Applied sciences

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

Content

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 1

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Abstract

Flexible and rigid road pavement deteriorates over time and needs high-performance patching repair materials. Cold mix asphalt patching is an easy and inexpensive repair material to repair potholes and other damaged roads. However, the repaired road pavement fails because it doesn’t have adequate compressive and bonding strength to the substrate. Thus, this research uses high-performance geopolymer repair materials to patch against road pavement potholes substrate. Geopolymer repair materials could improve the bonding strength, making them suitable for road repair purposes. For making geopolymer repair materials, the main materials used were high calcium aluminosilicate source materials such as fly ash, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, and water. This study tested the compressive and bonding strength of geopolymer repair materials after 1, 7, 14, and 28 days. This study found that the compressive strength of 90 g of alkali activator was the highest, at 37.0 MPa. The bonding strength improved gradually from day 1 to day 14, and then considerably on day 28. The compressive strength and bonding strength both increase in direct proportion to the amount of alkali activator present. Alkali activator is optimal at 90 grams for compressive strength and bonding strength of geopolymer repair materials.
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Authors and Affiliations

W.W.A. Zailani
1
ORCID: ORCID
N.M. Apandi
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.M.A. Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
M.F.M. Tahir
2
ORCID: ORCID
I Nengah Sinarta
3
Komang Ayu Ni Agustini
3
ORCID: ORCID
S. Abdullah
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Teknologi MARA, College of Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Warmadewa University, Faculty of Engineering and Planning, Den Pasa r, 80239, Indonesia
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Abstract

A Cu-1Cr-0.1Zr alloy has been subjected to ECAP processing via route Bc and aging at 250-800°C. Electron BackScatter diffraction (EBSD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-Ray Diffraction Line Profile Analysis (XRDLPA) techniques have been used to unveil some peculiarities of the grain and subgrain structure with a special emphasis on the comparison of the grain size estimated by the three techniques. For the alloy ECAP processed and aged up to 16 passes, the grain size (from EBSD, 0.2 < d < 5 μm), subgrain size (from TEM, d ~ 0.75 μm) and “apparent” average crystallite size (from XRDLPA, d < 0.25 μm) are manifestly different. The results were compared to the published data and analyzed based on the fundamental aspects of these techniques.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Abib
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Alili
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Baudin
2
ORCID: ORCID
A.-L. Helbert
2
ORCID: ORCID
F. Brisset
2
ORCID: ORCID
L. Litynska-Dobrzynska
3
ORCID: ORCID
P. Zieba
3
ORCID: ORCID
D. Bradai
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University Of Sciences And Technology Houari Boumediene, Faculty Of Physics, Bp 32 El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
  2. University Paris-Saclay, Icmmo, 91405, Orsay, France
  3. Institute Of Meta llurgy And Mat erials Science, Polish Academy Of Sciences, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

In this work the nickel-based coatings were obtained by electroless catalytic deposition on light-hardened resins dedicated for 3D printing by SLA method. The effect of external magnetic field application on the properties of nickel-based coatings was determined. During metallization, the magnetic field was applied to the sample’s surface with different orientations. Due to the magnetic properties of metallic ions, the influence of the magnetic field on coatings properties is expected. The coatings were analyzed by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (ED S) the X-Ray diffraction (XRD ) methods, and surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The catalytic properties in a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER ) were measured by electrochemical method in 1 M NaOH solution. The best catalytic activity has been observed in the case of the ternary Ni-Fe-P alloy deposited under a parallel magnetic field. The primary outcome of the presented research is to produce elements based on 3D printing from resins, which can then be metallized and used for highly-active materials deposited on complex 3D models. Furthermore, these elements can be used as low-cost, highly-developed sensors and catalysts for various chemical processes.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Kołczyk-Siedlecka
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Kutyła
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Skibińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Jędraczka
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Żabiński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

Al-Ti-Si-W quaternary powders were mechanically synthesized by planetary ball milling; and further consolidated by spark plasma sintering. The nominal compositions of the quaternary alloys were designed to be Al60Ti30Si5W5 and Al45Ti40Si10W5 (wt.%). The microstructural evolution of intermetallic compounds in Al-Ti-Si-W alloys included titanium aluminide, titanium silicide, and ternary alloys (AlxTiy, TixSiy, and TixAly,Siz), whereas W was embedded in the Al-Ti matrix as a single phase. The phase composition and grain size distribution were investigated using electron backscatter diffraction analysis, in which refined and uniform microstructures (less than 0.3 μm) were attributed to severe plastic deformation and rapid densification of the pre-alloyed powders. The mechanical properties were correlated with the Al content in the quaternary alloys; a high hardness of 1014.6 ±73.5 kg/mm2 was observed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bum-Soon Park
1
Jae-Cheol Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyun-Kuk Park
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jeong-Han Lee
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Automotive Materials & Component R&D Group, 6, Cheomdan-gwagiro 208-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61012, Korea
  2. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Automotive Materials & Component R&D Group, 6, Cheomdan-gwagiro 208-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61012, Koreaqqq
  3. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Advanced Energy Materials and Components R&D Group, 33-1, Jungang-ro, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50623, Korea
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Abstract

This study investigated the effect of cladding on tool steel (SKD61) by using 5%Cr-1.5%Mo-Fe powder (SKD61), which is expected to be economically effective when used to manufacture and mend die-casting parts. The cladding conditions were as follows: the distance between the coaxial powder supply head and the substrate surface was 20 mm, and Ar was used as the supply gas. The laser outputs applied in the cladding procedure were 3, 4, and 5 kW. The microstructure of the heat-affected zone in the processed specimens was analyzed, and the macrostructure and morphology of the substrate material were studied. Specimen hardness measurements were performed at intervals of 0.1 mm from the substrate surface to the core. As the laser output increased from 3 to 4 and 5 kW, the dilution rate increased from 10.6% to 11.8 and 13.2%. It was confirmed that the fraction of carbides increased as the laser output increased from 3 kW to 5 kW.
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Authors and Affiliations

Cheol-Woo Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyo-Sang Yoo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sung-Kil Hong
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Suncheon, Korea
  2. Chonnam National University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, 61186, Korea
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Abstract

In this study, lead-free bismuth sodium titanate (BNT; Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3) powder was synthesized using wet precipitation. The sintering behavior and dielectric properties of the BNT ceramics were investigated in terms of the sintering temperature. Titanium isopropoxide, sodium nitrate, and bismuth nitrate were used as starting materials. A titanium peroxo complex (TPC) solution was synthesized using titanium hydroxide, nitric acid, and hydrogen peroxide. A clear Bi-Na-Ti precursor solution was obtained by mixing the TPC, sodium, and bismuth nitrate solutions. The pH of the precursor solution was increased to 9 using NaOH and a white powder was precipitated. A spherical and pyrochlore phase-free BNT powders were obtained by calcining the white precipitate above 600°C for 3 h. Particle size analysis and SEM observations revealed that the BNT powder calcined at 700°C exhibited homogeneous distribution with particle size less than 300 nm. The sinterability of the BNT ceramic prepared through wet precipitation was significantly enhanced compared to that of the BNT powder prepared via the solid-state reaction of sodium carbonate, bismuth oxide, and titanium oxide powders.
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Authors and Affiliations

Islam Takiul
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sanghaw Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Haejin Hwang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Inha University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea
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Abstract

This study describes how microstructural constituents affected the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of high-strength pipeline steels. The American Petroleum Institute (API) X60, X70, and X80 pipeline steels demonstrated complicated microstructure comprising polygonal ferrite (PF), acicular ferrite, granular bainite (GB), bainitic ferrite (BF), and secondary phases, e.g., the martensite-austenite (MA) constituent, and the volume fraction of the microstructures was dependent on alloying elements and processing conditions. To evaluate the hydrogen embrittlement resistance, a slow strain rate test (SSRT) was performed after electrochemical hydrogen charging. The SSRT results indicated that the X80 steel with the highest volume fraction of the MA constituent demonstrated relatively high yield strength but exhibited the lowest hydrogen embrittlement resistance because the MA constituent acted as a reversible hydrogen trap site.
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Authors and Affiliations

Seung-Hyeok Shin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dong-Kyu Oh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sang-Gyu Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Byoungchul Hwang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Depart ment of Materials Science and Engineering, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

The dissimilar metal welds in the most of the reactors are connections between low alloy steel parts and stainless steel piping. There is a high possibility of primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) damage attributed to residual stress caused by the difference in material properties in the dissimilar metal weld joints. A number of accidents such as leakage of radioactive coolant due to PWSCC have been reported around the world, posing a great threat to nuclear safety. The objective of this study is to develop a technology that can fundamentally remove dissimilar metal welds by replacing the existing dissimilar metal parts with the functionally graded material (FGM) manufactured by metal 3D printing consisting of low alloy steel and austenitic stainless steel. A powder production, mixing ratio calculation, and metal 3D printing were performed to fabricate the low alloy steel-stainless steel FGM, and microstructure analysis, mechanical properties, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) measurement of the FGM were performed. As a result, it is observed that CTE tended to increase as the austenite content increased in FGM. The gradual change of coefficient of thermal expansion in a FGM showed that the additive manufacturing using 3D printing was effective for preventing an abrupt change in thermal expansion properties throughout their layers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ji-Hyun Yoon
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jeoung Han Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea At omic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
  2. Hanbat National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Abstract

