Applied sciences

Archives of Electrical Engineering

Content

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2024 | vol. 73 | No 4

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Abstract

This article proposes a model of an air transformer taking into account the influence of the use of ferrite plates on properties of such a transformer. This model has the form of a subcircuit dedicated for the SPICE software. It takes into account the influence of such parameters as the number of turns of both windings, the distance between them, the parasitic capacitances of the windings and the sizes of the ferrite plates used on the voltage ratio and frequency characteristics of the air transformer. The form of the developed model is described and some results illustrating the practical usefulness of this model are shown. The obtained results of calculations performed with the use of the proposed model are compared with the corresponding measurement results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Górecki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kalina Detka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Gdynia Maritime University
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Abstract

Under the traditional control method, the dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (DTP–PMSM) has a harmonic plane with low impedance, and it can produce larger harmonic current. Model predictive control (MPC) has a simple control structure and a good dynamic performance. The MPC is usually used in a high-performance control system of multiphase motors. Aiming at the DTP–PMSM drive system, an improved MPC strategy based on the biplane virtual voltage vector is proposed in this paper. In the proposed biplane MPC scheme, the voltage vector of the α–β plane is virtual to 25 voltage vectors, while the voltage vector of the x–y plane is virtual to zero. At the same time, the voltage vector of the x–y plane is virtual to 25 voltage vectors, while the voltage vector of the α–β plane is virtual to zero. On this basis, the cost function of the biplane is evaluated. The operating time and reference voltage of each vector are calculated. The virtual voltage vector on the α–β plane is used for electromechanical energy conversion to generate the best electromagnetic torque and reduce torque ripple. The virtual voltage vector on the x–y plane is used to suppress the stator current harmonics and improve the efficiency of the DTP–PMSM. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed biplane MPC.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hong-Yu Tang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Qu Sha
1
ORCID: ORCID
De-Zhi Xu
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Electrical and Information, Zhenjiang College, 518 Chang Xiang xi road, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, China
  2. School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Abstract

The oil-cooled back-wound high-speed permanent magnet generator (OBHPMG), is suitable for the aerospace field, gas turbines, and flywheel energy storage due to its high efficiency as well as high-power density. However, the high-power density operation of the generator inevitably results in a significant temperature rise, particularly when inter-turn short circuit faults (ISCFs) occur in the windings. In order to clarify the electromagnetic as well as thermal characteristics of the OBHPMG under the different ISCF degrees, it is of great significance to research the electromagnetic and temperature field variation characteristics of the generator at various inter-turn short circuit faults degrees. Firstly, the electromagnetic field of the 40 kW OBHPMG is investigated at normal operating in this paper, the rotor eddy current densities as well as stator core magnetic flux densities distribution is determined. Secondly, based on the model of the generator ISCF, the effects of the winding different ISCF degrees on the rotor eddy current densities and stator core magnetic flux densities are further explored in detail. The variation characteristics of the rotor current loss as well as stator core magnetic flux densities under the winding different ISCF degrees are revealed. Finally, the effect of the different ISCF degrees on the windings and permanent magnets temperature is analyzed in depth by combining the variation mechanism of the electromagnetic loss. The temperature variation characteristics of the OBHPMG with the different ISCF degrees are obtained, and the cooling effect of the OBHPMG under the ISCF is clarified. It provides a theoretical basis for clearly mastering the variations in the performance of the generator under the windings ISCF in this paper.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xuandong Wu
1
Jianan Lu
2
Mingming Cao
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hongbo Qiu
2

  1. Wolong Electric Nanyang Explosion-proof Group Nanyang city, Henan, China
  2. School of Electric and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University
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Abstract

Finite element modeling is the main tool in the design of internal permanent magnet electric machines for which accurate analytical designs are hard to be developed. Despite the high accuracy, the main drawback of this type of numerical modeling is the immense burden of calculation and time especially for implementation of complex structures. On the other hand, most of the fast analytical methods have been ineffective in accurate modeling of Internal Permanent Magnet (IPM) machines. This inefficiency is due to the complexity of the IPM segments and their inconsistency with other polar subdomains in rotary machines. In this research, one successful approach which divides the inconsistent domains into several polar-consistent subdomains is applied for fast and accurate analytical calculation of the quantities and objective functions. On the basis of this efficient analytical model and by evolutionary optimization tools, the loss and volume of a spoke PM machine are minimized, then the optimal machine is verified satisfactorily by the Finite Element Method (FEM).
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Authors and Affiliations

