Nauki Techniczne

Archives of Foundry Engineering

Opis

Archives of Foundry Engineering continues the publishing activity started by Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) in Katowice in 1978. The initiator of it was the first Chairman Professor Dr Eng. Wacław Sakwa – Corresponding Member of PAN, Honorary Doctor of Czestochowa University of Technology and Silesian University of Technology. This periodical first name was „Solidification of Metals and Alloys” , and made possible to publish the results of works achieved in the field of the Basic Problems Research Cooperation. The subject of publications was related to the title of the periodical and concerned widely understand problems of metals and alloys crystallization in a casting mold. In 1978-2000 the 44 issues have been published. Since 2001 the Foundry Commission has had patronage of the annually published “Archives of Foundry” and since 2007 quarterly published “Archives of Foundry Engineering”. Thematic scope includes scientific issues of foundry industry:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes,

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials,

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding,

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry,

Transport Systems in Foundry,

Castings Quality Management,

Environmental Protection.

Scoring assigned by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education: 100 points

IMPACT FACTOR 2022: 0.6

CiteScore metrics from Scopus 2022: 1.2
SCImago Journal Rank ( SJR) 2022: 0.197
Source Normalized Impact per Paper ( SNIP) 2022: 0.423

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The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ISSN

eISSN 2299-2944

Wydawcy

The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Editor in Chief:
J. Jezierski

0000-0003-2078-196X
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
jan.jezierski@polsl.pl

Deputy Editor:
D. Bartocha

0000-0002-3011-4434
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
dariusz.bartocha@polsl.pl

Subject Editors:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes
E. Guzik –

0000-0002-4449-532X, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
S. Gnyloskurenko –

0000-0003-0201-7191, PTIMA National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
J. Sobczak –

0000-0002-8878-1037, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials
O. P. Pandey –

0000-0002-6826-995X , Thapar University, Punjab, India
N. S. Tiedje –

0000-0001-5198-3551, DTU in Lyngby, Denmark
P. Lichy –

0000-0002-6170-4728, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding
B. Mochnacki –

0000-0001-8504-3744, University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
E. Majchrzak –

0000-0003-3555-2318, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Szucki –

0000-0002-2675-1836, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
M. Perzyk –

0000-0003-4901-7746, Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry
J. Bast –

0000-0002-9795-2352, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
R. Dańko –

0000-0003-2434-6025, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
M. Mróz –

0000-0002-7433-4092, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland

Castings Quality Management
D. Bolibruchova –

0000-0002-7374-9763, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. D. B. de Mello –

0000-0001-8912-2132, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
M. Górny –

0000-0001-6682-2611, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Environmental Protection
M. Holtzer –

0000-0002-6988-3329, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
J. Roučka –

0000-0003-0917-1810, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
S. Acharya –

0000-0001-6428-8961, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology, Vasad, Gujarat, India

Editorial Advisory Board:
M. Cholewa –

0000-0001-8598-6953, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
B. K. Dhindaw –

0000-0001-6991-9793, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
W. A. Hufenbach –

0000-0002-5131-3483, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
A. Zadera –

0000-0002-0555-370X , Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
A. Passerone –

0000-0002-0005-5314, CNR, Genova, Italy
I. Riposan –

0000-0002-4040-2798, Politehnica University of Bucharest Bucharest, Romania
A. Sládek –

0000-0002-7628-3524, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. Szajnar –

0000-0003-3622-843X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
R. B. Tuttle –

00000002-7689-259X, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
M. Okayasu –

0000-0003-3897-070X, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
I. Nova –

0000-0003-2287-9346, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
C. Caceres –

0000-0001-6521-2037, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
A. Dioszegi –

0000-0002-3024-9005, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden

Associate Editors:
A. Dulska –

0000-0001-6903-328X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Suchoń –

0000-0002-7019-3966, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Kondracki –

0000-0001-7840-5575, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
N. Przyszlak –

0000-0003-1683-0001, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Szymszal –

0000-0002-3229-6470, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

ul. Towarowa 7,
44-100 Gliwice, Poland
e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl

https://www.journal-afe.pl

Copyright

Copyright on any open access article in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal published by Polish Academy of Sciences is retained by the author(s). Authors grant Polish Academy of Sciences a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Authors also grant any user the right to use the article freely if its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified. The Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 formalizes these and other terms and conditions of publishing articles.

The editorial team of Archives of Foundry Engineering implements an open access policy by publishing materials in the form of the so-called Gold Open Access and encourages authors to place articles published in the journal in open repositories (after the review or the final version of the publisher), provided that a link to the journal’s website is provided.

Exceptions to copyright policy

For the articles which were previously published, before year 2022, policies that are different from the above. In all such, access to these articles is free from fees or any other access restrictions. Permissions for the use of the texts published in that journal may be sought directly from the Commission of Foundry Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, Poland, by e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl.

