Nauki Techniczne

Archives of Electrical Engineering

Zawartość

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 4

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Abstrakt

Existing scientific studies devoted to the design of eddy-current probes with a priori given configuration of the electromagnetic excitation field, which provide a uniform eddy current density distribution, consider a wide class of such, but are limited to the case when the probe is stationary relative to the testing object. Therefore, the actual problem is the synthesis of moving tangential eddy current probes with a frame excitation system that provides a uniform eddy current density distribution in the testing object, the solution of which is proposed in this study.
A mathematical method for nonlinear surrogate synthesis of excitation systems for frame moving tangential surface eddy current probes, which implements a uniform eddy current density distribution of the testing zone object, is proposed. A metamodel of the volumetric structure of the excitation system of the frame tangential eddy current probe, applied in the process of surrogate optimal parametric synthesis, has been created. The examples of nonlinear synthesis of excitation systems using modern metaheuristic stochastic algorithms for finding the global extremum are considered. The numerical results of the obtained solutions of the problems are presented. The efficiency of the synthesized structures of excitation systems in comparison with classical analogs is shown on the graphs of the eddy current density distribution on the object surface in the testing zone.
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Bibliografia

[1] Repelianto A.S., Development of uniform eddy current probes using multi excitation coils, Doctoral Dissertation, Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University (2020).
[2] Halchenko V.Y., Trembovetskaya R.V., Tychkov V.V., Surface eddy current probes: excitation systems of the optimal electromagnetic field (review), Devices and Methods of Measurements, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 91–104 (2020), DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2020-11-2-91-104.
[3] Huang L., Zou J., Zhang J., ZhouY., Deng F., A novel rectangular vertical probe with a conductive shell for eddy current testing, International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 191–205 (2019), DOI: 10.3233/JAE-190058.
[4] Halchenko V.Y., Trembovetskaya R.V., Tychkov V.V., Linear synthesis of non-axial surface eddy current probes, International Journal “NDT Days”, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 259–268 (2019).
[5] Trembovetska R.V., Halchenko V.Y., Tychkov V.V., Storchak A.V., Linear synthesis of uniform anaxial eddy current probes with a volumetric structure of the excitation system, International Journal “NDT Days”, vol. 3, no. 4. pp. 184–190 (2020).
[6] Trembovetska R.V., Halchenko V.Y., Tychkov V.V., Bazilo C.V., Linear synthesis of frame eddy current probes with a planar excitation system, International Scientific Journal “Mathematical Modeling”, vol. 4, no. 3. pp. 86–90 (2020).
[7] Itaya T., Ishida K., Kubota Y., Tanaka A., Takehira N., Visualization of eddy current distributions for arbitrarily shaped coils parallel to a moving conductor slab, Progress in Electromagnetics Research M, vol. 47, pp. 1–12 (2016), DOI: 10.2528/pierm16011204.
[8] Itaya T., Ishida K., Tanaka A., Takehira N., Miki T., A new analytical method for calculation of eddy current distribution and its application to a system of conductor-slab and rectangular coil, Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, pp. 135–139 (2011).
[9] Halchenko V.Y., Trembovetska R.V., Tychkov V.V., Storchak A.V., Nonlinear surrogate synthesis of the surface circular eddy current probes, Przegląd Elektrotechniczny, no. 9, pp. 76–82 (2019), DOI: 10.15199/48.2019.09.15.
[10] Halchenko V.Y., Trembovetska R.V., Tychkov V.V., Development of excitation structure RBFmetamodels of moving concentric eddy current probe, Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 2, pp. 28–38 (2019), DOI: 10.20998/2074-272X.2019.2.05.
[11] Trembovetska R.V., Halchenko V.Y., Tychkov V.V., Studying the computational resource demands of mathematical models for moving surface eddy current probes for synthesis problems, Eastern- European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, vol. 95, no. 5/5, pp. 39–46 (2018), DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2018.143309.
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[16] Halchenko V.Y., Trembovetska R.V., Tychkov V.V., Storchak A.V., Methods for creating metamodels: state of the question, Visnyk of Vinnytsia Politechnical Institute, vol. 151, no. 4, pp. 74–88 (2020), DOI: 10.31649/1997-9266-2020-151-4-74-88.
[17] Elsawah M., Constructing uniform experimental designs: in view of centered and wrap-around discrepancy, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing: (Theory of probability, stochastics, mathematical statistics) (2014).
[18] HalchenkoV.Y., Trembovetska R.V., TychkovV.V., Storchak A.V., The construction of effective multidimensional computer designs of experiments based on a quasi-random additive recursive Rd-sequence, Applied Computer Systems, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 70–76 (2020), DOI: 10.2478/acss-2020-0009.
[19] Brink H., Richards J., Feverolph M., Machine learning, SPb, Peter (2017).
[20] Benchabira A., Khiat M., A hybrid method for the optimal reactive power dispatch and the control of voltages in an electrical energy network, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 535–551 (2019), DOI: 10.24425/aee.2019.129340.
[21] Kuznetsov B.I., Nikitina T.B., Bovdui I.V., Active shielding of magnetic field of overhead power line with phase conductors of triangle arrangement, Technical Electrodynamisc, no. 4, pp. 25–28 (2020), DOI: 10.15407/techned2020.04.025.
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[23] Halchenko V.Y., Yakimov A.N., Ostapuschenko D.L., Method of Pareto-optimal parametric synthesis of axially symmetric magnetic systems taking into account the nonlinear magnetic properties of a ferromagnetic, Journal of Technical Physics, no. 7, pp. 1–7 (2012).
[24] Suresho V., Janiko P., Jasinskio M., Metaheuristic approach to optimal power flow using mixed integer distributed ant colony optimization, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 335–348 (2020), DOI: 10.24425/aee.2020.133029.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Volodymyr Yakovych Halchenko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ruslana Volodymyrivna Trembovetska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Volodymyr Volodymyrovych Tychkov
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cherkasy State Technological University, Ukraine
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Abstrakt