Fractography of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of 20% cold worked Type 304 H stainless steel containing δ-ferrite was studied using a compact tension (CT) specimen in oxidizing primary water with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). The stress corrosion crack propagated mostly in transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) mode and sometimes in intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) mode. TGSCC paths were along the {111} plane with both high resolved shear stress and high resolved tensile stress. IGSCC preferentially propagated along the grain boundary perpendicular to the loading axis. The findings in this work suggest that TGSCC proceeds through formation of a weakening zone at the head of the crack tip by interaction of slip and corrosion and then cracking of the weakened zone by tensile stress.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hong-Pyo Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jong-Yeon Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sung-Hwan Cho
1
ORCID: ORCID
Min-Jae Choi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sung-Woo Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyung-Ha Jin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dong-Jin Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seoung-Sik Hwang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yun-Soo Lim
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Atomic Energy Rese arch Institute , Materials Safety Research Division, 989-111 Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-353, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

This study investigated the improvement in the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties obtained by adjusting the amount of the Sr addition to the Al-Zn-Mg-Mn alloy. The addition of Sr formed an intermetallic compounds, and the volume fraction of the intermetallic compounds increased with increasing Sr content. As the amount of Sr added increased from 0 to 1.0 wt%, the electrical conductivity of the extruded alloy decreased to 48.9, 45.2 and 42.5% IACS. As the addition amount of Sr increased, the average grain size of the rolled alloy decreased to 55.5, 53.1 and 42.3 μm. And, the ultimate tensile strength increased to 195, 212 and 216 MPa.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hyo-Sang Yoo
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Ho Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Byoung-Kwon Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Eun-Chan Ko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sang-Chan Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID
Seong-Hee Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hyeon-Taek Son
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Automotive Materials & Components R&D Group, 1110-9 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61012, Republic of Korea
  2. Mokpo National University, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

To investigate the solid state weldability on SUS316L alloy, this work was carried out. Friction welding as a solid state welding was introduced and conducted at a rotation speed of 2,000 rpm and a friction pressure of 25 MPa on tube typed specimens. After this work, the grain boundary characteristic distributions such a grain size, shape and misorientation angle of the welds were clarified by electron backscattering diffraction method. The application of friction welding on SUS316L resulted in a significant refinement of the grain size in the weld zone (6.03 μm) compared to that of the base material (57.55 μm). Despite the grain refinement, the mechanical properties of the welds indicate relatively low or similar to the base material. These mechanical properties are due to dislocation density in the initial material and grain refinement in the welds.
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Authors and Affiliations

Youngkyu Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kukhyun Song
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. S-WELDS Inc., 27, Eonjang 1-gil, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do 25913, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Increasing the operating temperature and pressure of an automotive engine and reducing its weight can improve fuel efficiency and lower carbon dioxide emissions. These can be achieved by changing the engine piston material from conventional aluminum alloy to high-strength heat- resistant steel. American Iron and Steel Institute 4140 modified steels (AISI 4140 Mod.s), which have improved strength, oxidation resistance, and wear resistance at high temperature were developed by adjusting the AISI 4140 alloy compositions and optimizing the heat treatment process for automotive engine applications. In this study, the effects of modifying alloy compositions on the microstructure, mechanical properties (both at room and high temperatures), and oxidation of AISI 4140 Mod.s were investigated. Effective grain refinement occurred due to the influence of high-temperature stable carbide forming elements such as Mo, and V. The bainite structure changed to martensite structure under the influence Cr and Ni. As the Cr and W contents increased, the oxidation resistance was improved, and the oxide layer thickness decreased after 10 hours exposure at 500°C. The AISI 4140 Mod. exhibited a 35% improvement in room temperature strength, 70% improvement in high-temperature strength, and 40% improvement in high-temperature oxidation resistance compared to conventional AISI 4140.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hyo-Seong Kim
1 2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Moonseok Kang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Minha Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Byung Jun Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Byoungkoo Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Sik Ahn
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 46938, Busan, Republic of Korea
  2. Pukyong National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 48547, Busan, Republic of Korea
  3. HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering, 44032, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

In this study, cobalt oxide (Co3O4) powder was prepared by simple precipitation and heat-treatment process of cobalt sulfate that is recovered from waste lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and the effect of heat-treatment on surface properties of as-synthesized Co(OH)2 powder was systematically investigated. With different heat-treatment conditions, a phase of Co(OH)2 is transformed into CoOOH and Co3O4. The result showed that the porous and large BET surface area (ca. 116 m2/g) of Co3O4 powder was prepared at 200°C for 12 h. In addition, the lithium electroactivity of Co3O4 powder was investigated. When evaluated as an anode material for LIB, it exhibited good electrochemical performance with a specific capacity of about 500 mAh g–1 at a current density of C/5 after 50 cycles, which indicates better than those of commercial graphite anode material.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hyun-Woo Shim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Byoungyong Im
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Soyeong Joo
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dae-Guen Kim
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Resources Utilization Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources (KIGAM)
  2. Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering (IAE ), 51 Goan Rd., Baegam-myeon, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi 17180, Yongin, Republic of Korea
  3. Sejong University, Depart ment of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

We investigated the influence of steel surface properties on the wettability of zinc (Zn). Our main objective is to address the selective oxidation of solute alloying elements and enhance the wetting behavior of Zn on advanced high strength steel (AHSS) by employing an aluminum (Al) interlayer through the physical vapor deposition technique. The deposition of an Al interlayer resulted in a decrease in contact angle and an increase in spread width as the molten Zn interacted with the Al interlay on the steel substrate. Importantly, the incorporation of an Al interlayer demonstrated a significant improvement in wettability by substantially increasing the work of adhesion compared to the uncoated AHSS substrate.
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Authors and Affiliations

Srinivasulu Grandhi
1
Kwang-Hyeok Jin
1
Min-Su Kim
ORCID: ORCID
Dong-Joo Yoon
2
Seung-Hyo Lee
3
Min-Suk Oh
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jeonbuk National University, Division of Advanced Materials Engineering and Research Center for Advanced Materials Developm ent, Jeonju,Republic of Korea
  2. Sunchon National University, Center for Practical Use of Rare Materials, Sunchon, Republic of Korea
  3. Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Department of Ocean Advanced of Materials Convergence Engineering, Pusan, Republic of Korea
  4. Jeonbuk National University, Division of Advanced Materials Engineering and Research Center for Advanced Materials Developm ent, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

In this study, Ag-impregnated silica aerogel composites were fabricated via wet impregnation. In this approach, silver salt was reduced with ethylene glycol in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) at reaction temperature 80°C. PVP was used as a capping agent to protect the Ag nanoparticles (NPs) from agglomeration. Wet impregnation was used to synthesize the Ag/SiO2 composite by combining the reduction of AgNO3 with a silica aerogel slurry. Experimental results showed that the AgNO3 concentration and PVP: AgNO3 ratio had an active influence on the growth of Ag NPs on silica surfaces. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the composite material showed no imprints of impurities or parasitic materials except for Ag and SiO2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the Ag NPs were well impregnated into the porous silica aerogel structure. It was found that SiO2 aerogel surfaces were homogeneously surrounded by the Ag NPs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Pratik S. Kapadnis
1
Kyungsun Kim
1
Hyung-Ho Park
2
Haejin Hwang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Inha university, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
  2. Yonsei University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

A pure molybdenum (Mo) coating layer was manufactured by using the atmospheric plasma spray (APS) process and its wear and corrosion characteristics were investigated in this study. A Mo coating layer was prepared to a thickness of approximately 480 μm, and it had sound physical properties with a porosity of 2.9% and hardness of 434 Hv. Room temperature dry wear characteristics were measured through a ball-on-disk test under load conditions of 5 N, 10 N and 15 N. Based on the coefficient of friction graph at 5 N and 10 N, the oxides formed during wear functioned as a wear lubricant, thereby confirming an increase in wear resistance. However, at 15 N, wear behavior changed, and wear occurred due to splat pulling out. A potentiodynamic polarization test was conducted under an artificial seawater atmosphere, and Ecorr and Icorr measured 0.717 V and 7.2E-5 A/cm2, respectively. Corrosion mainly occurred at the splat boundary and pores that were present in the initial state. Based on the findings above, the potential application of APS Mo coating material was also discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yu-Jin Hwang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yurian Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Soon-Hong Park
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sung-Cheol Park
3
ORCID: ORCID
Kee-Ahn Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Inha University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
  2. POSCO Technical Research Laboratories, Gwangyang 57807, Republic of Korea
  3. Surface Treatment R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

The HAp (hydroxyapatite) excellent ion exchange resin and has adsorption properties of heavy metals and organic materials. It is used as an adsorption material and as an organic drug-delivery material due to these characteristics, that are essentially controlled the specific surface area. In this paper, the specific surface area was controlled by adding polymers of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polystyrene beads (PSB), and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Through the USP process, the HAp powder is able to synthesize into the spherical shape, specific surface area, and pore were controlled by the properties of the polymers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jeongha Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kun-Jae Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Dankook University, Departm ent of Energy Engineering, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Zinc oxide is considered an outstanding photocatalyst candidate, but its low photo-corrosion resistance is a problem to be solved. In the ZnO-ZnS core-shell structure, ZnS acts as a protective layer for the ZnO core, and thus, it can enhance stability and long-term performance. The ZnO-ZnS core-shell structure is synthesized into various nanoscale morphologies with high specific surface areas to improve photocatalytic efficiency. However, they are easily agglomerated and are hard to separate from reaction media. In this study, micro-sized bumpy spheres of ZnO-ZnS core-shell structure were prepared via facile chemical transformation of as-prepared ZnO. After sulfurization of the ZnO template, it was confirmed through SEM, TEM, EDS, and XPS analysis that a uniform ZnS shell layer was formed without significant change in the initial ZnO morphology. The ZnO-ZnS core-shell microsphere has shown superior efficiency and stability in the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B compared with pristine ZnO microspheres
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Authors and Affiliations