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Zawartość

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 2

1 Processing of Boron Nitride Nanotubes Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composite

B. Nemutlu , O. Kahraman , K. B. Demirel , I. Erkul , M. Cicek , H. Sahin , K.C. Dizdar , D. Dispinar

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 2 | 5-10 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140220

Słowa kluczowe: Aluminum Casting BNNT Composite Tensile

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Abstrakt

Aluminum and its alloys are one of the most favored metal-based materials for engineering applications that require lightweight materials. On the other hand, composites are getting more preferable for different kinds of applications recently. Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are one of the excellent reinforcement materials for aluminum and its alloys. To enhance mechanical properties of aluminum, BNNTs can be added with different processes. BNNT reinforced aluminum matrix composites also demonstrate extraordinary radiation shielding properties. This study consists of BNNT reinforced aluminum matrix composite production performed by casting method. Since wetting of BNNT in liquid aluminum is an obstacle for casting, various casting techniques were performed to distribute homogeneously in liquid aluminum. Different methods were investigated in an aim to incorporate BNNT into liquid method as reinforcement. It was found that UTS was increased by 20% and elongation at fracture was increased by 170% when BNNT was preheated at 800°C for 30 minutes.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

B. Nemutlu

e-mail:

ORCID:

O. Kahraman

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. B. Demirel

e-mail:

ORCID:

I. Erkul

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Cicek

e-mail:

ORCID:

H. Sahin

e-mail:

ORCID:

K.C. Dizdar

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Dispinar

e-mail: derya.dispinar@gmail.com

ORCID:

Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

2 Cast Structures Improving Thermal Conductivity for Energy Storage

N. M. Raźny

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 2 | 11-16 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140221

Słowa kluczowe: Environment protection Product development Investment casting energy storage Heat enhancer

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Abstrakt

Thermal energy encounters a huge demand in the world, part of which can be met by renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, and storage of thermal energy surplus from industrial processes. For this purpose, thermal energy storage (TES) units, in which heat is stored, are developed. The energy is accumulated by phase change materials (PCM) characterized by high phase transition enthalpy. PCMs have poor thermal conductivity; therefore, to take full advantage of their capabilities and to accelerate the charging and discharging cycle, metallic structures are used. These structures are manufactured using investment casting technology. Creating models with additive methods, such as 3D printing, allows obtaining complex shapes with high accuracy, such as thin-walled castings. At a large scale, the method may not be cost-effective. In this paper, the heat exchanger models were made from PLA and the castings - from AC44200 aluminum alloy. Investment casting requires the proper selection of parameters, such as the right material for the model, the selection of the firing temperature, the adjustment of the temperature of the molten metal, the temperature of the mold, and the pressure in it. Misaligning any of the parameters can lead to imperfections on the finished casting. Based on the model roughness study, it was found that minor roughness and higher accuracy are presented by the lower parts of the casting, while weaker performance is observed for the upper parts. Metal castings in a salt PCM environment may be subjected to corrosion. Therefore, the authors proposed to produce protective coatings on aluminum castings by the PEO method - plasma electrolytic oxidation. Porous ceramic thin films consisting mainly of alumina were obtained. The next tests will be aimed to confirm whether this layer will not negatively influence the thermal conductivity of the thermal energy storage.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

N. M. Raźny

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Lightweight Elements Engineering, Foundry and Automation, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Stanisława Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland

3 The Influence of Biomaterial in a Binder Composition on Biodegradation of Waste from Furan Moulding Sands

K. Major-Gabryś , I. Stachurek , M. Hosadyna-Kondracka

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 2 | 17-24 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140222

Słowa kluczowe: Moulding sand Organic binder Biodegradable PCL additive Biodegradation process

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Abstrakt

Due to the observed increase in the amount of waste in landfills, there has been an increase in the demand for products made of biomaterials and the composition of biomaterials with petroleum-derived materials. The problem of waste disposal/management also applies to waste from the casting production process with the use of disposable casting moulds made with the use of organic binders (resins), as well as residues from the process of regeneration of moulding sands. A perspective solution is to add a biodegradable component to the moulding/core sand. The authors proposed the use of polycaprolactone (PCL), a polymer from the group of aliphatic polyesters, as an additive to a casting resin commonly used in practice. As part of this study, the effect of PCL addition on the (bio) degradation of dust obtained after the process of mechanical regeneration of moulding sands with organic binders was determined. The (bio) degradation process was studied in the environment reflecting the actual environmental conditions. As part of the article, dust samples before and after the duration of the (bio) degradation process were tested for weight loss by thermogravimetry (TG) and for losses on ignition (LOI).