DC motors have wide acceptance in industries due to their high efficiency, low costs, and flexibility. The paper presents the unique design concept of a multi-objective optimized proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) based controllers for effective speed control of the DC motor system. The study aims to optimize PID parameters for speed control of a DC motor, emphasizing minimizing both settling time (Ts ) and % overshoot (% OS) of the closed-loop response. The PID controller is designed using the Ziegler Nichols (ZN) method primarily subjected to Taguchi-grey relational analysis to handle multiple quality characteristics. Here, the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array is defined to find the process parameters that affect Ts and %OS. The analysis of variance shows that the most significant factor affecting Ts and %OS is the derivative gain term. The result also demonstrates that the proposed Taguchi-GRA optimized controller reduces Ts and %OS drastically compared to the ZN-tuned PID controller. This study also uses MRAC schemes using the MIT rule, Lyapunov rule, and a modified MIT rule. The DC motor speed tracking performance is analyzed by varying the adaptation gain and reference signal amplitude. The results also revealed that the proposed MRAC schemes provide desired closed-loop performance in real-time in the presence of disturbance and varying plant parameters. The study provides additional insights into using a modified MIT rule and the Lyapunov rule in protecting the response from signal amplitude dependence and the assurance of a stable adaptive controller, respectively.
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Bibliografia

[1] Trong T.N., The control structure for DC motor based on the flatness control, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1814–1821 (2017), DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v8.i4.pp1814–1821.
[2] Li Z., Xia C., Speed control of brushless DC motor based on CMAC and PID controller, Proceedings of the 6th IEEEWorld Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, Dalian, China, pp. 6318–6322 (2016).
[3] Wang M.S., Chen S.C., Shih C.H., Speed control of brushless DC motor by adaptive network-based fuzzy inference, Microsystem Technologies, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 33–39 (2018), DOI: 10.1007/s00542-016-3148-0.
[4] Templos-Santos J.L., Aguilar-Mejia O., Peralta-Sanchez E., Sosa-Cortez R., Parameter tuning of PI control for speed regulation of a PMSM using bio-inspired algorithms, Algorithms, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 54–75 (2019), DOI: 10.3390/a12030054.
[5] John D.A., Sehgal S., Biswas K., Hardware Implementation and Performance Study of Analog PIλDμ Controllers on DC Motor, Fractal and Fractional, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 34–45 (2020), DOI: 10.3390/fractalfract4030034.
[6] Serradilla F., Cañas N., Naranjo J.E., Optimization of the Energy Consumption of Electric Motors through Metaheuristics and PID Controllers, Electronics, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 1842–1858 (2020), DOI: 10.3390/electronics9111842.
[7] Hammoodi S.J., Flayyih K.S., Hamad A.R., Design and implementation speed control system of DC motor based on PID control and matlab Simulink, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 127–134 (2020), DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i1.pp127-134.
[8] Zhang Y., An Y., Wang G., Kong X., Multi motor neural PID relative coupling speed synchronous control, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 69–88 (2020), DOI: 10.24425/aee.2020.131759.
[9] Wu H., Su W., Liu Z., PID controllers: Design and tuning methods, Proceedings of the 9th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, Hangzhou, China, pp. 808–813 (2014).
[10] Sheel S., Gupta O., New techniques of PID controller tuning of a DC motor-development of a toolbox, MIT International Journal of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 65–69 (2012).
[11] Kumar P., Raheja J., Narayan S., Design of PID Controllers Using Multiobjective Optimization with GA andWeighted Sum Objective Function Method, International Journal of Technical Research, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 52–56 (2013).
[12] Chiha I., Liouane N., Borne P., Tuning PID Controller using Multi-objective Ant Colony Optimization, Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing, Article ID 536326, 7 pages (2012), DOI: 10.1155/2012/536326.
[13] de Moura Oliveira P.B., Hedengren J.D., Pires E.J., Swarm-Based Design of Proportional Integral and Derivative Controllers Using a Compromise Cost Function: An Arduino Temperature Laboratory Case Study, Algorithms, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 315–332 (2020), DOI: 10.3390/a13120315.
[14] Dewantoro G., Multi-objective optimization scheme for PID-controlledDCmotor, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 31–38 (2016), DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v7.i3.pp734-742.
[15] Achuthamenon Sylajakumari P., Ramakrishnasamy R., Palaniappan G., Taguchi Grey Relational Analysis for Multi-Response Optimization of Wear in Co-Continuous Composite, Materials, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 3–17 (2018), DOI: 10.3390/ma11091743.
[16] El-Samahy A.A., Shamseldin M.A., Brushless DC motor tracking control using self-tuning fuzzy PID control and model reference adaptive control, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 341–352 (2018), DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2016.02.004.
[17] Neogi B., Islam S.S., Chakraborty P., Barui S., Das A., Introducing MIT rule toward the improvement of adaptive mechanical prosthetic armcontrol model, In Progress in Intelligent Computing Techniques: Theory, Practice, and Applications, Springer, Singapore, pp. 379–388 (2018).
[18] Akbar M.A., Naniwa T., Taniai Y., Model reference adaptive control for DC motor based on Simulink, Proceeding of the 6th IEEE International Annual Engineering Seminar (InAES),Yogyakarta, Indonesia pp. 101–106 (2016).
[19] Sethi D., Kumar J., Khanna R., Design of fractional order MRAPIDC for inverted pendulum system, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 10, no. 31, pp. 1–5 (2017), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2017/v10i31/113893.
[20] Jain P., Nigam M.J., Design of a model reference adaptive controller using modified MIT rule for a second-order system, Advances in Electronic and Electric Engineering, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 477–484, (2013).
[21] Dimeas I., Petras I., Psychalinos C., New analog implementation technique for fractional-order controller: a DC motor control, AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 78, pp. 192–200 (2017), DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2017.03.010.
[22] Qader M.R., Identifying the optimal controller strategy for DC motors, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 101–114 (2019), DOI: 10.11591/ijra.v6i4.pp252-268.
[23] George M.A., Kamath D.V., OTA-C voltage-mode proportional- integral- derivative (PID) controller for DC motor speed control, Proceedings of the Academicsera 461st International Conference on Science, Technology, Engineering and Management (ICSTEM), Paris, France, pp. 21–26 (2019).
[24] Swarnkar P., Jain S.K., Nema R.K., Adaptive control schemes for improving the control system dynamics: a review, IETE Technical Review, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 17–33 (2014), DOI: 10.1080/02564602.2014.890838.
[25] Hägglund T., The one-third rule for PI controller tuning, Computers&Chemical Engineering, vol. 127, pp. 25–30 (2019), DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2019.03.027.
[26] George M.A., Kamath D.V., Thirunavukkarasu I., An Optimized Fractional-Order PID (FOPID) Controller for a Non-Linear Conical Tank Level Process, Proceedings of IEEE Applied Signal Processing Conference (ASPCON), Kolkata, India, pp. 134–138 (2020).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mary Ann George
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dattaguru V. Kamat
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal – 576104, Udupi District, Karnataka State, India
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Abstrakt