Hee Yeon Jeon
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mijeong Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seungheon Han
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dong Hoon Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Young-In Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Seoul National University Of Science and Technology, Department Of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul 01811, Republic Of Korea
  2. Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Inconel 625 is typically used in extreme environments due to excellent mechanical properties such as high strength, corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance and low-temperature toughness. When manufacturing a hot forged flange with a thick and complex shape, the cooling rate varies depending on the location due to the difference in thermal gradient during the cooling process after hot forging. In this study, to evaluate the microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 625 according to the cooling rate, we performed heat treatment at 950°C, 1050°C, and 1150°C for 4 hours followed by water cooling. Additionally, temperature data for each location on the flange were obtained using finite element method (FEM) simulation for each heat treatment temperature, revealing a discrepancy in the cooling rate between the surface and the center. Therefore, the correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties according to cooling rate was investigated.
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Authors and Affiliations

Minha Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Gang Ho Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hyo-Seong Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Byoungkoo Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sanghoon Noh
3
ORCID: ORCID
Byung Jun Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Energy System Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46938, Republic of Korea
  2. Energy System Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46938, Republic of Korea; Pukyong National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
  3. Pukyong National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

API X70 steel requires high strength and toughness for safety in extreme environments like high pressure and low temperature. Submerged Arc Welding (SAW ) is effective for manufacturing thick steel pipes. However, the welding heat input during SAW alters the microstructure and mechanical properties of the heat affected zone (HAZ). Therefore, investigating the correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties in welded X70 pipes is important to address potential degradation of HAZ and weld metal (WM). In this study, post weld heat treatment (PWHT) was performed to improve mechanical properties of HAZ and WM and to reduce residual stress caused by the welding process. We performed PWHT at 640°C for 15 hours and followed by air cooling. After heat treatment, we observed the microstructure through OM and SEM analysis, and investigated the mechanical properties through tensile test, hardness test, and Charpy impact test.
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Authors and Affiliations

Minha Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Gang Ho Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID
Gwangjoo Jang
1
Hyoung-Chan Kim
1
Byoungkoo Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Byung Jun Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Energy System Grou, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 46938, Busan, Republic of Korea
  2. Energy System Grou, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 46938, Busan, Republic of Korea; Pukyong National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 48513, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

In this study, 316L stainless steel powder was used to produce a porous body that could be used in a specific environment. In contrast to the existing method of producing filters using only spherical powders, we attempted to produce filters using plate- and needle-like powders and evaluated their performance. In the powder preparation step, the shape change of the powder was analyzed by changing the size of the stainless-steel balls used for ball milling. Then, the variations in properties of the sintered porous body caused by the ball size were investigated. As the average ball size decreased, the average particle size of the powder decreased. Moreover, the surface area and pore size of the porous body decreased. Additionally, when balls of different sizes were mixed, the porous body showed a mixture of coarse and fine pores.
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Authors and Affiliations

Woo Cheol Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jongmin Byun
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Seoul Nat ional University of Science and Technology, Depa rt of Mat erials Science and Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
  2. Seoul Nat ional University of Science and Technology, Institute of Powder Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

In this study, the effect of rolling of 1.25Cr-1Mo-0.5V-0.3C American Iron and Steel Institute 4340 modified steel for highspeed railway brake discs on the microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. The materials were hot-rolled at 0%, 51%, and 66% reduction ratios, and then analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD). needle-shaped ferrite block morphology in bainite varied with the rolling ratio. EBSD analysis reveals dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization, affected ferrite block boundaries and dislocation densities during rolling. Mechanical tests showed that hardness, toughness and elongation increase at higher rolling reduction ratio, while strength remained relatively constant. In particular, the impact toughness increased almost twice from the level of 70 J in S1 (0% reduction) to the level of 130 J in S3 (66% reduction). These results showed that the hot rolling can significantly improve the strength and toughness combination of cast brake discs material.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hyo-Seong Kim
1 2 4
ORCID: ORCID
Moonseok Kang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Minha Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Byung Jun Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Shin Kim
3
Tae Young Lee
3
Byoungkoo Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Sik Ahn
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 46938, Busan, Republic of Korea
  2. Pukyong National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 48547, Busan, Republic of Korea
  3. KATEM, 51395, Changwon, Republic of Korea
  4. HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering, 44032, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

We investigated the effect of Cr thin film deposition on the thermal stability and corrosion resistance of hot-dip aluminized steel. A high-quality Cr thin film was deposited on the surface of the Al-9 wt. % Si-coated steel sheets by physical vapor deposition. When the Al-Si coated steel sheets were exposed to a high temperature of 500℃, Fe from the steel substrate diffused into the Al-Si coating layer resulting in discoloration. However, the highly heat-resistant Cr thin film deposited on the Al-Si coating prevented diffusion and surface exposure of Fe, improving the heat and corrosion resistances of the Al-Si alloy coated steel sheet.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jae-Hyeon Kim
1
Jung-Ha Lee
2
Seung-Beop Lee
2
Sung-Jin Kim
3
ORCID: ORCID
Min-Suk Oh
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jeonbuk National University, Division of Advanced Materials Engineering And Research Center For Advanced Materials Development, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
  2. Jeonbuk National University, School of International Engineering And Science, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
  3. Sunchon National University, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Sunchon, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

In the electropolishing process, the polishing quality of the metal surface varies according to the contamination of the electrolyte. In this study, the electrolyte was evaluated according to the usage time, and the effect of each factor on electropolishing was investigated. As the electrolyte is contaminated, the concentration of metal ions in the electrolyte increases and the ion conductivity decreases. In addition, the pH and specific gravity of the electrolyte increase due to the metal sludge formed as the metal ion concentration increases. When the electrolyte usage time was more than 5 days, many scratches remained on the surface of 316L stainless steel, and relatively high surface roughness was measured. The surface roughness improvement rate compared to the initial specimen was 30% for the unused electrolyte, 26% on the 3rd day, 19% on the 5th day, and 17.5% on the 13th day. Since the low current density due to electrolyte contamination causes a decrease in polishing efficiency, initial scratches on the metal surface still exist on the polished surface. Therefore, it is necessary to manage the electrolyte to maintain the quality of electropolishing.
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Authors and Affiliations

Woo-Chul Jung
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyunseok Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seon-Jin Choi
2
ORCID: ORCID
Man-Sik Kong
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Advanced Material & Processing Center (Institute for Advanced Engineering, Yongin, Korea
  2. Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract

In this study, Bi-doped SnSe was fabricated through the high energy ball milling and the hydrogen reduction of Bi2O3, and its thermoelectric properties were analyzed. The specimen with pure-Bi was fabricated as a control group and properties were compared. In the case of specimens with added Bi2O3, when sintering was performed in a hydrogen atmosphere, Bi2O3 with a high melting point was reduced to Bi with a relatively low melting point. At this time, because of the appearance of the liquid phase, the orientation of the (400) plane increased, and the density was improved. As a result, the change of SnSe to n-type was confirmed in the temperature range of 300 K - 773 K due to Bi doping. Additionally, when Bi2O3 was used instead of pure-Bi, the thermal conductivity, which is inversely proportional to the figure of merit, decreased, and the electrical conductivity increased, resulting in an improvement in the figure of merit.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jin Kwang Jang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jaeyun Moon
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jongmin Byun
1 3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
  2. University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy Las Vegas, Nv 89154, United States
  3. Seoul National University of Science And Technology, The Institute of Powder Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

A powder-bed-based additive manufacturing process called electron beam melting (EBM) is defined by high temperature gradients during solidification, which produces an extremely fine microstructure compared to the traditional cast material. However, porosity and segregation defects are still present on a smaller scale which may lead to a reduction in mechanical properties. It is important to have a better knowledge of the influence of post-fabrication treatments on the microstructure and mechanical characteristics before the use of additive manufacturing parts in specific applications. In this study, the effects of solution heat treatment (SHT) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated by the EBM process have been investigated. The SHT and HIP treatments can significantly improve the ductility of EBM Ti-6Al-4V due to the coarsening of α laths and the formation of β grains.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dohoon Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tae-Yeong So
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ha-Young Yu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Gyunsub Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Eushin Moon
2
ORCID: ORCID
Se-Hyun Ko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Industrial Materials Processing R&D Department, 156, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
  2. Huneed Technologies, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

This study explores the hydrogen embrittlement behaviour of two Ni-based superalloys using electrochemical hydrogen charging. Two types of tensile specimens with different geometry for the Haynes 617 and Hastelloy X alloys were electrochemically hydrogen-charged, and then a slow strain rate test was conducted to investigate the hydrogen embrittlement behaviour. Unlike the ASTM standard specimens, two-step dog-bone specimens with a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio showed higher sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement because hydrogen atoms are distributed mostly on the surface area. On the other hand, the Haynes 617 alloy had a lower hydrogen embrittlement resistance than that of the Hastelloy X alloy due to its relatively large grain size and the presence of precipitates at grain boundaries. The Haynes 617 alloy primarily showed an intergranular fracture mode with cracks from the slip band, whereas the Hastelloy X alloy exhibited a combination of transgranular and intergranular fracture behavior under hydrogen-charged conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jae-Yun Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sang-Gyu Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Byoungchul Hwang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Depart ment of Materials Science and Engineering, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