Meisam Pourahmadi-Nakhli
1
Masoud Jokar Kouhanjani
2
ORCID: ORCID
Farshad Jafari
2
Somayeh Najibi
2

  1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Hormozgan Bandar Abbas, Iran
  2. Department of Technical Study, Shiraz Electric Distribution Company Shiraz, Iran
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Abstract

This paper presents modelling of a squirrel-cage induction motor and an optimal control method based on suboptimal control for nonlinear systems to minimise consumed energy and power losses in an induction motor drive. A coupled motor model with optimal control as a closed-loop integrated system is proposed. For modelling of the squirrel-cage asynchronous machine, a field-circuit-mechanical finite-element (FE) model is employed, in which mechanical motion is realised by a moving-mesh method and fixed mesh approach. For the control problem purpose, a surrogate induction motor model, described in a stationary rotor reference d–q frame, is applied. The optimal control is realised by a nonlinear feedback compensator method based on the state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) with an infinite time horizon with the surrogate model state-dependent parametrisation (SDP). To perform the control strategy, a SDRE technique with Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse is adopted. To improve the accuracy of the optimisation procedure, a finite element model was used to calculate the motor performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Cezary Jedryczka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sławomir Stepien
2
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Demenko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mirosław Nowakowski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Electrical Engineering and Electronics Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3a, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
  2. Institute of Automatic Control and Robotics, Poznan University of Technology Piotrowo 3a, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
  3. Air Force Institute of Technology, Ksiecia Boleslawa St. 6, 01-494 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

In this paper, a three-stage space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) along with soft switching is proposed for a high-voltage transfer ratio single-stage threephase current-source inverter (HVTR-CSI) to reduce switching losses and improve inverter efficiency. The proposed SVPWM strategy utilizes the conduction state of the energy storage switch as the zero vector and assigning effective vectors action modes. The zero-voltageswitching (ZVS) of the energy storage switch is achieved by resonant parameters and controlling the turn-on time of the active clamp circuit. The circuit topology, operation principle, high-frequency switching process of the studied CSI are thoroughly analyzed, and detailed calculations of the circuit parameters and soft-switching design are performed. Experimental results on a 1 kW 24 VDC/84 VAC 3-phase AC prototype show that the modulation improves the CSI peak efficiency by 1.15% compared to sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM). This study provides an effective design approach for the HVTR-CSI in terms of reducing switching losses.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiaofeng Fu
1
Mingkang Zhang
2
Dazhuang Ma
2
Jiahui Jiang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Fenghuang Cai
1

  1. College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, China
  2. College of Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, China
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Abstract

The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) and sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) are two prominent control strategies that have attracted particular interest recently. In this paper, we compare these two inverter control strategies in a 5MW wind power conversion chain. The studied conversion chain includes a wind turbine, a permanent magnet synchronous generator, the power converters, namely the uncontrolled rectifier, and a two-stage inverter connected to the grid via an LCL filter. Our study of the two control methods shows that both strategies reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) while respecting the grid connection conditions. The simulation results manifest that the VSG strategy has a better THD reduction of 0.99 % which is improved compared to the SPWM with a THD of 1.33%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wijdane El Maataoui
1
Soukaina El Daoudi
2
Abdelouahed Abounada
1
Mustapha Mabrouki
3

  1. Team of Automatic and Energy Conversion, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
  2. Automatic, Intelligent Systems and Information Systems Team, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
  3. Laboratory of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
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Abstract