The artificial bee colony (ABC) intelligence algorithm is widely applied to solve multi-variable function optimization problems. In order to accurately identify the parameters of the surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM), this paper proposes an improved ABC optimization method based on vector control to solve the multi-parameter identification problem of the PMSM. Because of the shortcomings of the existing parameter identification algorithms, such as high computational complexity and data saturation, the ABC algorithm is applied for the multi-parameter identification of the PMSM for the first time. In order to further improve the search speed of the ABC algorithm and avoid falling into the local optimum, Euclidean distance is introduced into the ABC algorithm to search more efficiently in the feasible region. Applying the improved algorithm to multi-parameter identification of the PMSM, this method only needs to sample the stator current and voltage signals of the motor. Combined with the fitness function, the online identification of the PMSM can be achieved. The simulation and experimental results show that the ABC algorithm can quickly identify the motor stator resistance, inductance and flux linkage. In addition, the ABC algorithm improved by Euclidean distance has faster convergence speed and smaller steady-state error for the identification results of stator resistance, inductance and flux linkage.
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Bibliografia

[1] Boileau T., Leboeuf N., Nahid-Mobarakeh B., Online identification of PMSM parameters: parameter identifiability and estimator comparative study, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 1944–1957 (2011), DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2011.2155010.
[2] Ichikawa S., Tomita M., Doki S., Sensorless control of permanent-magnet synchronous motors using online parameter identification based on system identification theory, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 363–372 (2006), DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2006.870875.
[3] Jian-fei S., Bao-jun G., Yan-ling L., Research of parameter identification of permanent magnet synchronous motor online, Electric Machines and Control, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 17–24 (2018), DOI: 10.15938/j.emc.2018.03.003.
[4] Fan S., LuoW., Zou J., A hybrid speed sensorless control strategy for PMSM based on MRAS and fuzzy control, Proceedings of 7th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, Harbin, China, pp. 2976–2980 (2012), DOI: 10.1109/IPEMC.2012.6259344.
[5] Shi Y., Sun K., Huang L., Online identification of permanent magnet flux based on extended Kalman filter for IPMSM drive with position sensorless control, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 59, no. 11, pp. 4169–4178 (2012), DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2011.2168792.
[6] Liu K., Zhang J., Adaline neural network based online parameter estimation for surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machines, Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 30, no. 30, pp. 68–73 (2010).
[7] Gu X., Hu S., Shi T., Muti-parameter decoupling online identification of permanent magnet synchronous motor based on neural network, Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 114–121 (2015).
[8] Liwei Z., Peng Z., Yuefeng L., Parameter identification of permanent magnet synchronous motor based on variable step-size Adaline neural network, Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 33, no. z 2, pp. 377–384 (2018).
[9] Peerez J.N.H., Hernandez O.S., Caporal R.M., Parameter identification of a permanent magnet synchronous machine based on current decay test and particle swarm optimization, IEEE Latin America Transactions, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 1176–1181 (2013), DOI: 10.1109/TLA.2013.6684392.
[10] Liu Z., Wei H., Zhong Q., Parameter estimation for VSI-Fed PMSM based on a dynamic PSO with learning strategies, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 3154–3165 (2017), DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2016.2572186.
[11] Liu Z., Wei H., Li X., Global identification of electrical and mechanical parameters in PMSM drive based on dynamic self-learning PSO, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 10858–10871 (2018), DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2018.2801331.
[12] Sandre-Hernandez O., Morales-Caporal R., Rangel-Magdaleno J., Parameter identification of PMSMs using experimental measurements and a PSO algorithm, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 2146–2154 (2015), DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2015.2390958.
[13] Liu X., Hu W., Ding W., Research on multi-parameter identification method of permanent magnet synchronous motor, Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1198–1207 (2020).
[14] Liu C., Zhou S., Liu K., Permanent magnet synchronous motor multiple parameter identification and temperature monitoring based on binary-modal adaptive wavelet particle swarm optimization, Acta Automatica Sinica, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 2121–2130 (2013), DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1004.2013.02121.
[15] Fu X., Gu H., Chen G., Permanent magnet synchronous motors parameters identification based on Cauchy mutation particle swarm optimization, Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 127–131 (2014).
[16] Guo-han L., Jing Z., Zhao-hua L., Kui-yin Z., Parameter identification of PMSM using improved comprehensive learning particle swarm optimization, Electric Machines and Control, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 51–57 (2015).
[17] San-yang L., Ping Z., Ming-min Z., Artificial bee colony algorithm based on local search, Control and Decision, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 123–128 (2014).
[18] Ding X., Liu G., Du M., Efficiency improvement of overall PMSM-Inverter system based on artificial bee colony algorithm under full power range, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1–4 (2016), DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2016.2526614.
[19] Zawilak T., Influence of rotor’s cage resistance on demagnetization process in the line start permanent magnet synchronous motor, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 249–258 (2020), DOI: 10.24425/aee.2020.133023.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Chunli Wu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shuai Jiang
1
Chunyuan Bian
1

  1. College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, China
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Abstrakt

The topology of low-voltage distribution systems changes with the load or the on/off position of the circuit switch. This will affect power flows, losses, and so on. This paper submits a new method to identify the topology of a low-voltage feeder using the injection high-frequency signal. An inductor can block the high-frequency signal. It can change the propagation direction of the injected high-frequency signal to make it propagate unidirectionally along the low-voltage feeder. By injecting a 5 MHz sinusoidal signal from the upstream direction of the low-voltage feeder, all the line segments and devices on the feeder can be identified. The wavelength of the high-frequency signal is short. The wavelength of the 5 MHz signal is 60 meters. Through the delay of different observation points on the feeder, the length of the line section can be roughly calculated. The highfrequency signal has an obvious reflection on the feeder. Using this feature, we can roughly calculate the length of the line segment. The correctness of the method is demonstrated by MATLAB simulation verification.
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Bibliografia