This study investigated the effect of adding Al–5Ti–1B grain refiner on the solidification microstructure and hot deformation behavior of direct-chill (DC) cast Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys. The grain refiner significantly decreased the grain size and modified the morphology. Fine-grained (FG) alloys with grain refiners exhibit coarse secondary phases with a reduced number density compared to coarse-grained (CG) alloys without grain refiners. Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was enhanced at higher compression temperatures and lower strain rates in the CG and FG alloys. Both particle stimulated nucleation (PSN) and continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) are enhanced in the FG alloys, resulting in decreased peak stress values (indicating DRX onset) at 450°C. The peak stress of the FG alloys was higher at 300-400°C than that of the CG alloys because of grain refinement hardening over softening by enhanced DRX.
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Authors and Affiliations

Junho Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Namhyuk Seo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sang-Hwa Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID
Kwangjun Euh
2
ORCID: ORCID
Singon Kang
3
ORCID: ORCID
Seung Bae Son
1 4
ORCID: ORCID
Seok-Jae Lee
1 4
ORCID: ORCID
Jae-Gil Jung
1 4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jeonbuk National University, Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
  2. Korea Institute of Materials Science, Advanced Metals Division, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
  3. Dong-A University, Department of Materials Science And Engineering, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
  4. Jeonbuk National University, Research Center for Advanced Materials Development, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Sintered ore used as blast furnace burden materials is produced by mixing iron ore, coke, and limestone, then burning the coke and sintering the iron ore with the combustion heat. Among the coke charged, A particle size of 0.25 mm or less has an insignificant effect as a heat source and adhere to the surface of other materials to inhibit the reaction between oxygen and raw materials, thereby decreasing the quality of sintered ore. Therefore, to increase combustion efficiency, it is necessary to reduce the ratio of coke breeze in the charged coke.
In this study, theoretical calculation, experiment and simulation were conducted to investigate the possibility of size classification by drag force in the process of dropping coke after being transported through a belt conveyor. The height of belt conveyor was at 1m, and velocity of the belt was 1.5, 2.3, and 2.6 m/s, which were considered as experimental variables. After falling, the distribution of coke particle size according to the horizontal travel distance was confirmed, and a fall trajectory prediction formula model was created through the drag model of polydisperse system and compared with the experimental and analysis results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ji-A Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bong-Min Jin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jeong-Whan Han
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Inha University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

In this study, crystal grain refinement of pure titanium manufactured by electron beam melting through cryogenic rolling was performed. The effect of rolling in a cryogenic atmosphere on average grain size was investigated. Cryogenic atmosphere rolling was confirmed to be smaller than normal temperature rolling. Electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) confirmed the presence of oriented crystal grains in the material. The deformation, temperature, and stress generated during rolling were calculated using 3D simulation. Finite element analysis (FEM) modeling was used to analyze the trend of average grain size change during the heat treatment of the rolled samples.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ui Jun Ko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Byoung Jun Han
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kyoung-Tae Park
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marzieh Ebrahimian
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jh Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Hanbat National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
  2. RareMetal R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 12, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Assessing the level of metallurgical and foundry technology in prehistoric times requires the examination of raw material finds, including elongated ingots, which served as semi-finished products ready for further processing. It is rare to find such raw material directly at production settlements, but Wicina in western Poland is an exception. During the Hallstatt period (800-450 BC), this area, situated along the middle Oder River, benefited from its favorable location in the heart of the Central European Urnfield cultures and developed networks for raw material exchange and bronze foundry production. Numerous remnants of casting activities, such as clay casting molds, casting systems, and raw materials, have been discovered at the Wicina settlement. This article aims to provide an archaeometallurgical interpretation of raw material management and utilization by prehistoric communities during the Early Iron Age. To achieve this, a collection of 31 ingots from the defensive settlement in Wicina, along with two contemporary deposits from Bieszków and Kumiałtowice, both found within a 20 km radius of the stronghold, were studied. Investigations were conducted using a range of methods, including optical microscopy(OM), scanning electron microscopy (SE M), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SE M-EDS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), AAS and ICP-OES spectrometer. The significance of ingots is examined in the context of increasing social complexity and the rising popularity of bronze products, which necessitated diversified production and a demand for raw materials with different properties and, consequently, different chemical compositions.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Garbacz-Klempka
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Dzięgielewski
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Wardas-Lasoń
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University Of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Historical Layers Research Centre, ul. Reymonta 23, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Jagiellonian University, Institute of Archaeology, ul. Gołębia 11, 31-007 Krakow, Poland
  3. AGH University Of Krakow, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics And Environmental Protection, Historical Layers Research Centre, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

In the present research, the Nb-Si-Ti-Cr-Al-Ta-Hf alloys with different Ho addition were prepared. Their microstructure, compressive properties and oxidation behaviors were investigated preliminarily. The results exhibit that the Nb-Si-Ti-Cr-Al-Ta-Hf alloy has coarse microstructure which is mainly composed of Nb solid solution, Nb5Si3 and Ti5Si3 phases. The minor Ho addition could refine the microstructure and suppress the precipitation of Ti5Si3 phase. Moreover, the Ho addition also leads to the formation of Ho2Hf2O7, which prefers to precipitate along the Nbss/Nb5Si3 phase interface. Compared with the Nb-Si-Ti-Cr-Al-Ta-Hf alloy, the minor Ho addition improves the room-temperature and high-temperature compressive properties of the alloy. Its room-temperature compressive strength and ductility obtain the maximum value of 1825 MPa and 16.5% when the Ho content is 0.1 at.%. Moreover, its best compressive strength at 873 K, 1273 K and 1473 K is 1495 MPa, 765 MPa and 380 MPa, respectively, when the Ho addition is 0.1 at.%. The oxidation behavior of the Nb-Si-Ti-Cr-Al-Ta-Hf alloy is diversified with the Ho addition. The oxidation rate of the alloy with 0.1 at.% Ho addition is the lowest while the alloy with 0.2 at.% Ho addition is the highest. Therefore, the 0.1 at.% Ho would be the appropriate content for the Nb-Si-Ti-Cr-Al-Ta-Hf alloy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Qiaoli Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yinan Xiao
2
ORCID: ORCID
Di Wu
2
ORCID: ORCID
Fang Yang
ORCID: ORCID
L.Y Sheng
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Peking University, Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; PKU-HKUST ShenZhen-HongKong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China
  2. PKU-HKUST ShenZhen-HongKong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the metallographic structure and the impact of the heat treatment process on the MAR-M247 superalloy, a high-temperature nickel-based superalloy commonly used in turbine blades. The heat treatment process can potentially influence the mechanical properties of the MAR-M247 superalloy at different temperatures. A strength simulation analysis of gas turbine blades should include the variations in the mechanical properties of the material. The effect of heat treatment on grain size was investigated by metallographic experiments, and numerical calculations of material mechanical properties were conducted. The mechanical property parameters necessary for finite element analysis of turbine blades were determined. Finally, a finite element simulation model of the blade was established based on these mechanical property parameters, and strength analysis was performed. The simulation results provided the stress distribution and the strength of the turbine blade.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hao Lin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Haipeng Geng
2
ORCID: ORCID
Xifeng Zhou
2
ORCID: ORCID
Leiming Song
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaojun Hu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, P.R. China
  2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, P.R. China
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Abstract

In order to reveal the non-uniform distribution of grain size in thick direction for engineering heavy plate, microstructure of 40 mm-thick Q345 steel was observed and measured under different short-term high temperature environments formed by fire. Moreover, the influence of the short-term high temperature environment was revealed on the distribution of ferrite grain size in the Q345 steel. Under different fire service environments, there was a log-normal distribution relationship between the distribution parameter Nf (number of ferrite grains) and df (average grain diameter), as well as ρAf (area fraction density) and df, at different positions along the thickness direction. However, the statistical results are greatly affected by the length of the statistical interval. When df is about 4 to 6 times the length of the statistical interval, the statistical accuracy is higher. By using nonlinear fitting method, multiple non-uniform distribution empirical models including Nf-df empirical formulas and ρAf-df empirical formulas were established at different positions along thick direction under various fire environments. Furthermore, the interrelationships between fire temperature T and Nf , T and ρAf , fire duration t and Nf , t and ρAf were revealed, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hao Xu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rui-Bin Gou
1
ORCID: ORCID
Min Yu
2
ORCID: ORCID
Wen-Jiao Dan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nian Wang
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Anhui Science and Technology University, College of Mechanical Engineering, Fengyang 233100, Anhui, China
  2. Anhui Science and Technology University, College of Architecture, Bengbu 233000, China
  3. Bengbu Special Equipment Supervision and Inspection Center, Bengbu 233000, China
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Abstract

To improve the welding performance of aluminum alloys, a thermal source model of an irregular weld seam was established. COMSOL software was used for numerical simulation of the weld seam geometry effect on the temperature and stress fields in laser welding, which results were experimentally validated. The results show that the ellipsoidal laser welding melted micropool exhibited quasi-steady-state temperature field characteristics. The temperature gradient and thermal stress showed an increase followed by a decline. The temperature fluctuation amplitude of the square-tooth-shaped weld seam exceeded that of the arc-toothshaped one. The temperature evolution of the broken line tooth-shaped weld seam showed a slightly increasing trend, except for the inflection point. The experimental average tensile strength of the weld seam was the highest, reaching about 210 MPa, i.e., roughly 85% of the base material (245 MPa), which coincided with the COMSOL-based temperature field simulation results. With increasing deformation amplitude and transition radius, the maximum tensile force, tensile strength, and elongation at fracture showed an increasing trend. However, the deformation amplitude should be below a certain limit because its increase elongates the welding path and reduces the distance between weld seams, resulting in serious heat accumulation. The tensile fracture morphology of the 6063-T6 base material was curved shear, with shallow toughness pits, small tearing edges at the edges, and small granular objects, indicating small plastic deformation during the fracture process. The tensile fracture of the welded part spanned the weld seam and the base material, and the fracture occurred along the tangent direction of the weld seam. The fracture surface was smooth, the tearing edges at the edge of the toughness pit shifted along the weld seam direction, forming many co-directional slip bands, with highly pronounced plastic deformation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aiyong Cui
1
ORCID: ORCID
Haodong Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shaodong Gao
2
ORCID: ORCID
Huakai Wei
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jialei Zhao
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Naval Aeronautical University, Qingdao, 266041, China
  2. Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, 121001, China
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Abstract