This paper develops a novel approach for the state of charge (SOC) estimation of Lithium-ion batteries in energy storage power stations, leveraging an improved back-propagation (BP) neural network optimized by an immune genetic algorithm (IGA). Addressing the paramount importance of accurate SOC estimation for enhancing battery management systems, this work proposes a methodological enhancement aimed at refining estimation precision and operational efficiency. First, the mechanisms of temperature, current, and voltage impacts on SOC are revealed, which serve as the inputs of the neural network. Second, the improved BP neural network’s structure and optimization through an IGA are designed, emphasizing the mitigation of traditional BP neural networks’ limitations including slow convergence speed and complex parameterization. Through an extensive experimental setup, the proposed model is validated against standard BP neural networks across various discharge experiments at different temperatures and discharge currents. Results prove that the estimation accuracy of the proposed method reaches as high as 98.15% and faster converges compared to the traditional BP network, thereby being valuable practically.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiaohong Zhu
1
Mingwan Zhuang
1
Weirong Yang
1
Xiuquan Li
1
Hang Dai
1

  1. Qujing Power Supply Bureau, Yunnan Power Grid Co. Ltd., Cuifeng East Road, Qilin District, Qujing City, Yunnan Province, China
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Abstract

This study described a method for determining the magnetic field in transformer steel sheets for any magnetisation direction. In the proposed approach, limiting hysteresis loops for the rolling and transverse directions were used. These loops, which were determined separately in both directions, were modified depending on the direction of magnetisation. The assumed area of the magnetic field occurrence was divided into elementary segments, and the appropriate components of field strength and flux density were assigned to the edges and elementary segments of the grid dividing this area. The relationships between the flux density and field strength along both the rolling and transverse directions in the elementary segments were introduced into the equations of the magnetic field distribution, which were based on Maxwell’s equations in the integral form. These equations facilitated the determination of changes in the magnetic field, considering the magnetic hysteresis. The correctness of these equations was validated through comparisons of the results of numerical calculations with the analogous results of measurements performed using a laboratory package of transformer sheets.
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Authors and Affiliations

Witold Mazgaj
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Sierżęga
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24 str., 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

An elementary part of various electromagnetic devices or linear electric machines is a module consisting of an excitation coil and a permanent magnet (PM runner). The electromagnetic force axial distribution in this “single excitation coil – PM runner” module is usually determined by numerical field calculations at discrete runner positions. When solving the mathematical model, a table containing discrete values of the electromagnetic force axial distribution is usually used (the so-called lookup table).
The authors of this article decided to find a simple analytic function that approximates the calculated discrete electromagnetic force function with technically sufficient accuracy and the smallest possible number of coefficients. After many attempts, they proposed the modified Kloss function with 2 coefficients denoted as S′ and M′, the values of which for the best approximation have to be determined using the optimization algorithm e.g. the Hooke–Jeeves algorithm. This analytical function reflects perfectly the nature of the discrete electromagnetic force axial distribution determined by the numerical field calculations and approximates the discrete function with fully satisfactory accuracy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sebastian Jan Bartel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Kluszczynski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Small-signal models of a buck converter working in the discontinuous conduction.mode that are available in the literature usually can be divided into those which contain.a single pole and refer to non-ideal converters and those that describe ideal converters and.contain two poles. Even though the models are noticeably different they have been validated.through simulations and measurements, which suggests both of them are correct. The.purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive comparison of the existing models with.transient simulations done in OrCAD software and through measurements, to show that both.of the mentioned models are true for a specific set of converter parameters, and to propose.a two-pole, control-to-output and input-to-output transfer functions of a non-ideal buck.converter, that can be used in any buck converter working in discontinuous conduction mode.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Walczak
1

  1. Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Koszalin University of Technology, Sniadeckich 2 str., 75-453 Koszalin, Poland
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Abstract