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Bibliografia

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[8] Grabowska, B., Szucki, M., Suchy, J.Sz., Eichholz, S., Hodor, K. (2013). Thermal degradation behavior of cellulose-based material for gating systems in iron casting production. Polimery. 58(1), 39-44.
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[19] Major-Gabryś, K., Hosadyna-Kondracka, M., Skrzyński, M., Pastirčák, R. (2020). The quality of reclaim from moulding sand with furfuryl resin and PCL additive. The abstract paper at XXVI international conference of Polish, Czech and Slovak founders: 7-9.09.2020 r. Baranów Sandomierski, Poland.
[20] Major-Gabryś, K., Hosadyna-Kondracka, M. & Stachurek, I. (2020). Determination of mass loss in samples of post-regeneration dust from moulding sands with and without PCL subjected to biodegradation processes in a water environment. Journal of Applied Materials Engineering. 60(4), 121-129.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

K. Major-Gabryś

e-mail:

ORCID:

I. Stachurek

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Hosadyna-Kondracka

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network - Foundry Research Institute, Zakopianska 73, 30-418 Cracow, Poland

4 Hot Tearing, Parameters, and Mould Types for Observation – Review

Akhyar

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 2 | 25-49 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140223

Słowa kluczowe: Hot tearing susceptibility Pouring temperature mould temperature Grain refiner

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Abstrakt

Hot tearing is a casting defect responsible for external and internal cracks on casting products. This irregular undesired formation is often observed during solidification and freezing. The solidification of molten metal also causes thermal contraction and shrinkage, indicating the occurrence of hot tearing when the alloy is restrained by the mould design. The parameters affecting this process include the pouring and mould temperatures, the chemical composition of the alloy, and the mould shape. Also, the factors affecting hot tearing susceptibility include pouring and mould temperatures, the grain refiner, as well as pouring speed. There are many methods of measuring the level of susceptibility to hot tearing, one of which is the thermal contraction evaluation during metal solidification, observed in cast products through several mould types. This paper discusses the hot tearing overview, the effect of pouring temperature, mould temperature, grain refiner, pouring speed on hot tearing, the type of mould, and criterion for hot tear observation.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Akhyar

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Univeritas Syiah Kuala, Jl. Syech Aburrauf No.7, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia

5 Initial Analysis of the Surface Layer of AVGI Cast Iron Subject to Abrasion

A. Jakubus

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 2 | 50-56 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140224

Słowa kluczowe: Vermicular cast iron Abrasion resistance Austempering Abrasion of cast iron AVGI

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Abstrakt

The article presents the results of research on the abrasion resistance of cast iron with vermicular graphite in the as-cast state and after austempering (the latter material is referred to as AVGI – Austempered Vermicular Graphite Iron). Austenitization was carried out at the temperature values of either 900°C or 960°C, and austempering at the temperature values of either 290°C and or 390°C. Both the austenitization and the austempering time was equal to 90 minutes. The change of the pearlitic-ferritic matrix to the ausferritic one resulted in an increase in mechanical properties. Abrasion tests were conducted by means of the T-01M pin-on-disc tribometer. The counter-sample (i.e. the disc) was made of the JT6500 friction material. Each sample was subject to abrasion over a sliding distance of 4000 m. The weight losses of both samples and counter-samples were determined by the gravimetric method. It was found that the vermicular cast iron austenitized at 900°C and austempered at 290°C was characterized by the lowest wear among the evaluated cast iron types. The geometric structure of the surface layer after the dry friction test exhibited irregular noticeable grooves, distinct oriented abrasion traces, plastic flow of the material, microcracks, and pits generated by tearing out the abraded material. The largest surface roughness was found for the AVGI cast iron heat-treated according to the variant 3 (Tγ =900 ºC; Tpi = 390°C), while the smallest one occurred in AVGI cast iron subject to either the variant 2 (Tγ =960 ºC; Tpi = 290°C) or the variant 4 (Tγ =900 ºC; Tpi = 290°C) of heat treatment and was equal to either 2.5 μm or 2.66 μm, respectively. It can be seen that the surface roughness decreases with the decrease in the austempering temperature.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

A. Jakubus

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ORCID:

The Jacob of Paradies University in Gorzów Wielkopolski, ul. Teatralna 25, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland

6 Mold Temperature and Its Effect on Selected Properties of Cast AlSi5Cu2Mg Alloy

L. Širanec , D. Bolibruchová , M. Chalupová

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 2 | 57-62 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140225

Słowa kluczowe: Mold temperature AlSi5Cu2Mg Cylinder head

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Abstrakt

The European Commission's ambitious plan to reduce CO2 emissions has a significant impact on the global automotive industry. Recent development of new diesel and petrol engines with direct injection is aimed at improving fuel efficiency while maintaining (or enhancing) engine performance. This naturally also increases the demands on the properties of the most stressed engine components (e.g., cylinder heads, engine blocks, pistons), which leads to the development of new materials. Presented work analysed the effect of different mold temperatures (60; 120; 180 °C) on mechanical, physical properties and microstructure of AlSi5Cu2Mg aluminium alloy. This alloy is currently being used for the production of cylinder head castings. The results showed that the changing mold temperature had an effect on mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength and Young modulus values). SEM with EDX analysis of intermetallic phases revealed there were no size and morphology changes of Cu, Mg and Fe intermetallic phases when the mold temperature changed. No significant effect of different mold temperature on physical properties (thermal and electrical conductivity) and fracture mechanism occurred during experiment. Optimal combination of mechanical and physical properties of AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy was achieved using a permanent mold with temperature ranging from 120 to 180 °C.