[1] Thomas Allen Short, Electric Power Distribution Handbook, Second Edition, CRC Press (2014).
[2] Kersting W., Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, Fourth Edition, CRC Press (2017).
[3] Grotas S., Yakoby Y., Gera I. et al., Power Systems Topology and State Estimation by Graph Blind Source Separation, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 2036–2051 (2019).
[4] Jun Jiang, Ling Liu, Resonance mechanisms of a single line-to-ground fault on ungrounded systems, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 455–466 (2020).
[5] Fan Kaijun, Xu Bingyin, Dong Jun et al., Identification method for feeder topology based on successive polling of smart terminal unit, Automation of Electric Power Systems, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 180–186 (2015).
[6] Zhu Guofang, Shen Peifeng, Wang Yong et al., Dynamic identification method of feeder topology for distributed feeder automation based on topological slices, Power System Protection and Control, vol. 46, no. 14, pp. 152–157 (2018).
[7] Li X., Poor H.V., Scaglione A., Blind topology identification for power systems, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm), IEEE, pp. 91–96 (2013).
[8] Lazaropoulos A.G., Measurement Differences, Faults and Instabilities in Intelligent Energy Systems– Part 1: Identification of Overhead High-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines Network Topologies by Applying Topology Identification Methodology (TIM), Trends in Renewable Energy, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 85–112 (2016). [9] Lazaropoulos A.G., Improvement of Power Systems Stability by Applying Topology Identification Methodology (TIM) and Fault and Instability Identification Methodology (FIIM) – Study of the Overhead Medium-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines (OVMVBPL) Networks Case, Trends inRenewable Energy, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 102–128 (2017).
[10] Passerini F., Tonello A.M., Power line network topology identification using admittance measurements and total least squares estimation, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 1–6 (2017).
[11] Soumalas K., Messinis G., Hatziargyriou N., A data driven approach to distribution network topology identification, 2017 IEEE Manchester PowerTech, pp. 1–6 (2017).
[12] Ge Haotian, Xu Binyin, Topology Identification of Low Voltage Distribution Network Based on Current Injection Method, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 297–306 (2021).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Haotian Ge
1
Bingyin Xu
1
Xinhui Zhang
1
Yongjian Bi
1

  1. Shandong University of Technology, China
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Abstrakt

Since wind power generation has strong randomness and is difficult to predict, a class of combined prediction methods based on empiricalwavelet transform(EWT) and soft margin multiple kernel learning (SMMKL) is proposed in this paper. As a new approach to build adaptive wavelets, the main idea is to extract the different modes of signals by designing an appropriate wavelet filter bank. The SMMKL method effectively avoids the disadvantage of the hard margin MKL method of selecting only a few base kernels and discarding other useful basis kernels when solving for the objective function. Firstly, the EWT method is used to decompose the time series data. Secondly, different SMMKL forecasting models are constructed for the sub-sequences formed by each mode component signal. The training processes of the forecasting model are respectively implemented by two different methods, i.e., the hinge loss soft margin MKL and the square hinge loss soft margin MKL. Simultaneously, the ultimate forecasting results can be obtained by the superposition of the corresponding forecasting model. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, it was applied to an actual wind speed data set from National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for short-term wind power single-step or multi-step time series indirectly forecasting. Compared with a radial basic function (RBF) kernelbased support vector machine (SVM), using SimpleMKL under the same condition, the experimental results show that the proposed EWT-SMMKL methods based on two different algorithms have higher forecasting accuracy, and the combined models show effectiveness.
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Bibliografia

[1] Wang Q., Martinez-Anido C.B., Wu H.Y., Florita A.R., Hodge B.M., Quantifying the economic and grid reliability impacts of improved wind power prediction, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1525–1537 (2016), DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2016.2560628.
[2] Liu H.Q., Li W.J., Li Y.C., Ultra-short-term wind power prediction based on copula function and bivariate EMD decomposition algorithm, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 271–286 (2020), DOI: 10.24425/aee.2020.133025.
[3] Waskowicz B., Statistical analysis and dimensioning of a wind farm energy storage system, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 265–277 (2017), DOI: 10.1515/aee-2017-0020.
[4] Cassola F., Burlando M., Wind speed and wind energy forecast through Kalman filtering of numerical weather prediction model output, Applied Energy, vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 154–166 (2012), DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.03.054.
[5] Li J., Li M., Prediction of ultra-short-term wind power based on BBO-KELM method, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, vol. 11, no. 5, 056104 (2019), DOI: 10.1063/1.5113555.
[6] Zhang Y.G., Wang P.H., Zhang C.H., Lei S., Wind energy prediction with LS-SVM based on Lorenz perturbation, The Journal of Engineering, vol. 2017, no. 13, pp.1724–1727 (2017), DOI: 10.1049/joe.2017.0626.
[7] Duan J., Wang P., Ma W., Short-term wind power forecasting using the hybrid model of improved variational mode decomposition and Correntropy Long Short-term memory neural network, Energy, vol. 214, 118980 (2021), DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.118980.
[8] Moreno S.R., Silva R.G. D., Mariani V.C., Multi-step wind speed forecasting based on hybrid multistage decomposition model and long short-term memory neural network, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 213, 112869 (2020), DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112869.
[9] Ramon G.D., Matheus H.D.M.R., Sinvaldo R.M., A novel decomposition-ensemble learning framework for multi-step ahead wind energy forecasting, Energy, vol. 216, 119174 (2021), DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.119174.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jun Li
1
Liancai Ma
1

  1. Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
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Abstrakt

This paper describes modifications of the Mayr and Cassie models of the electric arc. They include the phenomena of increased heat dissipation and non-zero residual conductance when the current passes through zero. The modified models are combined into a new hybrid model connecting them in parallel and activated by a weight function. Two cases of functional dependence of models on current intensity and instantaneous conductance are considered. Mathematical models in differential and integral forms are presented. On their basis, computer macromodels are created and simulations of processes in circuits with arc models are performed. The families of static and dynamic arc voltage and current characteristics are presented.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Antoni Sawicki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Association of Polish Electrical Engineers (NOT-SEP), Czestochowa Division, Poland
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Abstrakt