To address the overvoltage problem caused by the reverse flow of current when a high proportion of distributed photovoltaic (PV) is connected to the distribution network, this paper proposes a grid-connected voltage regulation control strategy based on the cluster division of the Distributed Model Predictive Control (DMPC) algorithm. Firstly, the overvoltage responsibility of each node is calculated using the Shapley value method. This is combined with k-means clustering to achieve effective cluster division, enabling dynamic adjustment of the active and reactive power of photovoltaic power generation units to stabilize regional voltage. Secondly, a group grid-connected voltage control strategy is introduced. This strategy controls the active and reactive power outputs by integrating real-time power output and voltage information from PV generating units in the region with the DMPC algorithm, ensuring overall voltage stability of the grid-connected system. Finally, actual overvoltage data from a 10 kV distribution line in the Dingxi power grid, Gansu Province, is used to verify that under the proposed control strategy, PV grid-connected overvoltage nodes are maintained within 1.06 p.u. The control effect is improved by a margin of 0.05 compared to traditional control methods. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the grouped grid-connected voltage regulation control strategy, achieving smoother voltage regulation performance in distributed PV grid-connected systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jianfeng Yang
1
Tao Zhou
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shikun Zhu
1
Chenyang Jia
1

  1. School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China
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Abstract

The impact of pollution on insulator surface performance has been extensively studied to continuously improve the insulator performance using suitable condition monitoring, including using the leakage current harmonic component analysis. However, the analysis of harmonic components, particularly in relation to the odd harmonics of the leakage current in aged insulators under the influence of contamination and humidity, is still not fully understood and remains deficient. In this paper, the leakage current of aged and polluted insulators under different environmental conditions are investigated. The study was conducted experimentally using twelve samples of insulators with varying degrees of aging. The crest factor was employed as an indicator of the leakage current index. The findings showed that the odd harmonic crest factor demonstrates high sensitivity in classifying the degree of aging in contaminated insulators.
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Authors and Affiliations

Umar Benisheikh
1 2
Zulkurnain Abdul-Malek
1
Ayaz Sahito
1

  1. Institute of High Voltage and High Current, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
  2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1067 Maiduguri, Nigeria
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Abstract

The main differences between soft and hard magnetic materials are commented on. It is discussed how the coercivity mechanisms can be affected by the domain wall energy. A spherical cap nucleus is used for this analysis. There is a competition between magnetostatic energy and domain wall energy terms. As a consequence, for soft magnetic materials, the magnetostatic energy term is dominant over the domain wall energy term. An explanation for the dependence of the coercivity with grain size is presented. For grain size above the single domain size, in hard magnetic materials with high magnetocrystalline anisotropy, the coercivity decreases following a law proportional to the inverse of the square root of the grain size, whereas in soft magnetic materials, the coercivity reduces proportionally to the inverse of grain size.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcos Flavio de Campos
1
ORCID: ORCID
José Adilson de Castro
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. PPGEM – EEEIMVR – UFF Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av dos Trabalhadores 420 Vila Santa Cecilia – Volta Redonda RJ 27255-125 – Brazil
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Abstract

Predictive maintenance and reliability engineering are critical in industrial settings to enhance equipment performance and minimize unplanned downtime. This research, conducted within the machine learning framework, presents innovative solutions to the challenging problem of equipment failure prediction. The study creatively utilizes extensive datasets, including equipment records, weather conditions, and maintenance logs, to develop robust predictive models. Two distinct machine learning models are established for equipment and cables/lines, addressing the intricacies of class imbalances and missing data attributes. Model refinement, feature engineering, and interdisciplinary collaboration enhance predictive accuracy, precision, and recall. Notably, this research highlights the creative application of engineering knowledge and data science techniques, reasoning about complex equipment systems, and the importance of problem decomposition. The outcomes underscore the potential for real-time predictive maintenance in industrial contexts, offering substantial cost savings and improved equipment reliability. This research contributes to the evolving field of predictive maintenance and paves the way for future innovations in reliability engineering.
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Authors and Affiliations

Pfanelo Makungo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tlotlollo Hlalele
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mbuyu Sumbwanyambe
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of South Africa, Department of Electrical and Smart Systems Engineering, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Abstract

The paper presents the model of stress dependence of 2D relative magnetic permeability of anisotropic, grain-oriented M120‒27s electrical steel suitable for finite element method modeling. The proposed model was developed based on experimental results acquired using the measuring setup with a testing yoke equipped with a Cardan gyroscopic mechanism and hydraulic press. In the presented model, parameters of the tensor description of 2D relative magnetic permeability were chosen during the feature selection process and identified during differential evolution optimization. The good quality of the proposed model was quantitatively confirmed by the R-squared coefficient, which exceeds 0.997 for all plots of the 2D relative magnetic permeability tensor.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Rękas
1
Roman Szewczyk
1
Tadeusz Szumiata
2
Michał Nowicki
3