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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

L. Širanec

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Bolibruchová

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Chalupová

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Technological Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina, Slovakia

7 Application of the Triboelectric Method for the Ongoing Assessment of the Quality of Reclaim in Mechanical Reclaimers

R. Dańko , A. Pietrzak , D. Gruszka

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 2 | 63-70 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140226

Słowa kluczowe: Reclaim Reclamation process Regeneration Foundry engineering Phenol resin Moulding sand

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Abstrakt

The method of the ongoing assessment of the reclaim quality originating from the mechanical reclamation is described in this paper. In the process, the triboelectric system of measuring amounts of dust in the dedusting part of a reclamation device was applied. Based on the online measurements of the amounts of dust generated in the spent sand-reclamation process and the post-process determinations of the ignition losses and granular structures of the removed dust, the proper work parameters of the experimental reclaimer were selected. The allowable value of the ignition losses as well as the main fraction of the reclaimed matrix being similar to fresh sand was assumed as the main criteria of the positive assessment of the process. Within the presented investigations, a periodically operating device for rotor-mechanical reclamation was developed. The possibility of changing the intensity and time of the reclamation treatment as well as the triboelectric system of the dust-amount measuring were applied in this device. Tests were performed for the spent moulding sand with phenol-resol resin Carbophen 5692 hardened by CO2. This sand represents the moulding sand group with a less harmful influence on the surroundings for which the recovery of the quartz matrix utilising the reclamation requires stricter control of the parameters of the reclamation process and reclaim quality.

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Bibliografia

[1] Boenisch, D. (1991, March). Reclamation of spent sands containing bentonite. Guidelines for an economical leading to minimized waste. Giesserei 77, nr 19, 1990. In and AFS International Sand Reclamation Conference, Conference Proceedings, Novi/MI (p. 211).
[2] Dańko, J., Dańko, R., Łucarz, M. (2007). Processes and devices for the matrix regeneration of spent molding sands. Akapit. 291. (in Polish).
[3] Dańko, R. (2007). Development of energetic model for dry mechanical reclamation process of used foundry sands. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 20(4), 228-232.
[4] Dańko, R. (2012). Strength model of self-setting moulding sands with synthetic resins in an aspect of the of the integrated matrix recycling process. Gliwice: Archives of Foundry Engineering.
[5] Łucarz, M. & Dereń, M. (2017). Conditions of thermal reclamation process realization on a sample of spent moulding sand from an aluminum alloy foundry plant. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(2), 197-201.
[6] Leidel, D. S. (1993). Low temperature sand reclamation for dramatically improved quality and reduced cost. Transactions-Japan Foundrymen’s Society. 12, 1-1.
[7] Lewandowski, L. (1997). Materials for foundry molds. Akapit. (in Polish).
[8] Siddique, R., Kaur, G. & Rajor, A. (2010). Waste foundry sand and its leachate characteristics. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 54(12), 1027-1036.
[9] Svidro, J.T. (2010). The effect of sulphur content in chemical bonded sand moulds on the mechanism of penetration. International Foundry Research. 62(4), 32-41.
[10] Polzin, H., Nitsch, U., Tilch, W. & Flemming, E. (1997). Regenerierung anorganisch gebundener Altsande mit einer mechanisch arbeitender Pilotanlage. Giesserei-Praxis. 23, 500-507.
[11] Vijayakumar, S., Srinivasan, M.V. & Govindaraju, M. (2021). Reduction of waste in furan molding process from cast iron foundry. Materials Today: Proceedings. 46, 5032-5035.
[12] Wang, J.N. & Fan, Z.T. (2010). 'Freezing–mechanical'reclamation of used sodium silicate sands. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 23(5), 257-263.
[13] Wang, L.C., Jiang, W.M., Gong, X.L., Liu, F.C. & Fan, Z.T. (2019). Recycling water glass from wet reclamation sewage of waste sodium silicate-bonded sand. China Foundry. 16(3), 198-203.
[14] Cruz, N., Briens, C. & Berruti, F. (2009). Green sand reclamation using a fluidized bed with an attrition nozzle. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 54(1), 45-52.
[15] Dungan, R.S., Huwe, J. & Chaney, R.L. (2009). Concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs and PCBs in spent foundry sands. Chemosphere. 75(9), 1232-1235.
[16] Zitian, F., Fuchu, L., Wei, L. & Guona, L. (2014). A new low-cost method of reclaiming mixed foundry waste sand based on wet-thermal composite reclamation. China Foundry. 11(5).
[17] Ghormley, S., Williams, R. & Dvorak, B. (2020). Foundry Sand Source Reduction Options: Life Cycle Assessment Evaluation. Environments. 7(9), 66.
[18] Holtzer, M. & Kmita, A. (2020). Mold and Core Sands in Metalcasting: Chemistry and Ecology. Sustainable Development. Springer, Cham.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