The wet flashover voltage of medium voltage insulators made of a silicone rubber is 8% lower than the wet flashover voltage of a porcelain insulator with an identical profile. These surprising results, obtained in 2012, were confirmed again in 2019. The flashover development on the composite insulator is very short (less than 30 ms). On the other hand, on the porcelain insulator, the flashover develops longer (1–3 seconds). The Koppelmann equation was modified, and the Obenaus model to calculate the flashover voltage of insulators under the artificial rain was presented. Attention was paid to the importance of insulator diameters and the phenomenon of water cascades.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Krystian Leonard Chrzan
1
Henryk Marek Brzeziński
2

  1. Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Electrical Engineering, Poland
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Abstrakt

The paper presents the results of simulations and experiments in the field of control of the low damping and time delay oscillating system. This system includes a quadcopter hovering at a very low altitude, and the altitude is controlled. The time delay is introduced mainly by the remote control device. In order to handle the quadcopter at low altitudes, a proportional-integral controller with a negative proportional coefficient is used. Such an approach can provide good results in the case of an oscillating, low damped system. This method of steering, which uses a typical radio control transmitter, can be used on any commercially available leisure drone. Feedback is provided by a camera and algorithms of computer vision. The presented results were obtained experimentally using free flight – without a harness. Different types of controllers are used to control horizontal shift and altitude.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Konrad Urbański
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3A str., 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Abstrakt

The most extensively employed strategy to control the AC output of power electronic inverters is the pulse width modulation (PWM) strategy. Since three decades modulation hypothesis continues to draw considerable attention and interest of researchers with the aim to reduce harmonic distortion and increased output magnitude for a given switching frequency. Among different PWM techniques space vector modulation (SVM) is very popular. However, as the number of output levels of the multilevel inverter (MLI) increases, the implementation of SVM becomes more difficult, because as the number of levels increases the total number of switches in the inverter increases which will increase the total number of switching states, which will result in increased computational complexity and increased storage requirements of switching states and switching pulse durations. The present work aims at reducing the complexity of implementing the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM)technique in multilevel inverters by using a generalized integer factor approach (IFA). The performance of the IFA is tested on a three-level inverter-fed induction motor for conventional PWM (CPWM) which is a continuous SVPWM method employing a 0127 sequence and discontinuous PWM (DPWM) methods viz, DPWMMIN using 012 sequences and DPWMMAX using a 721 sequence.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Suresh Kumar Anisetty
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sri Gowri Kolli
2
ORCID: ORCID
Nagaraja Rao S.
3
ORCID: ORCID
Manjunatha B.M.
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sesi Kiran P.
1
ORCID: ORCID
Niteesh Kumar K.
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. RGM College of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Nandyal, A.P., India
  2. G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College (Autonomous), Kurnool, A.P., India
  3. M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India
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Abstrakt

Detecting high impedance faults (HIFs) is one of the challenging issues for electrical engineers. This type of fault occurs often when one of the overhead conductors is downed and makes contact with the ground, causing a high-voltage conductor to be within the reach of personnel. As the wavelet transform (WT) technique is a powerful tool for transient analysis of fault signals and gives information both on the time domain and frequency domain, this technique has been considered for an unconventional fault like high impedance fault. This paper presents a new technique that utilizes the features of energy contents in detail coefficients (D4 and D5) from the extracted current signal using a discrete wavelet transform in the multiresolution analysis (MRA). The adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is utilized as a machine learning technique to discriminate HIF from other transient phenomena such as capacitor or load switching, the new protection designed scheme is fully analyzed using MATLAB feeding practical fault data. Simulation studies reveal that the proposed protection is able to detect HIFs in a distribution network with high reliability and can successfully differentiate high impedance faults from other transients.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mohammed Yahya Suliman
1
Mahmood Taha Alkhayyat
1

  1. Northern Technical University, Iraq
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Abstrakt

The article provides an overview of Brain Computer Interface (BCI) solutions for intelligent buildings. A significant topic from the smart cities point of view. That solution could be implemented as one of the human-building interfaces. The authors presented an analysis of the use of BCI in specific building systems. The article presents an analysis of BCI solutions in the context of controlling devices/systems included in the Building Management System (BMS). The Article confirms the possibility of using this method of communication between the user and the building’s central unit. Despite many confirmations of repeatable device inspections, the article presents the challenges faced by the commercialization of the solution in buildings.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Bartłomiej Kawa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Borkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Rodak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Poland
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Abstrakt

In order to realize selective isolation of fault lines in multi-terminal high voltage DC (MT-HVDC) grids, it is necessary to ensure that the sound lines can still transmit power normally after the grounding fault occurs in a DC power network. If the fault line needs to be cut before the converter is blocked, a DC circuit breaker (DCCB) with large switching capacity is often required. At present, the extreme fault over-current and the high cost of DCCBs have become the prominent contradiction in MT-HVDC projects. Reducing the breaking stress of power electronic devices of the circuit breaker and controlling its cutting-off time are the major difficulties in this research field. In this paper, a topology of a hybrid DCCB with an inductive current limiting device is proposed. By analyzing its working principle, the calculation method of key parameters is given, and a four-terminal HVDC grid is built in a PSCAD/EMTDC platform for fault simulation. The results show that compared with the traditional circuit breaker, this topology can effectively limit the rising speed and maximum current of fault current when the system fails, and quickly remove the fault line, so as to meet the suppression requirement of the HVDC system for fault current.
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Bibliografia

[1] Xu Z., Tu Q.R., Guan M.Y. et al., Voltage source converter based HVDC power transmission systems, China Machine Press, pp. 1–25 (2013).
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[5] Pan Y., Chen L.X., Yuan Z. et al., Research on Current Limiting and Energy Limiting Technology for DC Power Grid Fault, Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 40, no. 06, pp. 2006–2016 (2020), DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.191833.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Sihua Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lei Zhao
1
Lijun Zhou
2

  1. College of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China
  2. Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China
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Abstrakt