  1. Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Sw. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Physics, Kazimierz Pulaski Radom University, Stasieckiego 54, 26-600 Radom, Poland
  3. Department of Mechatronics, Robotics and Digital Manufacturing, Faculty of Mechanics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Plytinės g. 25, LT-10105 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Abstract

The article presents a mini-review of key factors significantly affecting the electrical properties of nanofluids. One-step and two-step approaches, together with examples of vacuum sputtering-based techniques, chemical reduction, and mechanical mixing techniques, were explained. The crucial factors enhancing the electric and dielectric responses, such as nanofiller concentration, its type, geometry, uniformity of distribution in the base liquid as well as the base liquid’s type, temperature, chemical stability, etc., were analyzed. Special attention was paid to the impact of the parameters on electrical conductivity, permittivity, and dielectric losses. The selected models for nanofluid’s conductivity prediction have been presented. The potential and implemented applications of nanofluids in the energy-related industry branches with reference to their electrical properties have been reviewed. Examples of applications in power transformers, solar cell production processes, nanoelectrofuel flow batteries, and other electrotechnologies have been analyzed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Oleksandr Boiko
1
Henryka Danuta Stryczewska
1
Grzegorz Karol Komarzyniec
1
Kenji Ebihara
2
Shin-Ichi Aoqui
3
Masaaki Yamazat
4
Mykhaylo Zagirnyak
5

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Superconductivity Technologies, 38A Nadbystrzycka St., 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  2. Environment and Energy Laboratory, 25-39 Suizenji-Park, 862-0956 Kumamoto, Japan
  3. Sojo University, Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, 4-22-1 Ikeda, 860-0082 Kumamoto, Japan
  4. University of the Ryukyus, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, 903-0213 Okinawa, Japan
  5. Kremenchuk Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi National University, Department of Systems of Automatic Control and Electric Drives, 20 Pershotravneva St., 39600 Kremenchuk, Ukraine
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Abstract

The paper presents the optimization of a reflector-backed Vivaldi antenna which was designed to operate at the 1.8, 2.1, and 3.5 GHz frequencies used in the fourth and fifth generation of wireless systems. Reducing antenna back radiation is the primary goal of the optimization; at the same time, however, antenna impedance matching has to be preserved for the considered set of frequencies, this way generating a conflict of goals. The proposed design method is based on a minimax formulation of each goal against frequency and a Pareto-like tradeoff of solutions. Both goals were achieved as a consequence of the optimization process, and the antenna now exhibits a voltage standing wave ratio below 3, front-to-back ratio of 14 dB and a gain in the front direction not smaller than 8 dBi.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paolo di Barba
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Januszkiewicz
2

  1. Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy
  2. Institute of Electronics, Lodz University of Technology, Al. Politechniki 10, 93-590 Lodz, Poland

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ARCHIVES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (AEE) (previously Archiwum Elektrotechniki), quarterly journal of the Polish Academy of Sciences is OpenAccess, publishing original scientific articles and short communiques from all branches of Electrical Power Engineering exclusively in English. The main fields of interest are related to the theory & engineering of the components of an electrical power system: switching devices, arresters, reactors, conductors, etc. together with basic questions of their insulation, ampacity, switching capability etc.; electrical machines and transformers; modelling & calculation of circuits; electrical & magnetic fields problems; electromagnetic compatibility; control problems; power electronics; electrical power engineering; nondestructive testing & nondestructive evaluation.

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Conclusions:

A conclusion might elaborate on the importance of the work or suggest applications and extensions. Although a conclusion may review the main points of the manuscript, do not replicate the abstract as the conclusion.

References:

References in text must be numbered consecutively by Arabic numerals placed in square brackets. Please make sure that you use full names of journals i.e. Archives of Electrical Engineering. Please ensure that all references in the Reference list are cited in the text and vice versa.