R. Dańko

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Pietrzak

D. Gruszka

AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Foundry, ul. Reymonta 23, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

8 Plasticity Changes of Moulding Sands with Chemical Binders Caused by Increasing the Hardening Degree

Natalia Matonis , J. Zych

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 2 | 71-76 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140227

Słowa kluczowe: Self-setting sands (SSS) Plastic properties Hardening degree Ultrasounds

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Abstrakt

The results of investigations of plasticity of moulding sands with binders obtained by measuring deflection angles in the single point bend test in dependence on their hardening degree are presented in the hereby paper. Shaped samples made of moulding sands obtained in the technology with urea-furfuryl resin Furanol FR75A and in the technology with water glass, were subjected to various tests. Shaped samples were made on the quartz matrix of a medium grains size ��=0,29 ��. Investigations were performed for the resin content being 1% and 2%, at a constant proportion of a hardener versus resin -- equal 60%. In the case of sands from the technology with water glass, investigations were performed for 3.5% of water glass versus sand matrix and 0.35% of Flodur. Plasticity tests were carried out with using the strength machine with a continuous recording of a sample deflection value. Measurements of deflection angles values in the bend test were performed on a series of simultaneously made samples at constant time intervals from the moment of their making. To determine the sand hardening degree the ultrasound technique was applied, according to the previously developed methodology [1]. Every time from the obtained results the characteristic of the growing stress as a function of deflection was prepared (��). In addition, for the tested group of moulding sands, empirical relationships between the maximum deflection angle (αmax) in the bend test and the hardening degree were determined (Sx): α = f(Sx).

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Bibliografia

[1] Zych, J. (2002). New, nondestructive method of quality inspection of mould’s elements made of moulding sands with chemical binders. Archives of Foundry. 2(5), 132-139.
[2] Fredrickson, A.G. (1964). Principles and applications of rheology. New York: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
[3] Reiner M. (1958). Theoretical rheology. Warszawa: PWN. (in Polish).
[4] Kembłowski, Z. (1973). Rheometry of non-Newtonian fluids. Warszawa: WNT. (in Polish).
[5] Malkin, A. JU. (1994). Rheology Fundamentals. ChemTec Publishing. Canada.
[6] Barnes, H.A. (1997). Thixotropy-a review. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics. 70(1-2), 1-33.
[7] Gröning, P. (2014). Properties and use of the modern PUR cold-box system. 4th Conference: Molding and core materials - theory and practice. 28 -30 August. Iława – Poland: Hüttenes-Albertus Poland. (in Polish).
[8] Gröning, P., Schreckenberg, S. & Jenrich, K. (2015). Herstellung von hoch-komplexen Zylinderkurbel-gehäusen. Giesserei. 102(01), 42-47.
[9] Grabarczyk, A., Dobosz, M.St., Kusiński, J., & Major-Gabryś, K. (2018). The tendency of moulding sands to generate core cracs. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(1), 157-161.
[10] Dobosz, M.St., Grabarczyk, A. & Major-Gabryś, K. (2017). Elasticity of moulding sands – a method of reducing core cracking. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(1), 31-36.
[11] Grabarczyk, A. (2018). Analysis and evaluation of mechanical and thermal deformation of molding sands with selected binders. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków. (in Polish).
[12] Zych, J. (2007). Synthesis of ultrasonic technique applications in the analysis of the kinetics of selected processes in molding materials. Kraków: AGH Uczelniane Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Dydaktyczne. Seria: Rozprawy i Monografie nr 163. (in Polish).

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Natalia Matonis

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Zych

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, ul. Reymonta 23, 30-059 Cracow, Poland

9 Corrosion Behavior of FeAl and Fe3Al Based Fe-Al-C Alloys in Sulfuric Acid

A.P. Silva , P.P. Brito , N. Martins

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 2 | 77-82 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140228

Słowa kluczowe: Iron Aluminides Microstructure Mechanical properties corrosion resistance

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Abstrakt

Iron aluminides are iron-aluminum alloys that have excellent resistance to oxidation at high temperatures with low density, high resistance/weight ratio and a low manufacturing cost. Due to its characteristics, these alloys are presented as an option to replace stainless steels in certain applications. This works intends report the casting process and subsequent analyses involving microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of two Fe-Al-C alloys (Fe-11wt%Al and Fe-25wt%Al, containing 0.31-0.37%C), which were prepared in an induction furnace and poured in a permanent mold. Samples of these alloys were characterized and presented elevated hardness values of 37 HRC (alloy Fe-11wt%Al) and 49.6HRC (alloy Fe-25wt%Al) and microstructure with aluminides type Fe3Al and FeAl and also carbides type K. The Fe-11wt%Al alloy exhibited superior resistance to uniform corrosion, although both Fe-Al-C alloys exhibited significantly higher corrosion rates compared to a binary iron aluminide in 0.5M H2SO4 containing naturally dissolved oxygen.