Fe-C-Cr-Nb alloy steel surfacing layers with different contents of C and Cr were prepared on 45 steel base metal by selfshielded flux-cored wires with distinct amounts of high carbon chromium iron addition and melt arc surfacing. The composition and microstructure changes of the surfacing layer were tested and analyzed. The surfacing test plate was processed into a pulling specimen, and the bonding strength between the surfacing layer and the 45 steel base metal was tested with a self-designed pulling test method. The fracture location of the pulling specimen and fracture characteristics were observed by a metallurgical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The result shows that with the increase of the amount of high carbon chromium iron added to flux-cored welding wire, the content of C and Cr in the surfacing layer increases, and the NbC hard phase disperses. The microstructure of the steel matrix changes from mixed martensite + residual austenite to high carbon martensite + residual austenite, and then independent austenite appears. The hardness of the surfacing layer first increases and then decreases. The bonding strength between the surfacing alloy and the 45 steel base metal first decreases and then increases, and the fracture location is at the bottom of the surfacing layer or the fusion zone with mostly quasi-cleavage characteristics. When the additional amount of high carbon chromium iron reaches 13%, thee pulling specimen exhibits significant deformation with the highest bonding strength, and the fracture is close to the fusion line, where there are numerous tearing edges and shallow dimples.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fei Huang
1

  1. High Speed Railway Comprehensive Technical College, Jilin Railway Technology College, Jilin, 132299, China
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Abstract

The study aimed to optimize the Plasma Beam Polishing process for 316L stainless steel components to reduce anisotropy and poor surface roughness using statistical analysis. An experimental design investigated the impacts of managing factors on surface roughness, with scanning speed having the ultimate impact, followed by beam power and energy density. For lower values of plasma energy density and scanning speed, and a focal location without changes on the metal surface, there was a strong tendency for the estimated Ra to drop with increasing laser power. The process parameters were changed throughout a broad range of values, making it challenging to model the dependent variable across the whole range of experimental trials. The study supports the potential of PBP as a post-processing method for additive manufacturing components.
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Authors and Affiliations

Chari V. Srinivasa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Suyog Jhavar
2
ORCID: ORCID
R. Suresh
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mechanical Engg. Department at At ria Institute of Technology in Bengaluru 560024, which is affiliated with VTU in Belagavi, India
  2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Inavolu, Beside AP Secretariat, Amaravati, 522237 AP, India
  3. Mechanical Engg. Department at MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences in Bengaluru 560024, India
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research from the analysis of primary magnetization curves for Fe based amorphous alloys. Structural defects in the form of pseudodislocation dipoles occur in amorphous alloys. Using the theory developed by H. Kronmuller called the approach to ferromagnetic saturation, it is possible to indirectly observe internal stresses occurring in the volume of amorphous alloys. The magnetic structure is sensitive to all kinds of inhomogeneities that become visible in the process of high-field magnetization. It has been shown that the cooling rate of the liquid alloy has a great influence on the migration of atoms during the solidification process. Longer time of alloy formation causes more atoms to occupy ordered positions, which results in a change in the distance between the magnetic atoms and a higher degree of structure relaxation. This is indicated by a significant difference in the value of the spin wave stiffness parameter Dspf. The structural differences of the alloys were also investigated using a magnetic balance. It has been shown that the cooling rate influences insignificant differences in the course of thermomagnetic curves and the Curie temperature.
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Authors and Affiliations

B. Jeż
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automati on, 19c Armii Krajowej Str., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

Synthetic refrigerants are being phased out gradually in accordance with international environmental protection protocols because of global warming and ozone layer depletion. Adopting R290/R600 refrigerant, an environmentally friendly refrigerant, to replace R134a, a high global warming potential refrigerant, provides one of the solutions. In this study, exergy analysis of R134a and TiO2 suspended with lubricant and R290/R600 with a composition of 60% R290 and 40% R600 (60:40) was investigated in vapour compression system (VCRS) using R290/ R600 in TiO2 nanomixture lubricant and compared with R134a and R290/ R600 in pure lubricant. At the inlets and outlets, the main components of the VCRS are connected to temperature and pressure sensors to measure the inlet and outlet temperatures and pressures. The results obtained were used to analyses the exergy losses at various VCRS components (compressor, condenser, evaporator, expansion valve) were investigated to determine the refrigerator’s total exergy destruction (E·xdest.Total) and efficiency (ηex). The E·xdest.Total of R290/R600 in pure lubricant and R290/R600 TiO2 nanomixture lubricant was reduced by 26.9% and 42.3%, respectively, and system ηex increased by 27.7% and 38.9% respectively when compared to R134a in the system. Hence, TiO2 suspended with R290/R600 is potential a substitute for R134a.
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Authors and Affiliations

D.M. Madyira
1
ORCID: ORCID
T.O. Babarinde
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Johannesburg, Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, Johannesburg, South Africa
  2. University of Johannesburg, Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, Johannesburg, South Africa; University of Johannesburg, Process, Energy and Environmental Technology Station (PEETS), Johannesburg, South Africa
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Abstract

The required rail straightness is achieved by straightening with roller straighteners. The consequence of the straightening operation is the introduction of residual stresses to the straightened rail. An excessive level of residual stresses accumulated in the rail during use in the track may lead to its damage or fracture. ArcelorMittal Poland S.A., in cooperation with Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, carried out a research project (POI R.01.02.00-00-0167/16) the aim of which was to reduce residual stresses in railway rails by changing the technological parameters of the straightening process. The results of the presented study relate to rails 60E1 and 60E2. The study includes the measurement, testing, calculations and analyses of the obtained results. The conducted research indicates the possibility of obtaining a low level of residual stress in the rails for a system consisting of a 7-roller vertical straightener and a 9-roller horizontal straightener by changing the roller settings, the shape of the rollers, the shape of the rail foot and its curvature.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Woźniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Żak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Upper Silesian Institute of Technology, Karola Miarki 12-14, 44-100 Gliwice , Poland
  2. COO – Longs Experts Team, Arcel orMitt al Poland S.A.
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Abstract

Vanadium carbide is important for industrial applications because of its high hardness, high temperature resistance, high chemical, and thermal stability. It is generally obtained from the reaction between V and C powders at a high temperature ranging from 1100 to 1500°C. Investigations on these high strength, high abrasion resistant, hard materials have been intensified in recent years and consequently, significant improvements have been achieved. In this study, VC alloys are produced with low cost processes, by reducing the oxides of their components by SHS methods and ball mill-assisted carbothermal reduction. In the experimental stage, V2O5 was used as oxidized Vanadium source, Cblack as carbon source, magnesium and Cblack as reductant. In the study, VC powders were synthesized by two different methods and optimum production conditions were determined. Furthermore, the effect of different stoichiometric charge components and the effect of experiment durations were realized by X-ray diffraction, HSC Chemistry, and SEM analyses for different reductants.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mehmet Bugdayci
1
Levent Once
2
Murat Alkan
Ahmet Turan
3
Umay Cinarli
4

  1. Yalova University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, 77200, Yalova, Turkey; Istanbul Medipol University, Vocational School, Construction Technology Department, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey
  2. Sinop University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, 57000, Sinop, Turkey
  3. Dokuz Eylul University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, 35390, Izmir, Turkey
  4. Yeditepe University, Engineering Faculty, Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract

Explosion protection is of particular importance for safety as explosions also endanger the health of workers due to the uncontrolled effects of flames and pressure, the presence of harmful reaction products and the consumption of oxygen in the ambient air breathed by workers. CuAlBe alloy is proposed as a solution for mechanical actuators such as gears that work in environments with possible explosive atmosphere. Made of CuBe master alloy and pure aluminum in a induction furnace the material present large grains in melted state. After the hot rolling (heated 600s at 900°C) of the ingots small variation of chemical composition was observed based on the oxidation of the material, appearance of small cracks on the edges and a preferential orientation of the grains along the lamination direction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the microstructural states of CuAlBe as laminated and heat treated states.
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Authors and Affiliations

G.R. Chelariu
1
ORCID: ORCID
N. Cimpoeșu
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Paraschiv
1
ORCID: ORCID
B.A. Prisecariu
2
ORCID: ORCID
I. Rusu
1
ORCID: ORCID
I. Știrbu
1
ORCID: ORCID
G.I. Sandu
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Benchea
3
ORCID: ORCID
C. Bejinariu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gheorghe Asachi University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 43 Dimitrie Mangeron str., 700050, Iasi
  2. “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
  3. Gheorghe Asachi University of Iasi, Mechanica l Faculty, 43 Dimitrie Mangeron str., 700050, Iasi
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Abstract