Please provide name(s) and initials of author(s), the title of the manuscript, editors (if any), the title of the journal or book, a volume number, the page range, and finally the year of publication in brackets.

You can use the rules presented on the site: IEEE standard.

Examples of the ways in which references should be cited are given below:

Journal manuscript

[1] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of paper, Title of periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[1] Steentjes S., von Pfingsten G., Hombitzer M., Hameyer K., Iron-loss model with consideration of minor loops applied to FE-simulations of electrical machines, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 3945-3948 (2013).

[2] Idziak P., Computer Investigation of Diagnostic Signals in Dynamic Torque of Damaged Induction Motor, Electrical Review (in Polish), to be published.

[3] Cardwell W., Finite element analysis of transient electromagnetic-thermal phenomena in a squirrel cage motor, submitted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

Conference manuscript

[4] Author A., Title of conference paper, Unabbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf., Country of Conf., pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[4] Popescu M., Staton D.A., Thermal aspects in power traction motors with permanent magnets, Proceedings of XXIII Symposium Electromagnetic Phenomena in Nonlinear Circuits, Pilsen, Czech Republic, pp. 35-36 (2016).

Book, book chapter and manual

[5] Author1 A., Author2 A.B., Title of book, Name of the publisher (YEAR).

example

[5] Zienkiewicz O., Taylor R.L., Finite Element method, McGraw-Hill Book Company (2000).

Patent

[6] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of patent, European Patent, EP xxx xxx (YEAR).

example

[6] Piech Z., Szelag W., Elevator brake with magneto-rheological fluid, European Patent, EP 2 197 774 B1 (2011).

Thesis

[7] Author A., Title of thesis, PhD Thesis, Department, University, City of Univ. (YEAR).

example

[7] Driesen J., Coupled electromagnetic-thermal problems in electrical energy transducers, PhD Thesis, Faculty of Applied Science, K.U. Leuven, Leuven (2000).

For on electronic forms

[8] Author A., Title of article, in Title of Conference, record as it appears on the copyright page], © [applicable copyright holder of the Conference Record] (copyright year), doi: [DOI number].

example

[8] Kubo M., Yamamoto Y., Kondo T., Rajashekara K., Zhu B., Zero-sequence current suppression for open-end winding induction motor drive with resonant controller,in IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), © APEC (2016), doi: 10.1109/APEC.2016.7468259

Website

[9] http://www.aee.put.poznan.pl, accessed April 2010.

Proofs:

Authors will receive proofs for correction, which should be returned promptly. All joint contributions must indicate the name and address of the authors to whom proofs should be sent.

Fees for printing the papers in Archives of Electrical Engineering:

AEE is published in Open Access, which means that all articles are available on the internet to all users immediately upon publication free of charge for the readers. Authors will be asked to a declaration that they are ready to cover the costs of printing their article.

The fee for the publication of an article in the AEE journal is 200 Euro.

Abstracting & Indexing:

Archives of Electrical Engineering is covered by the following services:

  • Arianta
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  • CNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastucture)
  • CNPIEC
  • DOAJ
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  • EBSCO (relevant databases)
  • EBSCO Discovery Service
  • Elsevier - Compendex
  • Elsevier - Engineering Village
  • Elsevier - SCOPUS
  • Genamics JournalSeek
  • Google Scholar
  • ICI Journals Master List
  • Inspec
  • J-Gate
  • Naviga (Softweco)
  • POL-Index
  • Primo Central (ExLibris)
  • ProQuest - Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace
  • ProQuest - Electronics and Communications Abstracts
  • ProQuest - Engineering Journals
  • ProQuest - High Tech Research Database
  • ProQuest - Illustrata: Technology
  • ProQuest - SciTech Journals
  • ProQuest - Technology Journals
  • ProQuest - Technology Research Database
  • SCImago (SJR)
  • Summon (Serials Solutions/ProQuest)
  • TDOne (TDNet)
  • TEMA Technik und Management
  • Thomson Reuters - Emerging Sources Citation Index
  • Ulrich's Periodicals Directory/ulrichsweb
  • WorldCat (OCLC)

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