The output of renewable energy is strongly uncertain and random, and the distribution of voltage and reactive power in regional power grids is changed with the access to large-scale renewable energy. In order to quantitatively evaluate the influence of renewable energy access on voltage and reactive power operation, a novel combinational evaluation method of voltage and reactive power in regional power grids containing renewable energy is proposed. Firstly, the actual operation data of renewable energy and load demand are clustered based on the K-means algorithm, and several typical scenarios are divided. Then, the entropy weight method (EWM) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) are combined to evaluate the voltage qualified rate, voltage fluctuation, power factor qualified rate and reactive power reserve in typical scenarios. Besides, the evaluation results are used as the training samples for back-propagation (BP) neural networks. The proposed combinational evaluation method can calculate the weight coefficient of the indexes adaptively with the change of samples, which simplifies the calculation process of the indexes’ weight. At last, the case simulation of an actual regional power grid is provided, and the historical data of one year is taken as the sample for training, evaluating and analyzing. And finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified based on the comparison with the existing method. The evaluated results could provide reference and guidance to the operation analysis and planning of renewable energy.
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Bibliografia

[1] Sharif A., Raza S.A., Ozturk I., Afshan S., The dynamic relationship of renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption with carbon emission: a global study with the application of heterogeneous panel estimations, Renewable Energy, vol. 133, pp. 685–691 (2019), DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.052.
[2] Ossowska L.J., Janiszewska D.A., Toward sustainable energy consumption in the European Union, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 37–48 (2020), DOI: 10.33223/epj/119371.
[3] Zhang W.Q., Zhang X.Y., Huang S.W., Xia Y.K., Fan X.C., Evolution of a transmission network with high proportion of renewable energy in the future, Renewable Energy, vol. 102, pp. 372–379 (2017), DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.10.057.
[4] Zhou Q., Wang N.B., Shen C.Y., Zhao L., Wang D.M., Zhang J.M., Analysis of the reasons and prospect for the abandonment of new energy power in China, Proceedings of the 2016 5th International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection, Shenzhen, China (2016).
[5] Tang Z.Y., Hill D.J., Liu T., Two-stage voltage control of subtransmission networks with high penetration of wind power, Control Engineering Practice, vol. 62, pp. 1–10 (2017), DOI: 10.1016/j.conengprac.2017.02.013.
[6] da Costa J.N., Passos J.A., Henriques R.M., Loading margin sensitivity analysis in systems with significant wind power generation penetration, Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 175, pp. 1–9 (2019), DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2019.105900.
[7] Cai Y., Wang Z.C., Li Y., Cao Y.J., Tan Y.D., Tang X., A novel operation of regional power grids in china: the generator voltage-class-reduction scheme, IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 132841–132850 (2019), DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2939925.
[8] Kumar V.S.S., Reddy K.K., Thukaram D., Coordination of reactive power in grid-connected wind farms for voltage stability enhancement, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 29, pp. 2381–2390 (2014), DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2300157.
[9] Liu Q.J., Yu L.F., Li Z.H., Zeng J., Chen S.Y., Regional grid voltage reactive power optimization strategy based on voltage qualification rate evaluation function, 2018 International Conference on Power System Technology, Guangzhou, China, pp. 3875–3882 (2018).
[10] Mahela O.P., Khan B., Alhelou H.H., Siano P., Power quality assessment and event detection in distribution system with wind energy penetration using S-transform and fuzzy clustering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 6922–6932 (2020), DOI: 10.1109/TII.2020.2971709.
[11] Mahela O.P., Khan B., Alhelou H.H., Tanwar S., Assessment of power quality in the utility grid integrated with wind energy generation, IET Power Electronics, vol. 13, no. 13, pp. 2917–2925 (2020), DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2019.1351.
[12] Swain S., Ray P.K., Short circuit fault analysis in a grid connected DFIG based wind energy system with active crowbar protection circuit for ride through capability and power quality improvement, International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy System, vol. 84, pp. 64–75 (2017), DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.05.006.
[13] Wang S.X., Ge L.J., Cai S.X., Wu L., Hybrid interval AHP-entropy method for electricity user evaluation in smart electricity utilization, Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, vol. 6, pp. 701–711 (2018), DOI: 10.1007/s40565-017-0355-3.
[14] Huang Y.S., Jiang Y.Q., Wang J., Li J., Adaptability evaluation of distributed power sources connected to distribution network, IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 42409–42423 (2021), DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3066206.
[15] Du J., Cai C., Xie Z.J., Geng M.Z., Comprehensive energy efficiency evaluation of municipal power grid based on TOPSIS method, 2020 5th Asia Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering, Chengdu, China, pp. 829–833 (2020).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Yuqi Ji
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xuehan Chen
1
Han Xiao
2
Shaoyu Shi
2
Jing Kang
2
Jialin Wang
2
Shaofeng Zhang
2

  1. Zhengzhou University of Light Industry College of Electrical and Information Engineering, China
  2. Sanmenxia Power Supply Company of State Grid Henan Electric Power Company, China

Abstrakt

The aim of this work is to study the influence of closed loop control on diagnostic indices of both broken bar and mixed air-gap eccentricity fault indices of the squirrel cage induction motor drive. The present work is focused on the direct stator current isd signal analysis, which is independent of torque load when the induction motor is controlled by an indirect control field. The fault signatures are on the line extracted from the direct stator current signal using the discrete Fourier transformation (DFT). The formula of the measured direct stator current at both conditions is determined by the transfer function of the current loop. The obtained results show that the current loop corresponds to a low pass filter and can reduce the magnitude of diagnostic indicators which lead to wrong evaluation of the fault. Simulation and experiments were carried out in order to confirm the theoretical analysis.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Nourelhouda Bouabid
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohamed-Amine Moussa
1
Yassine Maouche
1
Abdelmalek Khezzar
1

  1. Departement d’electrotechnique, Laboratoire d’electrotechnique de Constantine, Universite Constantine 1, 25000 Constantine, Algeria

Abstrakt

Physical machine systems are represented in the form of differential equations. These differential equations may be of the higher order and difficult to analyses. Therefore, it is necessary to convert the higher-order to lower order which replicates approximately similar properties of the higher-order system (HOS). This article presents a novel approach to reducing the higher-order model. The approach is based on the hunting demeanor of the hawk and escaping of the prey. The proposed method unifies the Harris hawk algorithm and the moment matching technique. The method is applied on single input single output (SISO), multi-input multi-output (MIMO) linear time–invariant (LTI) systems. The proposed method is justified by examining the result. The results are compared using the step response characteristics and response error indices. The response indices are integral square error, integral absolute error, integral time absolute error. The step response characteristics such as rise time, peak, peak time, settling time of the proposed reduced order follows 97%–100% of the original system characteristics.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Aswant Kumar Sharma
1
Dhanesh Kumar Sambariya
1

