rajasekar Rathanasamy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Gobinath Velu Kaliyannan
2
ORCID: ORCID
Prabhakaran Paramasivam
1
ORCID: ORCID
Saravana Kumar Jaganathan
3 4 5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kongu Engineering College, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Perundurai – 638060, Tamil Nadu State, India
  2. Kongu Engineering College, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Perundurai – 638060, Tamil Nadu State, India
  3. Bionanotechnology Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  4. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  5. Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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Abstract

A huge amount of carbon black (40-60 phr) was commonly used as a reinforcing material in manufacturing of tires to improve the technical properties of pure rubber. Carbon black causes severe health hazard like skin cancer, respiratory problem due to its fly loss property. This study focusses on reducing the usage of carbon black by replacing it with minimal quantity of nanoclay to compensate the technical properties of rubber. Natural Rubber nanocomposite are fabricated using solution and mechanical mixing method in presence and absence of compatibilizer. Cure characteristics, wear test and mechanical properties were examined. NR nanocomposite with dual filler in presence of compatibilizer showed enhancement in torque values, mechanical and wear resistant property. Wear resistance, tensile strength and modulus of dual filler nanocomposite was increased by 66.7%, 91% and 85% when compared to pure NR. Hence NR nanocomposite with dual filler in presence of compatibilizer was found as a proving and possible nanocomposite for tire application.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Harikrishna Kumar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shankar Subramaniam
1
Rajasekar Rathanasamy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Samir Kumar Pal
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sathish Kumar Palaniappan
2

  1. School of Building and Mechanical Sciences, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai – 638060, Tamil Nadu State, India
  2. Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur – 721302, West Bengal State, India

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