Soluble silica from palm oil clinker was extracted using Laine’s method. It involved two major steps, namely water reflux and distillation. The use of 480 g of POCP and 12 hours of distillation in the extraction experiment resulted in 53.50% of dissolved silica, which was the highest gain among the trial experiments and was chosen as an optimum parameter for the subsequent characterisation analysis. In addition, its effect on cement hydration was studied by including it as a filler in mortar mixtures. Mortar with 7.50% of extracted silica gained high strength in the early days of curing and performed well throughout the maturing age. The rapid hardening properties of soluble silica-based mortar would promote the potential of soluble silica as an additive for rapid hardening.
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Authors and Affiliations

A.H. Ismail
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kusbiantoro
1
ORCID: ORCID
L.T. Yian
2
ORCID: ORCID
K. Muthusamy
3
ORCID: ORCID
N.A.M. Mortar
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Johor, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Engineering, Johor, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology Pahang, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
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Abstract

The study analyzed the influence of periodic and aperiodic stiffness distribution for the four-element Bernoulli-Euler beam on the first two eigenfrequencies and the dynamic stability of the system. The influence of increasing the ratio of cross-sections of the analyzed elements was also analyzed. Significant differences were found in eigenfrequencies and dynamic stability. Using the variational Hamilton principle, the equation of motion was derived, on the basis of which the values of the eigenfrequencies were determined, and the transformation into the form of the Mathieu equation made it possible to determine the dynamic stability for the analyzed structures.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Garus
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Petrů
2
ORCID: ORCID
W. Sochacki
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Garus
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Department of Mechanics and Machine Design Fundamentals, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, 73 Dąbrowskiego Str., 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
  2. VS B-Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Department of Machining, Assembly and Engineering Metrology, 70833 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Abstract

Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) polymers have been used in biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, durability, toughness and high wear resistance. To enhance the mechanical properties, various types of minerals are commonly utilized as fillers in UHMWPE. One of the minerals is dolomite, which has been recognized as a valuable mineral with versatile applications, particularly in the field of biomedical applications. This paper presents the tensile properties of UHMWPE composites that filled with dolomite and treated-dolomite at various filler loading (i.e., 1-5 wt.%). Nitric acid and diammonium phosphate were used to treat the dolomite. From the results, the peaks of the FTIR spectrum displays carbonate (CO3–2), phosphate (PO4–3) and hydroxyl (OH) groups in the ct-dolomite powder sample while the XRD pattern reveals that using dolomite treated with 1M nitric acid resulted in the presence of calcium hydroxide phosphate (Ca10(PO4)5(OH)) and MgO. For tensile strength, UHMWPE/ct-dolomite composites show better tensile strength than the pure UHMWPE composites. Treated improve the dolomite filler and resulted in significantly better matrix-filler interfacial interactions and improve the properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

S.F.A. Abdullah
1
ORCID: ORCID
S.S. Md Saleh
1
N.F Mohammad
ORCID: ORCID
S.N. Syed Mahamud
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.F. Omar
2
ORCID: ORCID
H.Md Akil
3
ORCID: ORCID
B.P Chang
ORCID: ORCID
H.R Saliu
ORCID: ORCID
N.H. Rostam
2
ORCID: ORCID
J. Gondro
4

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 2, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia; University Malaysia Perlis, Biomedical and Nanotechnology Research Group, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoTech), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 2, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
  4. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Depa rtment of Physics, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Polandomposites
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Abstract

Porous asphalt has excellent permeability and larger air voids. Due to the low stability strength of asphalt binder with aggregates, Malaysia uses porous asphalt roads for lightweight vehicle road transportation. Numerous studies indicate utilizing Recycled High-Density Polyethylene in porous asphalt road surface. As a result, it was utilised as an additional binder material to enhance the asphalt binder. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the stability of modified porous asphalt samples and evaluate the optimum percentage of HDPE plastic waste from 3%, 6% and 9%. The aggregates, asphalt properties, Marshall Parameters and waster absorption test are in comply with JKR Standard and PWD 2008. At 3% of plastic addition has improved the stability of porous asphalt specimens. Adding plastic waste as a binder helps strengthen asphalt binding.
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Authors and Affiliations

L.A. Sofri
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Ganesan
2
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al B. Abdullah
3
ORCID: ORCID
Chee-Ming Chan
4
ORCID: ORCID
M.H. Osman
4
ORCID: ORCID
J. Garus
5
ORCID: ORCID
S. Garus
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia; Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology, (CEGeoGTech), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology, (CEGeoGTech), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia; Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Fac ult y of Chemical Engineering and Technology, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Fac ult y of Engineering Technology, Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
  5. Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Mechanics and Fu ndamentals of Machinery Design, 73 Dąbrowskiego Av., 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
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Abstract

Escalating quantity of industrial by-products generated, including oil palm shell (OPS) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA ) of the palm oil industries, has been a concern to many analysts. They are mostly disposed off as wastes that would heavily impact the environment quality. Therefore, this paper aimed to investigate the possibility of consuming these wastes by using OPS and POFA as replacement materials for fine aggregates in the concrete mixture. The mixtures were prepared by integrating unground palm oil fuel ash of 0%, 10%, and 20% (by weight of sand) to produce lightweight concrete. The experiments observed the mechanical performance of these specimens for 180 curing days. The results show the enhancement of concrete strength relative to the control mixture by using 10% of ash. This is owing to void filling mechanism and product of pozzolanic reaction due to the fine particles of the ash.
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Authors and Affiliations

H. Mohd Hanafi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Khairunisa Muthusamy
2
ORCID: ORCID
W.A. Saffuan
2
ORCID: ORCID
A.M.A. Budiea
3
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kusbiantoro
4
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nabilla
2
ORCID: ORCID
A.R. Rafiza
5
ORCID: ORCID
K. Błoch
6
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kolej Komuniti Pekan, Jalan-Pekan-Kuantan, Kampung Batu Satu Peramu, Pekan, Pahang
  2. Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Gambang, Pahang
  3. Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Industrial Management, Gambang, Pahang
  4. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Johor, Malaysia
  5. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEG eoGT ech), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  6. Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Physics, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
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Abstract

The work done in this study is a preliminary investigation into the possibility of modelling the filling and solidification process of castings in molds made with the additive method. The work originated from an experiment to produce a bronze casting with a high tin content in an additive mold. The mold filling and solidification simulation was carried out in the MAGMASO FT program, and the lambda thermal conductivity coefficient used in the program’s material database was corrected based on the actual temperature values of the printed form. The results were compared with the modeling results for the physical properties of furan molds based on the program database. The microstructure of the castings obtained in the compared forms was assessed.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Nadolski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ł. Bernat
2
D. Cekus
3
ORCID: ORCID
P. Kwiatoń
ORCID: ORCID
A. Pietrzak
4

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials, Department of Metallurgy and Metal Technology, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
  2. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials Technology, Division of Foundry and Plastic Working,60-965 Poznan, Poland
  3. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Mechanics and Machine Design Fundamentals, 42-200 Czestoch owa, Poland
  4. AGH University of Kraków, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Department of Foundry, Al . Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

Polymer gears are often used in power transmission due to their numerous advantages. Heat accumulates on polymer gears during operation. Over time, this accumulated heat leads to damage; and shortens the service life of the gears. To prevent this, various fillers are added to the polymer materials. These fillers help to dissipate the heat generated on the gears. In this study, 25% glass fibers, 35% carbon powder, and 60% bronze particles were added to the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) matrix to determine the wear behavior of gears. The properties of the matrix and the filler mainly influence the wear behavior of PTFE composites. The study showed that all composite gears with filler have better wear resistance than pure PTFE gears due to their better thermal stability. After the tests, it was found that the gears made of PTFE + 35% carbon additive had about 12 times better wear rates than those made of pure PTFE. Based on the average temperature values of the experiment, it was found that the mass temperature of gears made of 35% carbon-doped PTFE is about 38-39% lower than that of pure PTFE. This study contributes to the standard studies on heat build-up, thermal damage, and wear of gears made of polymers with different fillers and ratios.
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Authors and Affiliations

R. Yakut
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Düzcükoğlu
2
ORCID: ORCID
H. Akkuş
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Batman University, Technology Faculty, Batman, Turkey
  2. Selçuk University, Technology Faculty, Konya, Turkey
  3. Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Nigde, Turkey
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Abstract

In this work, the impact of the defect on the transmission of a mechanical wave in a periodic quasi-one-dimensional structure was investigated. The multilayer structure was made of PLA and air, while the defect layer was PNM-0.38PT with a significantly higher value of acoustic impedance in relation to the materials of the base structure. The influence of the position of the defect in the structure and its thickness was analysed. Transmission as a function of frequency was determined using the Transfer Matrix Method algorithm. The work showed the presence of band gaps in the analyzed structures. The influence of the symmetry of structures and substructures on the transmission of a mechanical wave was investigated. The influence of the number of layers with very low acoustic impedance (air) on the number of high transmission peaks with a small half-width was also demonstrated.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Garus
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Kuczyński
2
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kysiak
2
J. Garus
1
ORCID: ORCID
W. Sochacki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Mechanics and Fundamentals of Machinery Design, 73 Dąbrowskiego St r., 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
  2. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Computer Science, 73 Dąbrowskiego Str., 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
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Abstract