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Bibliografia

[1] Zamanzade, M., Barnoush, A. & Motz, C. (2016). A review on the properties of iron aluminide intermetallics. Crystals. 6(10), 1-29. DOI: 10.3390/cryst6010010.
[2] Stoloff, N.S. (1998). Iron aluminides: present status and future prospects. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 258(1-2), 1-14. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-5093(98)00909-5.
[3] Cinca, N., Lima, C.R.C. & Guilemany, J.M. (2013). An overview of intermetallics research and application: Status of thermal spray coatings. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2(1), 75-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2013.03.013.
[4] Palm, M., Stein, F. & Dehm, G. (2019). Iron Aluminides. Annual Review of Materials Research. 49, 297-326. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-070218-125911.
[5] Deevi, S.C. & Sikka, V.K. (1996). Nickel and iron aluminides: an overview on properties, processing, and applications. Intermetallics. 4(5) 357-375. DOI: 10.1016/0966-9795(95)00056-9.
[6] Shankar Rao, V., Baligidad, R. G. & Raja, V. S. (2002). Effect of carbon on corrosion behaviour of Fe3Al intermetallics in 0.5N sulphuric acid. Corrosion Science. 44, 521-533. DOI: 10.1016/S0010-938X(01)00084-1.
[7] Shankar Rao, V. (2005). Repassivation behaviour and surface analysis of Fe3Al based iron aluminide in 0.25M H2SO4. Corrosion Science. 47, 183-194. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2004.05.014.
[8] Nigam, A.K., Balasubramaniam, R., Bhargava, S. & Baligidad, R.G. (2006). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry study of carbon-alloyed iron aluminides in sulfuric acid. Corrosion Science. 48(7), 1666-1678. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2010.05.006.
[9] Schneider, A., Falat, L., Sauthoff, G. & Frommeyer, G. (2005). Microstructures and mechanical properties of Fe3Al-based Fe-Al-C alloys. Intermetallics. 13(12), 1322-1331. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2005.01.0.
[10] Brito, P., Pinto, H., Klaus, M., Genzel, C. & Kaysser-Pyzalla, A. (2010). Internal stresses and textures of nanostructured alumina scales growing on polycrystalline Fe3Al alloy. Powder Diffraction. 25(2), 114-118. DOI: 10.1154/1.3402764
[11] Brito, P., Schuller, E., Silva, J., Campos, T.R., Araújo, C.R. & Carneiro, J.R. (2017). Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of (100), (110) and (111) Fe3Al single crystals in sulphuric acid. Corrosion Science. 126, 366-373. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2017.05.029.
[12] Brito, P.P., Carvalho Filho, C.T. & Oliveira, G.A. (2020). Electrochemical corrosion behavior of iron aluminides in sulfuric acid. Materials Science Forum. 1012, 395-400. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1012.395.
[13] Hernández-Hernández, M., Liu, H. B., Alvarez-Ramirez, J. & Espinosa-Medina, M. A. (2017). Corrosion behavior of Fe-40at.%Al-Based intermetallic in 0.25M H2SO4 solution. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 26, 5983-5996. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-017-3036-5.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

A.P. Silva

e-mail:

ORCID:

P.P. Brito

N. Martins

PUC Minas, Brazil

10 The Effect of Reclaim Primary Quality on Moulding Sand Parameters and Quality of Ductile Iron Casting Surface Layer

J. Kamińska , M. Angrecki , S. Puzio , M. Stachowicz

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 2 | 83-88 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140229

Słowa kluczowe: Foundry industry Furfuryl resin Reclaim Self-hardening moulding sand Surface quality

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Abstrakt

The aim of the research was to determine the effect of the primary quality of reclaim from dry mechanical reclamation on the strength properties and service life of moulding sands based on this reclaim. Another aim was to establish the effect of the quality of reclaim, sulphur content - in particular, on the surface quality and thickness of the deformed surface layer in ductile iron castings. The research has revealed differences in the strength parameters and service life (mouldability) of sands based on the tested reclaims, depending on the type of the furfuryl resin used, including resins whose synthesis was done as part of the Żywfur project. Examinations of the structure of the surface layer of test castings poured in moulds made of loose self-hardening sands containing the addition of reclaim have confirmed the occurrence of degenerated spheroidal graphite in this part of the casting. It should be noted here that when massive castings with a long solidification time are made, the graphite degeneration effect can be more visible and the layer with the changed structure can increase in thickness. The research has clearly shown that it is necessary to control the parameters of the reclaim, including sulphur content which is transferred from the hardener and accumulates on the grains. This phenomenon has a negative impact not only on the sand strength and technological properties but also on the surface layer of castings.