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajasthan Technical University, Rawath Bhata Road 324010, Kota, India
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Abstrakt

The paper presents an evaluation of MV/LV power transformer damage risk due to the impact of ambient temperature at their operation location. It features a presentation of the method of evaluating the power structures’ reliability in the conditions of the structures’ variable durability and exposure values. Based on perennial observations of ambient temperature and failure rate of MV/LV transformers, it was demonstrated that temperature is a factor that causes damage or is jointly responsible for the damage caused in all of the devices’ other failures.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Andrzej Łukasz Chojnacki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Power Engineering, Power Electronics and Electrical Machines, Kielce University of Technology, Poland
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Abstrakt

Most of the existing statistical forecasting methods utilize the historical values of wind power to provide wind power generation prediction. However, several factors including wind speed, nacelle position, pitch angle, and ambient temperature can also be used to predict wind power generation. In this study, a wind farm including 6 turbines (capacity of 3.5 MW per turbine) with a height of 114 meters, 132-meter rotor diameter is considered. The time-series data is collected at 10-minute intervals from the SCADA system. One period from January 04th, 2021 to January 08th, 2021 measured from the wind turbine generator 06 is investigated. One period from January 01st, 2021 to January 31st, 2021 collected from the wind turbine generator 02 is investigated. Therefore, the primary objective of this paper is to propose a combined method for wind power generation forecasting. Firstly, response surface methodology is proposed as an alternative wind power forecasting method. This methodology can provide wind power prediction by considering the relationship between wind power and input factors. Secondly, the conventional statistical forecasting methods consisting of autoregressive integrated moving average and exponential smoothing methods are used to predict wind power time series. Thirdly, response surface methodology is combined with autoregressive integrated moving average or exponential smoothing methods in wind power forecasting. Finally, the two above periods are performed in order to demonstrate the efficiency of the combined methods in terms of mean absolute percent error and directional statistics in this study.
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Bibliografia

[1] Ren G., Liu J.,Wan J., Guo Y., Yu D., Overview of wind power intermittency: Impacts, measurements, and mitigation solutions, Applied Energy, vol. 204, pp. 47–65 (2017), DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.098.
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Przejdź do artykułu

Autorzy i Afiliacje

Tuan-Ho Le
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Quy Nhon University, Quy Nhon, Binh Dinh Province, 820000, Vietnam

Instrukcja dla autorów

ARCHIVES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (AEE) (previously Archiwum Elektrotechniki), quarterly journal of the Polish Academy of Sciences is OpenAccess, publishing original scientific articles and short communiques from all branches of Electrical Power Engineering exclusively in English. The main fields of interest are related to the theory & engineering of the components of an electrical power system: switching devices, arresters, reactors, conductors, etc. together with basic questions of their insulation, ampacity, switching capability etc.; electrical machines and transformers; modelling & calculation of circuits; electrical & magnetic fields problems; electromagnetic compatibility; control problems; power electronics; electrical power engineering; nondestructive testing & nondestructive evaluation.

Manuscript submission:

All manuscripts should be submitted electronically on Editorial System.

Submission of paper to the Archives of Electrical Engineering is understood to imply that the article is original, unpublished and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. All articles will be reviewed. Since 2013, Authors wishing to use the facility of colour printing should consult the editors.

Template:

Microsoft Word is recommended as a standard word processor to prepare the paper to the AEE journal. If you use the LaTex format, please transfer your document to Microsoft Word and then use Template AEE.

While editing your paper, make sure that all the mathematical characters (symbols, identifiers, variables, vectors, axis marks, etc.) have the required shape, thickness, and slant kept throughout the whole article. The same appearance of a given mathematic character must be retained regardless of its place (text, equations, tables or figures).

The articles that don’t conform to the above will not be processed and published.

The reviewing process:

Each paper submitted for publication in Archives of Electrical Engineering is subjected to the following review procedure:

a) the paper is reviewed by the editor in chief or guest editor for general suitability for publication in AEE

b) if it is judged suitable two reviewers are selected and a double blind peer review process takes place

c) based on the recommendations of the reviewers, the editor then decides whether the paper should be accepted in its present form, revised or rejected

d) the author(s) is(are) informed by e-mail on the results of the reviewing procedure.

The papers are published on average within 3 months after acceptance.

Requirements for preparation of manuscripts:

The manuscript submitted for publication should have no less than 12 pages and no more than 16 pages. In the case of the manuscript longer than 16 pages, please contact the AEE Editorial Board before submitting your paper. The manuscripts, written in UK English, should be typed using Template AEE according to the following instructions and should include: a title page with the title of a manuscript, a short title; abstract; key words, text; list of references. A DOI number as well as received and revised data will be completed by Editor. When you open Template.doc, select "Print Layout" from the "View" menu in the menu bar (View > Print Layout). Then type over sections of Template.doc or cut and paste from another document and then use markup styles (Home > Styles). For example, the style at this point in the document is "main text").

All papers submitted for publication are assessed on the basis of the mutual anonymity rule as to the names of reviewers and authors. Authors' names and affiliations should not appear in the attached text/tables/figures.

If English is not your first language, ask an English-speaking colleague to proofread your manuscript. The manuscripts that fail to meet basic standards of literacy are likely to be immediately declined or after the language assessment, sent to the authors for linguistic improvement.

The manuscripts are published on average within 3 months after their acceptance.

Do not change the font sizes or line spacing to squeeze more text into a limited number of pages. Leave some open space around your figures.

The AEE journal publishes an ORCID for all authors. You will need a registered ORCID in order to submit your paper for peer review. ORCID registration is free and only takes a minute. Please note that ORCIDs will be added in the course of the author's proofreads.

Text:

The pages must be numbered consecutively. Articles should be divided into numbered sections, and if necessary subsections, preferably: Introduction, Material, Methods, Results, Conclusion and References. Any special characters (e.g. Greek, script, etc.) should be named in the margin where the character first occurs in the text. Names of species are to be accentuated with wavy underlining (italics). Equations should be numbered serially (1), (2), ... on the right side of the page. Footnotes should be avoided, if required, they should be used only for brief notes which do not fit well into the text. Figures and tables have to be included into the text. If table is typed on a separate page its position in the text should be marked. Abbreviations should be explained when they first appear in the text.

Math:

Please use the MathML editor as well as MathType editor to build an equation in your manuscript.