Incremental Sheet metal Forming (ISF) Process is a suitable process which helps to produce various parts used in automotive sector by rapid prototyping. This method of producing a prototype helps industry in reducing the production cost. In ISF process, a final product is evolved through local deformation of the sheet metal made by the tool. Usually better formability is obtained when the tool makes a better contact with the sheet metal throughout the process. Improved formability elevates dimensional accuracy of the product, thus increases the market value of the product. A new tool with multiple ball ends capable of making multiple mating points over sheet metal was used in this research to enhance the efficiency of formability and surface finish. Ability of the new Multi-Point Incremental Forming Tool (MPIF) was investigated and compared to the existing Single Point Forming Tool (SPIF) based on the formability and surface finish. Forming Limit Diagram (FLD), Strain Distribution (SD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were used to examine the formability of the sheet metal. The SEM & 3D-Surface roughness profilometer were used to observe the sheet metals surface finish. In addition to these experimental techniques a simulation results were also used to predict the stress and strain rate during forming process. The experimentation and simulation outcome shows that the MPIF provides superior formability and surface finish.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Ramkumar
1
ORCID: ORCID
K.A. Selvarajan
2
ORCID: ORCID
C. Sathiya Narayanan
2
ORCID: ORCID
A. Bovas Herbert Bejaxhin
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
  2. Department of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
  3. Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School Of Engineering, Saveetha Institute Of Medical And Technical Sciences (Simats), Chennai
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Abstract

Recently, the need to develop fuel efficient transport systems has led to the development of a range of materials of low density, high stiffness and high strength each can be made at a reasonable cost. The aluminium based alloys are particularly important because of their improved mechanical, physical and technical properties. Fatigue failures have been recognised since the early days of the industrial revolution. Fatigue response of most of materials is related with the microstructural variations in the structure. Hence, in this study, influence of particle size and volume fractions on fatigue properties of Al-alloy composites was investigated. It was found that particle size and volume fraction of reinforcement particles play significant role on fatigue propagation rates, stress intensity threshold values, crack tip opening distance and crack tip plastic zone sizes.
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Authors and Affiliations

I. Uygur
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Duzce University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Eng. 81620, Duzce
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Abstract

The results of computer modelling of an injection moulding process with microcellular foaming (MuCell®) were presented in this work. The process is based on the dissolving nitrogen in a liquid polymer which is possible when nitrogen is in supercritical fluid state (SCF). After pressure drop of the melt in the injection mould the intensive nucleation of pores occurs and, as the result, the material with high concentration of small pores is created. The pores obtained in this way are of much smaller size than in a conventional foaming process. The pore size in the cross-section of an exemplary injection moulded part was calculated in the computer modelling and compared to the results of microscopical investigation made on the real injection moulded part. It was found that the size of the pores depends on the flow length inside the injection mould and on the position in the part’s cross-section.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Nabiałek
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Jaruga
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, 21 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

Electrospun membranes exhibit very promising properties, such as high surface area, high surface area-to-pore volume ratio, high pore interconnectivity, and uniform pore distribution. Nanoparticles are a promising alternative for improving the properties of the electrospun membranes. Titania nanoparticles, which are stable, resistant, and non-toxic, have various applications including water treatment, sensors, food additive and cosmetics. Due to the high hydrophilicity of titania nanoparticles, membrane fouling is reduced in titania nanoparticles doped membranes. Titania nanoparticle doped polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanocomposite electrospun membranes were prepared by electrospinning method in this work. Compared to bare PAN electrospun membranes 0.05% titania nanoparticles doped electrospun membranes have thinner nanofibers, higher hydrophilicity and almost 2 times lower bovine serum albumin adsorption, which shows lower fouling tendency.
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Authors and Affiliations

E. Celik Madenli
ORCID: ORCID
Z.I. Ciftci
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization Ministry, Governorship of Burdur, 15100, Burdur, Turkey
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Abstract

The paper presents analysis of influence of change of physical parameters such as: temperature, friction coefficient and load, during the process of die forging. Optimization of the process effects in achieving high quality products, decreasing shaping resistance, and what follows – lower energy consumption. Temperature is the basic factor affecting the process of plastic working. Analyzing that influence in individual die fragments, allows to engineer the flow of shaped material. The QForm3D commercial program for finite element method calculations was used for numerical simulations. The paper presents multi-variant analysis of forging process with the usage of numerical simulation, which provided many valuable information concerning changes of key parameters, such as: temperature, stress and strain distribution and variations of technological parameters, as well as their mutual influence, difficult to obtain in analysis of industrial process.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Nabrdalik
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Sobociński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automation, 21 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

The Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams containing Expanded Polystyrene Beads (EPS) and Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as sand and cement replacement with a percentage between 10% and 30% were studied in terms of load-deflection behaviour. RC beam’s size was 1000×150×150 mm and simply supported at spaced 750 mm apart. The 10% of POFA without EPS shows a slight increase which is 0.26% higher than normal concrete in compressive strength. The ultimate load and flexural performance of RC beams with EPS and POFA exhibited a decreasing trend. All beams’ ultimate load exceeds the design value. The cracks of the RC beam may be classified as vertical flexural cracks, and some of the cracks can be classified as shear cracks based on the crack angle. As the percentage of EPS and POFA increases above 20% for all specimens, cracking starts to change to shear cracking.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.H. Osman
1
ORCID: ORCID
L.Y. Chin
1
S.H. Adnan
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.L.M. Jeni
1
W.A.W. Jusoh
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Salim
2
Nur Liza Rahim
3
ORCID: ORCID
J.J. Wysłocki
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Centre for Diploma Studies, Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Centre of Excellence Geopolym er & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Physics, 19 Armii KrajowejAv., 42-200 Częstochowa
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Abstract

This paper presents an analysis of non-metallic inclusions occurring in high-silicon steels containing about 3% Si of terms of their type, volume fraction and morphology. The inclusions were divided into 3 main groups: oxides, sulfides, nitrides which together can also form complex. The work was based on numerous metallographic observations in two sections (longitudinal and transverse to the rolling direction). The study was performed on three casts differing in chemical composition. The analyzed casts were characterized by a different content of non-metallic inclusions, which can be associated with slight differences in chemical composition. The analyzed results showed that the most common inclusions were oxides and nitrides. Sulfides occurred sporadically.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Ścibisz
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Krawczyk
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. ArcelorMittal Poland S.A. Unit in Krakow, Tadeusza Sendzimira 1 Str., 31-752 Krakow, Poland; AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Computer Science, AGH Do ctoral School, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

Unconventional injection methods include i.e. blowing injection that allows for production of moldings with a lower weight while maintaining mechanical properties of detail. Due to the fact that most polymers are dyed at the processing stage, it is important to examine the simultaneous effect of blowing and colorbatch, as well as variable processing conditions, on the functional properties of moldings made of the most popular construction material, i.e. ABS. Samples were made of ABS polymer without and with the addition of a colorbatch containing brown pigment on ABS matrix, and blowing agent. Variable processing conditions were: mold and injection temperature, holding pressure and time. Other parameters were constant. Samples were tested for basic functional properties such as color, gloss, mass, density and thickness. Moldings produced with a higher blowing agent content and a higher injection temperature were characterized by lower mass. No significant influence of processing parameters and content of colorbatch on mass of samples was found. Blowing agent has no significant impact on thickness of moldings, regardless of processing conditions. Addition of a colorbatch influenced samples’ gloss. Increase in colorbatch and blowing agent content and mold temperature allow to obtain moldings with a higher surface gloss. Colorbatch also changed color of samples – a decrease in luminance L even by about 40% and great changes in parameters “a” and slight changes in parameter “b”. It was found that blowing agent content had the greatest influence on density of moldings. Injection temperature and colorbatch, do not significantly affect density of moldings.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Trzaskalska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automation, 21 Armii Krajowej Av ., 42- 201 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

Improvement of magnetic properties of electrical steel can be achieved by reduction the size of magnetic domains. The application of local stresses through laser scribing leads to reduced core losses. In order to determine the effect of laser refinement conditions of magnetic domains on the properties of the soft magnetic material, four samples with a thickness 0.23 mm were refined. The refinement of each sample was carried out using different line energies of the laser beam. Estimation of the magnetic domain size was performed using the Jeffries method, the magnetic viewer was used to reveal the domain structure. The measurement of the magnetic properties was performed at a frequency of 50 Hz and an induction of 1.5 T. The analyzed results presented in this work indicate impact of laser refining on magnetic properties of grain oriented electrical steel depending on used laser beam energy.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Ścibisz
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Krawczyk
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. ArcelorMittal Poland S.A. Unit in Krakow, Tadeusza Sendzimira 1 Str., 31-752 Krakow, Poland; AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Computer Science, AGH Do ctoral School, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

Instructions for authors

Instructions for Authors


Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is a quarterly journal of Polish Academy of Sciences and Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS which publishes original scientific papers and reviews in the fields of metallurgy and materials science, foundry, mechanical working of metals, thermal engineering in metallurgy, thermodynamic and physical properties of materials, phase equilibria in the broad context and diffusion. In addition to the regular, original scientific papers and conference proceedings, invited reviews presenting the up-to-date knowledge and monothematic issues devoted to preferred areas of research will be published. Submission of a paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that if accepted it will not be published elsewhere in the same form.


When preparing the manuscript, please pay attention to the following rules:


1. Manuscript submission

1.1. Manuscripts to be considered for publication should be submitted to the Editorial Office via www.editorialsystem.com/amm/. Authors should designate corresponding author, whose responsibility is to represent the Authors in contacts with the Editorial Office. The corresponding author receives an e-mail notification confirming the submission of the manuscript to the Editorial Office and is informed about the progress of the review process.


1.2. Manuscript should not exceed 15 pages of full-size paper (A4), must be double spaced (please use 12 point font), with generous margins, and the pages must be numbered. Authors should submit an electronic file of their manuscript in Microsoft Word (minimum : version 2000).


1.3. All manuscripts must be written in good English. Both British and U.S. English are acceptable but Authors should be consistent in their usage. It is sole responsibility of the Authors to make sure that the manuscript is grammatically correct and spell checked. Authors are strongly encouraged to have the manuscript proofread by a native speaker of English or a language professional, before it is submitted to the editorial office. Papers written in poor English will be automatically rejected without being subjected to review.