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Bibliografia

[1] Lewandowski, J.L. (1997). Materials for foundry moulds. Kraków: WN Akapit. ISBN: 83-7108-21-2 (in Polish).
[2] Kamińska, J., Puzio, S., Angrecki, M., Stachowicz, M. & Łoś, A. (2019). Preliminary tests of innovative eco-friendly furfuryl resins and foundry sand mixtures based on these resins. Journal of Ecological Engineering. 20(9), 285-292, DOI: 10.12911/22998993/112510.
[3] Acharya, S.G., Vadher, J.A. & Kanjariya, P.V. (2016). Identification and quantification of gases releasing from furan no bake binder. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(3), 5-10. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2016-0039.
[4] Chate, G.R., Patel, GC M., Deshpande, A.S. & Parappagoudar, M.B. (2018). Modeling and optimization of furan moulding sand system using design of experiments and particle swarm optimization. Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering. 232(5), 1-20. DOI: 10.1177/0954408917728636.
[5] Sappinen, T., Orkas, J. & Konqvist, T. (2018). Thermal Reclamation of Foundry Sands Using Repurposed Sand Dryer Equipment. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(4), 99-102. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2018.125176.
[6] Kamińska, J., Puzio, S., Angrecki, M. & Łoś, A. (2020). Effect of reclaim addition on the mechanical and technological properties of moulding sands based on pro-ecological furfuryl resin. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 65(4), 1425-1429. DOI: 10.24425/amm.2020.133709.
[7] Yan-lei, L., Guo-hua, W., Wen-cai, L., An-tao, C., Liang, Z. & Ying-xin Wang, W. (2017). Effect of reclaimed sand additions on mechanical properties and fracture behavior of furan no-bake resin sand. China Foundry. 14(2), 128-137. DOI: 10.1007/s41230-017-6024-3.
[8] Holtzer, M., Dańko, R., Kmita, A., Drożyński, D., Kubecki, M., Skrzyński, M. & Roczniak, A. (2020). Environmental impact of the reclaimed sand addition to moulding sand with furan and phenol-formaldehyde resin—A comparison, Materials. 13(19), 4395; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194395.
[9] Holtzer, M., Dańko, R. & Kmita, A. (2016). Influence of a reclaimed sand addition to moulding sand with furan resin on its impact on the environment. Water Air and Soil Pollution. 227(16), 1-12. DOI: 10.1007/s11270-015-2707-9.
[10] Hosadyna, M. (2012). The effect of sulphur contained in self-hardening moulding sands on the structure of surface layer in ductile iron castings. Doctoral dissertation, Kraków. (in Polish).
[11] Holtzer, M., Zych, J. & Retel, K. (1996). The effect of mould-liquid cast iron interaction on the surface quality of castings. Przegląd Odlewnictwa. 6(1996), 129-134. (in Polish).
[12] Riposan, I., Chisamera, M., Stan, S., Skaland, T. (2008). Surface graphite degeneration in ductile iron castings for resin molds. Tsinghua Science and Technology. 13(2), 157-163.
[13] Linke, T., Sluis, J.R. (1993). The influence of coatings on the graphite structure in the rim-zone of ductile iron castings. 60th World Foundry Congress, The Netherlands
[14] Hosadyna, M., Dobosz, St.M. & Jelinek, P. (2009). The diffusion of sulphur from moulding sand to cast and methods of its elimination. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 9(4), 73-76.
[15] Sheladiya, M.V., Acharya, S.G., Mehta, K., Acharya, G.D. (2019). Evaluate sulphur diffusion at mould-metal interface in no-bake mould system. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 19(1), 63-70. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2018.125193.
[16] Anca, D., Stan, I., Chisamera, M., Riposan, I. & Stan, S. (2021). Experimental study regarding the possibility of blocking the diffusion of sulfur at casting-mold interface in ductile iron castings. Coatings. 11(673), 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060673.
[17] Dańko, J., Dańko, R. & Łucarz, M. (2007). Processes and devices for the matrix regeneration of spent molding sands. Kraków: WN Akapit. ISBN: 978-83-89541-88-8 (in Polish).
[18] Holtzer, M., Bobrowski, A., Drożyński, D., Isendorf, B., Mazur, (2012). Influence of the reclaim on the properties of moulding sands with furfuryl resin applied for moulds for manganese steel castings. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 12(1), 57-62.
[19] Dańko, R., Górny, M., Holtzer, M., Żymankowska-Kumon, S. (2014). Effect of the quality of furan moulding sand on the skin layer of ductile iron castings. ISIJ International. 54(6), 1288-1293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.54.1288.
[20] Pałyga, Ł., Stachowicz, M., Granat, K. (2015). Evaluation of 2D and 3D surface roughness of die castings from alloy AlSi9Cu3. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(1), 75-80.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

J. Kamińska

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Angrecki

e-mail:

ORCID:

S. Puzio

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Stachowicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poland

