The paper presents a neutronic analysis of the battery-type 20 MWth high-temperature gas cooled reactor. The developed reactor model is based on the publicly available data being an ‘early design’ variant of the U-battery. The investigated core is a battery type small modular reactor, graphite moderated, uranium fueled, prismatic, helium cooled high-temperature gas cooled reactor with graphite reflector. The two core alternative designs were investigated. The first has a central reflector and 30×4 prismatic fuel blocks and the second has no central reflector and 37×4 blocks. The SERPENT Monte Carlo reactor physics computer code, with ENDF and JEFF nuclear data libraries, was applied. Several nuclear design static criticality calculations were performed and compared with available reference results. The analysis covered the single assembly models and full core simulations for two geometry models: homogenous and heterogenous (explicit). A sensitivity analysis of the reflector graphite density was performed. An acceptable agreement between calculations and reference design was obtained. All calculations were performed for the fresh core state.
Building a Strategic Battery Value Chain in Europe COM/2019/176 is a priority for EU policy. Europe’s current share of global cell production is only 3%, while Asia has already reached 85%. To ensure a competitive position and independence in the battery market, Europe must act quickly and comprehensively in the field of innovation, research and construction of the infrastructure needed for large-scale battery production. The recycling of used batteries can have a significant role in ensuring EU access to raw materials. In the coming years, a very rapid development of the battery and rechargable battery market is forecast throughout the EU. In the above context, the recycling of used batteries plays an important role not only because of their harmful content and environmental impact, or adverse impact on human health and life, but also the ability to recover many valuable secondary raw materials and combine them in the battery life cycle (Horizon 2010 Work Programme 2018–2020 (European Commission Decision C(2019) 4575 of 2 July 2019)). In Poland, more than 80% of used batteries are disposable batteries, which, together with municipal waste, end up in a landfill and pose a significant threat to the environment. This paper examines scenarios and directions for development of the battery recycling market in Poland based on the analysis of sources of financing, innovations as well as economic and legal changes across the EU and Poland concerning recycling of different types of batteries and rechargable batteries.
Mobile devices have become an integral part of our life and provide dozens of useful services to their users. However, usability of mobile devices is hindered by battery lifetime. Energy conservation can extend battery lifetime, however, any energy management policy requires accurate prediction of energy consumption, which is impossible without reliable energy measurement and estimation methods and tools. We present an analysis of the energy measurement methodologies and describe the implementations of the internal (profiling) software (proprietary, custom) and external software-based (Java API, Sensor API, GSM AT) energy measurement methodologies. The methods are applied to measure energy consumption on a variety of mobile devices (laptop PC, PDA, smart phone). A case study of measuring energy consumption on a mobile computer using 3DMark06 benchmarking software is presented
This paper discusses selected problems regarding a high-frequency improved current-fed quasi-Z-source inverter (iCFqZSI) designed and built with SiC power devices. At first, new, modified topology of the impedance network is presented. As the structure is derived from the series connection of two networks, the voltage stress across the SiC diodes and the inductors is reduced by a factor of two. Therefore, the SiC MOSFETs may be switched with frequencies above 100 kHz and volume and weight of the passive components is decreased. Furthermore, additional leg with two SiC MOSFETs working as a bidirectional switch is added to limit the current stress during the short-through states. In order to verify the performance of the proposed solution a 6 kVA laboratory model was designed to connect a 400 V DC source (battery) and a 3£400 V grid. According to presented simulations and experimental results high-frequency iCFqZSI is bidirectional – it may act as an inverter, but also as a rectifier. Performed measurements show correct operation at switching frequency of 100 kHz, high quality of the input and output waveforms is observed. The additional leg increases efficiency by up to 0.6% – peak value is 97.8%.
This paper presents an innovative solution for increasing life of lead-acid batteries used in a glider launcher. The study is focused on upgrading a charging system instead of a costly full replacement of it. Based on literature review, the advanced three-stage charging profile was indicated. The new topology of the power converter was proposed and a simulation model was developed. A simulation study was performed which leads to a conclusion that the suggested solution can be successfully applied to the studied device. As a result, the conclusion of this work is the recommendation for modification of the launching system with an additional converter enabling 3 stage charging.
The optimal energy management (OEM) in a stand-alone microgrid (SMG) is a challenging job because of uncertain and intermittent behavior of clean energy sources (CESs) such as a photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT). This paper presents the effective role of battery energy storage (BES) in optimal scheduling of generation sources to fulfill the load demand in an SMG under the intermittency of theWT and PV power. The OEM is performed by minimizing the operational cost of the SMG for the chosen moderate weather profile using an artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) in four different cases, i.e. without the BES and with the BES having a various level of initial capacity. The results show the efficient role of the BES in keeping the reliability of the SMG with the reduction in carbon-emissions and uncertainty of the CES power. Also, prove that the ABC provides better cost values compared to particle swarm optimization (PSO) and a genetic algorithm (GA). Further, the robustness of system reliability using the BES is tested for the mean data of the considered weather profile.
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Cells of a prototype powered wheelchair can be designed in various connections to provide different supply voltages which has impact on the efficiency of other wheelchair drive elements. The impact of cell configuration and resulting battery voltage on overall efficiency of power elements have been studied to determine the optimal configuration and voltage of the pack. A brief description of a battery energy storage system was given, and main requirements and variables were introduced to reveal the flexibility of the battery design. The efficiency versus supply voltage plots of a drive converter and battery charger were presented and discussed to find the optimal battery voltage. The motor design was analyzed from the fill factor perspective. The calculated efficiency parameters of all drive power elements were used to discuss and select an optimal battery cell configuration.
Inexpensive synthesis of electroceramic materials is required for efficient energy storage. Here the design of a scalable process, flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), for synthesis of size-controlled nanomaterials is investigated focusing on understanding the role of air entrainment (AE) during their aerosol synthesis with emphasis on battery materials. The AE into the enclosed FSP reactor is analysed quantitatively by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and calculated temperatures are verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Various Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) particle compositions are made and characterized by N2 adsorption, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction while the electrochemical performance of LTO is tested at various charging rates. Increasing AE decreases recirculation in the enclosing tube leading to lower reactor temperatures and particle concentrations by air dilution as well as shorter and narrower residence time distributions. As a result, particle growth by coagulation - coalescence decreases leading to smaller primary particles that are mostly pure LTO exhibiting high C-rate performance with more than 120 mAh/g galvanostatic specific charge at 40C, outperforming commercial LTO. The effect of AE on FSP-made particle characteristics is demonstrated also in combustion synthesis of LiFePO4 and ZrO2.