1.4. Authors should submit an electronic copy of final version of their paper in Microsoft Word Format, shemes (sketches) and figures saved as .eps, .jpeg, or .tiff.


1.5. Articles submitted for publication should include abstract and maximum 5 keywords.


1.6. Please adhere to the following order of presentation:


Author(s) with first names in full and ORCID.

Affiliation(s): in a short form (Institution, City, Country). Use the superscripts (*, **, . . .) after the Authors’ names in case of different affiliations.

Title: All words in lower case (first letter of first word capitalized).


Abstract: maximum 10 lines, including primary objective, research design, methods and procedures, main outcomes and results. Do not use abbreviations in the abstract.

Keywords: 5 maximum.

Main text: Begin on the second page with Introduction, followed by Experimental (Materials and Methods) and/or Theory section, Results, Discussion, and end with Conclusion section and Acknowledgement. When appropriate the Authors may choose to combine Results section and Discussion section into one Results and Discussion section. Make sure the text in sections is divided logically into paragraphs.
Use the decimal system for sections, subsections and (at the most) sub-subsections, as exemplified in the headings of these instructions.
All abbreviations should be spelled out the first time they are introduced in text or references. Thereafter the abbreviation can be used.


Appendices

References

Correspondence address: title, name, postal address, telephone and e-mail address of the corresponding Author, number ORCID.

Figure captions

Tables

2. Manuscript preparation


The editorial system includes:


1. Manuscript, which should contain the full text with figures, tables and signatures to them where they are placed.


2. Figures, tables and signatures to them as separate files.


2.1. Formulae, equations and units
The formulas should be written in Microsoft Equation and MathType with the possibility of editing (not as graphics).
Formulae and equations should be typed on separate lines and numbered consecutively in parentheses on the right side (1) . . . (n). Vectors must be indicated as such. Size of symbols should be kept uniform for all equations in the manuscript. Formulae and equations should be referred to in the text as follows: Eq. (1).
Numbers and units must be separated by a space, e.g. 5.5 wt.%, 273.15 K, 1013 MPa, etc. The only exception are angle degrees, e.g. 90°.

2.2. Figures

Figures should be complete without corrections and additions in the word. Figures are usually printed in reduced size (fitting column width of 85 mm) and this should be taken into account when preparing them. For the best results, make sure that lettering on figures and micrographs is at least 2 mm high after reduction, and the style of labeling must be uniform for all figures. Each figure should have its own caption explaining the content without reference to the text. Figure captions should be typed on a separate page at the end of manuscript. The appropriate place of in the text should be indicated by <Fig. 3 > written in separate line. Figures should be referred to in text as follows: Fig. 1. The magnification must be indicated by a labeled scale marker on the micrograph itself, not drawn below it. For optimum printing quality micrographs should be saved as .eps or .tiff at a resolution of at least 300 dpi while line drawings at a resolution of at least 600 dpi.

2.3. Move file
The authors can make movie files up to 100 MB in MP4 format.
The author at the first reference (Movie 1. Click here) should with the Click here command connect the web address with the place of uploading the movie (hyperlink) and at the end of the article provide a list of hyperlinks (samples: Movie 1, hyperlink, movie no 2, hyperlink ......).

The files will be removed from the edytorial system when rejected or published article (moved to Rejected or Published manuscripts).


2.4. Tables

Tables together with captions should be typed on separate page at the end of manuscript. Tables are to be numbered consecutively using Arabic numbers in the text (TABLE 1 . . . n). A caption must be placed above respective table and should explain the symbols used in the heading and in the left hand column. Tables should be referred to in the text as follows: TABLE 1.


2.5. References

References should be typed on separate pages and numbered consecutively applying the system accepted by the Quarterly (initials and names all authors, journal title [abbreviated according to the Journal Title Abbreviations of Web of Science: http://library.caltech.edu/reference/abbreviations/, everyone abbreviation should be end with a dot - example. Arch.Metall.Mater.] or book title; journal volume or book publisher; page spread; publication year in bracket).

The use of DOI numbers (full notation and linked) is mandatory for each paper and should be formatted as shown in the examples below:

Journals:

[1] L.B. Magalas, Development of High-Resolution Mechanical Spectroscopy, HRMS: Status and Perspectives. HRMS Coupled with a Laser Dilatometer. Arch. Metall. Mater. 60 (3), 2069-2076 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/AMM-2015-0350

[2] E. Pagounis, M.J. Szczerba, R. Chulist, M. Laufenberg, Large Magnetic Field-Induced Work output in a NiMgGa Seven-Lavered Modulated Martensite. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 152407 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4933303

[3] H. Etschmaier, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, Suppression of Interdiffusion in Copper/Tin thin Films. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012).DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

Books:

[2] M. H. Kamdar, A.M.C. Westwood, Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behaviour, New York 1981.

Proceedings:

[3] F. Erdogan, in: H. Liebowitz (Ed.), Fracture 2, Academic Press 684, New York (1968).

Internet resource:

[4] http://www.twi.co.uk/content/fswqual.html

PhD Thesis:

[6] F.M. LIang. World Hyphenation by Computer. PhD thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, June.

Chapter in books:

[7] R. Major, P. Lacki, R. Kustosz, J. M. Lackner, Modelling of nanoindentation to simulate thin layer behavior, in: K. J. Kurzydłowski, B. Major,

P. Zięba (Ed.), Foundation of Materials Design 2006, Research Signpost (2006).

Articles in press:

[8] H. EtschmaIer, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012), DOI: 10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

3. Fees

No honorarium will be paid. The journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges.

4. Review and proofread process

4.1. Peer review process All submitted manuscripts undergo review by renowned specialists appointed by the Editor-in-Chief and members of the Editorial Board. Reviewers receive guidance to help them perform the review, and submit written opinion on the manuscript together with recommendation to accept as is, or reject, or accept after revision. In the latter case i.e. when revision is requested, the authors are obliged to respond to Editor and Reviewers’ comments in detail and make revisions to the manuscript. A rebuttal to Reviewers’ comments can also be sent via the Editorial System in writing. Decision to reject the article is taken by the Editorial Board with the final decision belonging to the Editor, who may appoint another reviewer if necessary. Reviewers remain anonymous to Authors and their identity cannot be revealed by the Editorial Office.

In a separate file, the authors are requested to suggest names and contact details (affiliations and valid e-mail addresses) of at least three experts who could serve as reviewers.

Brief explanation (2-3 sentence-long) why each person is suitable as a reviewer should also be provided. The suggested reviewers cannot be from the same country as affiliation of the corresponding author. The decision to appoint a reviewer belongs solely to the editor.

4.2. Revised manuscript submission

When revision of a manuscript is requested, Authors should return the revised version of their manuscript as soon as possible. Prompt action may ensure fast publication if a paper is finally accepted for publication in Arch. Metall. Mater. If it is the first revision of an article Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 7 days.

If it is the second revision Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 1 day.

4.3. Final proofreading

Authors will receive a pdf file with the edited version of their manuscript for final proofreading. This is the last opportunity to view an article before its publication on the journal web site. No changes or modifications can be introduced once it is published. Thus authors are requested to check their proof pages carefully against manuscript within 3 working days and prepare a separate document containing all changes that should be introduced. Authors are sometimes asked to provide additional comments and explanations in response to remarks and queries from the language or technical editors.

5. Original version

Starting from issue 1/ 2018, Volume 63, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is published in electronic via www.journals.pan.pl. The printed version is printed only for designated libraries (legal basis: Regulation of the Minister of Culture and Art of March 6, 1997).

6. Prevent cases of plagiarism

Readers should be sure that the authors present the results of their work transparently, fair and honest, regardless of whether they are the direct authors, or used the help of a specialized entity (natural or legal person). To prevent cases of plagiarism, "ghostwriting" and "guest Authorship", the Editorial Office will require that the Authors disclosed the contribution of individual Authors in the creation of manuscript (with their affiliations and contributions, i.e. the information who is responsible for: research concept and design, collection and/or assembly of data, data analysis and interpretation, writing the manuscript). Funding sources (together with grant number) must also be revealed. The corresponding Author will bear the main responsibility for the manuscript. Detected cases will be exposed, including notifying the appropriate entities (institutions employing the Authors, scientific societies, associations of editors of scientific journals, etc.).

7. License type

Articles are printed in an open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). This license allows authors to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, remix, transform, and build upon the material. Authors may not use the material for commercial purposes. However, this condition does not include dependent works (they may be covered by another license).

Submission of an article to the journal is unequivocal to expressing consent to the publication in both paper and electronic form.

Additional info

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is covered by the following services:


Arianta, Baidu Scholar, BazTech, Celdes, Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) - CAplus, Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) - Current Contents/Engineering, Computing, and Technology, Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) - Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) - Materials Science Citation Index, Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) - Science Citation Index Expanded, CNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), CNPIEC, DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals), EBSCO (relevant databases), EBSCO Discovery Service, Elsevier - SCOPUS, Genamics JournalSeek, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, J-Gate, JournalTOCs, KESLI-NDSL (Korean National Discovery for Science Leaders), Microsoft Academic, Naviga (Softweco), Primo Central (ExLibris), ProQuest (relevant databases), ReadCube, ResearchGate, SCImago (SJR), Sherpa/RoMEO, Summon (Serials Solutions/ProQuest), TDNet, TEMA Technik und Management, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory/ulrichsweb, WanFang Data, WorldCat (OCLC)

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