Equations:

Equations should be typed within the text, centred, and should be numbered consecutively throughout the text. Their numbers should be typed in parentheses, flush right. Equations should be referred to in text, e.g. (1), except at the beginning of a sentence: "Equation (1) is ...". All symbols appearing in equations have to be defined in the text, before or just after the equation.

If the symbols are written in Times New Roman use italic fonts. Symbols of vectors and matrices should be written in bold fonts. Do not italicize Greek fonts and mathematical symbols like e.g.: the derivative symbol d, max, min, etc. The indices of symbols that are indices themselves should be written in a clear manner.

Note that the equation is centered using a center tab stop. Please keep the same font in the formulas and text.

Unit Symbols, Abbreviations:

Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.

Si units are recommended for use in formulas, drawings and tables., for example the SI unit for magnetic field strength H is A/m. Apply the center dot to separate compound units.

Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of units: "Wb/m2" or "webers per square meter," not "webers/m2." Spell units when they appear in text: "...a few henries…", not "...a few H…".

Use a zero before decimal points: "0.25," not ".25." Use "cm3," not "cc."

Unit Symbols, SI Prefixes as well as Abbreviations should be writing in accordance with the IEEE standard

Tables, figures (illustrations) and captions:

The illustrations (line diagrams and photographs) should be suitable for direct reproduction. The lettering as well the details should have proportional dimensions to maintain their legibility after the usual reduction. All illustrations should be numbered consecutively (Fig. X). Tables are numbered with Arabic numerals.

All figures, figure captions, and tables in the text must be inserted into the correct places.

Figures, photos, tables or other parts of a manuscript that have previously appeared in another publication or are not the property of the authors must be properly acknowledged in the manuscript. Permission to republish these items must be obtained by the corresponding author from a person or institution holding the copyright, usually the publisher.

Authors are requested to send all drawings used in the article in additional files. Create a separate file for each image. Images should be submitted in a bitmap format (.jpeg) or/and in a vector format (.eps, .pdf or .cdr). Each file must be saved according to the number in the original article, e.g.: FIG1.JPG, FIG2.EPS, or FIG3.PDF. Bitmap illustrations must be “flattened”, which means no additional layers, for example, covering old descriptions.

Photographs, colour, and greyscale figures should be at least at a resolution of 400 dpi.

All colour figures should be generated in the RGB or CMYK colour space, while greyscale images in the greyscale colour space.

When preparing your figures/graphics etc., we suggest the use of the Arial 8 point font for axis numbers and Arial 9 point font for axis names. Figures/graphics etc. can be prepared in one of two proposed ways - see Template AEE.

Tables are numbered with Arabic numerals. Use 9 point Times New Roman for the title of the table and 9 point Times New Roman for the filling of the table (9 in the case of symbols with subscripts).

AEE journal allows an author to publish color figures in e-version at no charge, and automatically convert them to grayscale for print versions. Authors wishing to use the facility of color printing should consult the editors.

Conclusions:

A conclusion might elaborate on the importance of the work or suggest applications and extensions. Although a conclusion may review the main points of the manuscript, do not replicate the abstract as the conclusion.

References:

References in text must be numbered consecutively by Arabic numerals placed in square brackets. Please make sure that you use full names of journals i.e. Archives of Electrical Engineering. Please ensure that all references in the Reference list are cited in the text and vice versa.

Please provide name(s) and initials of author(s), the title of the manuscript, editors (if any), the title of the journal or book, a volume number, the page range, and finally the year of publication in brackets.

You can use the rules presented on the site: IEEE standard.

Examples of the ways in which references should be cited are given below:

Journal manuscript

[1] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of paper, Title of periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[1] Steentjes S., von Pfingsten G., Hombitzer M., Hameyer K., Iron-loss model with consideration of minor loops applied to FE-simulations of electrical machines, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 3945-3948 (2013).

[2] Idziak P., Computer Investigation of Diagnostic Signals in Dynamic Torque of Damaged Induction Motor, Electrical Review (in Polish), to be published.

[3] Cardwell W., Finite element analysis of transient electromagnetic-thermal phenomena in a squirrel cage motor, submitted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

Conference manuscript

[4] Author A., Title of conference paper, Unabbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf., Country of Conf., pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[4] Popescu M., Staton D.A., Thermal aspects in power traction motors with permanent magnets, Proceedings of XXIII Symposium Electromagnetic Phenomena in Nonlinear Circuits, Pilsen, Czech Republic, pp. 35-36 (2016).

Book, book chapter and manual

[5] Author1 A., Author2 A.B., Title of book, Name of the publisher (YEAR).

example

[5] Zienkiewicz O., Taylor R.L., Finite Element method, McGraw-Hill Book Company (2000).

Patent

[6] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of patent, European Patent, EP xxx xxx (YEAR).

example

[6] Piech Z., Szelag W., Elevator brake with magneto-rheological fluid, European Patent, EP 2 197 774 B1 (2011).

Thesis

[7] Author A., Title of thesis, PhD Thesis, Department, University, City of Univ. (YEAR).

example

[7] Driesen J., Coupled electromagnetic-thermal problems in electrical energy transducers, PhD Thesis, Faculty of Applied Science, K.U. Leuven, Leuven (2000).

For on electronic forms

[8] Author A., Title of article, in Title of Conference, record as it appears on the copyright page], © [applicable copyright holder of the Conference Record] (copyright year), doi: [DOI number].

example

[8] Kubo M., Yamamoto Y., Kondo T., Rajashekara K., Zhu B., Zero-sequence current suppression for open-end winding induction motor drive with resonant controller,in IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), © APEC (2016), doi: 10.1109/APEC.2016.7468259

Website

[9] http://www.aee.put.poznan.pl, accessed April 2010.

Proofs:

Authors will receive proofs for correction, which should be returned promptly. All joint contributions must indicate the name and address of the authors to whom proofs should be sent.

Fees for printing the papers in Archives of Electrical Engineering:

AEE is published in Open Access, which means that all articles are available on the internet to all users immediately upon publication free of charge for the readers. Authors will be asked to a declaration that they are ready to cover the costs of printing their article.

The fee for the publication of an article in the AEE journal is 200 Euro.

Abstracting & Indexing:

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Preparation of manuscript for Archives of Electrical Engineering (AEE)

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