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Recenzenci

List of Reviewers 2022

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Vivek Ayar - Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Azwinur Azwinur - Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Iwona Bednarczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Łukasz Bohdal - Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Joanna Borowiecka-Jamrozek- The Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Debashish Bose - Metso Outotec India Private Limited, Vadodara, India
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
Murat Çolak - Bayburt University, Turkey
Adam Cwudziński - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Derya Dispinar- Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Flora Faleschini - University of Padova, Italy
Imre Felde - Obuda University, Hungary
Róbert Findorák - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Marek Góral - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Barbara Grzegorczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Ozen Gursoy - University of Padova, Italy
Gábor Gyarmati - University of Miskolc, Hungary
Jakub Hajkowski - Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Marek Hawryluk - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Dario Iljkić - University of Rijeka, Croatia
Magdalena Jabłońska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Nalepa Jakub - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aneta Jakubus - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Łukasz Jamrozowicz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Vitaliy Korendiy - Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Malgorzata Lagiewka - Politechnika Czestochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jingkun Li - University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
Petr Lichy - Technical University Ostrava, Czech Republic
Y.C. Lin - Central South University, China
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ewa Majchrzak - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Barnali Maji - NIT-Durgapur: National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Pawel Malinowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Matejka - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Bohdan Mochnacki - Technical University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
Grzegorz Moskal - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Krzysztof Naplocha - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Tomáš Obzina - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Peiman Omranian Mohammadi - Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
Zenon Opiekun - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Onur Özbek - Duzce University, Turkey
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Miroslawa Pawlyta - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacek Pezda - ATH Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Jacek Pieprzyca - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Marcela Pokusová - Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich, West Midlands, United Kingdom
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University Thailand Amit Sata - MEFGI, Faculty of Engineering, India
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Vasudev Shinde - DKTE' s Textile and Engineering India Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Bozo Smoljan - University North Croatia, Croatia
Leszek Sowa - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Sławomir Spadło - Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Stradomski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Roland Suba - Schaeffler Skalica, spol. s r.o., Slovak Republic
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jan Szajnar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Michal Szucki - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Damian Słota - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Tęcza - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Mirosław Tupaj - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University United States Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Iveta Vaskova - Technical University of Kosice, Slovak Republic
Dorota Wilk-Kołodziejczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Çağlar Yüksel - Atatürk University, Turkey
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Zych - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2021

Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Imam Basori - State University of Jakarta, Indonesia
Leszek Blacha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice
Poland Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Marcin Brzeziński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Alexandros Charitos - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Zhipei Chen - University of Technology, Netherlands
Józef Dańko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Przemysław Fima - Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN, Kraków, Poland
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers P Ltd., India
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Gábor Gyarmati - Foundry Institute, University of Miskolc, Hungary
Krzysztof Herbuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Agata Jażdżewska - Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Centre of Casting Technology, Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Adrian Kampa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Wojciech Kapturkiewicz- AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tatiana Karkoszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Himanshu Khandelwal - National Institute of Foundry & Forging Technology, Hatia, Ranchi, India
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Kokot - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík - CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Kopyciński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Janusz Kozana - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Kozieł - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Wacław Kuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacques Lacaze - University of Toulouse, France
Avinash Lakshmikanthan - Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, India
Jaime Lazaro-Nebreda - Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Maria Maj - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Mendakiewicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Hanna Myalska-Głowacka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - Physics-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Mitsuhiro Okayasu - Okayama University, Japan
Agung Pambudi - Sebelas Maret University in Indonesia, Indonesia
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Seyda Polat - Kocaeli University, Turkey
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Alena Pribulova - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich West Midlands, United Kingdom
Iulian Riposan - Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
Ferdynand Romankiewicz - Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, Zielona Góra, Poland
Mario Rosso - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karthik Shankar - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Amritapuri, India
Vasudev Shinde - Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Rajwada, Ichalkaranji, India
Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Jerzy Sobczak - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sebastian Sobula - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Soiński - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Studnicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mayur Sutaria - Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Gujarat, India
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sutiyoko Sutiyoko - Manufacturing Polytechnic of Ceper, Klaten, Indonesia
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Jacek Trzaska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University, United States
Muhammet Uludag - Selcuk University, Turkey
Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Tomasz Wrobel - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Antonin Zadera - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Bo Zhang - Hunan University of Technology, China
Xiang Zhang - Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Eugeniusz Ziółkowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sylwia Żymankowska-Kumon - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2020

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Rafał Babilas - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Emin Bayraktar - Supmeca/LISMMA-Paris, France
Jaroslav Beňo - VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Boczkal - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Wojciech Borek - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
John Campbell - University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Ganesh Chate - Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Mirosław Cholewa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Khanh Dang - Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
Vladislav Deev - Wuhan Textile University, China
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Malwina Dojka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Sergii Gerasin - Pryazovskyi State Technical University, Ukraine
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers Ltd, India
Marcin Górny - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Gołąbczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Libor Hlavac - VSB Ostrava, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Philippe Jacquet - ECAM, Lyon, France
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Damian Janicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Witold Janik - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków, Poland
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík -Institute of Engineering Technology CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Sergey Konovalov - Samara National Research University, Russia
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Janusz Krawczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Agnieszka Kupiec-Sobczak - Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Aleksander Lisiecki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Major-Gabryś - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Pavlo Maruschak - Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University, Ukraine
Sanjay Mohan - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India
Marek Mróz - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Sebastian Mróz - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
Konstantin Nikitin - Samara State Technical University, Russia
Daniel Pakuła - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland