Nauki Techniczne

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

Zawartość

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2002 | No 1

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Abstrakt

Ni Al, an interrnetallic compound with the B2 ordered structure. exhibits potential as a viable high temperature structural material. However. before this material (and other interrnerallics) can be of practical use a number of technical problems must be overcome. including lack of ductility al the room temperature. In an attempt lO address the brittleness of NiAI. and based on a premise that grain refinement may lead lo significant ductility improvements mechanical alloying and nanocrysialline synthesis were used to produce fine-grained NiAI. The mechanically alloyed NiAI with an average grain size of about 0.5 μm, unlike its coarse grained. cast counterpart, exhibits a notable room temperature compressive ductility due to two contributing microstructural factors: i) the development of the< 110> texture during hol extrusion leading to the activation of additional slip systems. and ii) the predominance of low angle grain boundaries. In the nanocrystalline form, NiAI with an average grain size in the range from 2 lo I O nm, exhibits measurable room temperature ductility in biaxial disc bend tests. unlike its coarse-grained counterpart. This observation can be explained assuming that diffusional, rather than dislocation, mechanisms control plastic deformation of the nanocrysralline NiAI. The emphasis of the present paper is on rationalizing the improved room temperature ductility in mechanically alloyed and nanocrystalline NiAI. The most significant conclusion of the present discussion - contrary lo widespread beliefs - is that the grain size plays only an indirect role in controlling ductility.
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Bibliografia

R. Darolia, Journal of Metals, 43, 44 ( 1991 ).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Anna Dollar
Stanisław Dymek
Marek Dollar
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Abstrakt

The superplastic deformation process is interesting not only from the scientific point of view but also because of benefits it offers when applied in industry. The generation of superplastic structures in aluminium alloys of the 7XXX type depends on the formation of precipitates in suitable amount, size and dispersion which may be obtained by thermomechanical treatment. The A7475 alloy was continuously cast, extruded and thermomechanically treated. The investigations on creating precipitates and microstructure of the AIZnCuMgCr alloy were performed using optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and X-ray phase analysis. The morphology of the alloy after a full thermomechanical treatment showed fine, equiaxial average grain about 12 urn in size. The strain rate sensitivity coefficient m determined from tensile tests was estimated between 0.56-0.70. About 495 pct elongation was obtained in a tension test at the flow stress of 3 MPa, strain rate 8 x I O 3s I and temperature 790 K. It demonstrates that material of good superplastic properties was elaborated.
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Bibliografia

[1] M.FAshby,RA Vera li, ActaMetall.21, 149(1973).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Janusz Król
Marta Tałach-Domańska
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Abstrakt

The objective of the paper is an evaluation of optimization technique based on genetic algorithm, concerning an applicability of the method to the inverse analysis. The general principles of the inverse analysis are discussed in the paper and short description of the direct model based on the finite element solution is given. Genetic algorithm is presented next and an implementation of the method into the inverse analysis is shown. Practical application of the algorithm is investigated for copper rings compressed on the Gleeble 3800 simulator. Load-displacement data and shape of the ring after compression were used as input to the inverse analysis. Three optimization methods are compared in this analysis: genetic algorithm, Hooke-Jeeves and simplex. The parameters of the analysis were selected taking into account a similar number of callings of the finite element solver for all methods. Comparison of the results has shown that genetic algorithm is an efficient optimization technique for the inverse method applications. It confirmed good accuracy and convergence as well as avoiding of local minima during the optimization process.
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Bibliografia

[1] A. Gavrus, E. Massoni, J.L. Che n ot, Constitutive Parameter Identification using a Computer Aided Rheology, Proc. NUMIFORM'95, eds, S.F. Shen, P.R. Dawson, Publ. A. Balkema, Ithaca. 563-568 ( 1995)
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jolanta Talarek
Danuta Szeliga
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Abstrakt

A current review of the most widely used production methods for fine cobalt powders, which find application as a binder in the manufacture of cemented carbides and diamond impregnated cutting tools, is provided. Emphasis has been placed on the powder's chemical, physical and technological characteristics specific to each production route. Nowadays, the majority of cobalt powder grades are made by chemical methods, such as thermal decomposition of cobalt oxalate, reduction of oxides, and hydrometallurgical processing of aqueous solutions, although an atomised material, used mainly in the thermal spray and surface coating field, is also applied in the diamond tool industry. The bulk of the industrially important cobalt powder passes through the 37μm (400 mesh) standard sieve. Therefore it has become customary to classify the commercial powders into ultrafine (or sub-micron), extrafine and mesh grades, which are characterised by an average particle size of 0.5-lμm, 1-3.Sμm and 3.5-6μm respectively, as determined by the Fisher method.
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Bibliografia

[1] Determination of average particle size of metal powders using the Fisher Subsieve Sizer, MPIF Standard 32, 1995
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Janusz Konstanty
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Abstrakt

In order to perform the computer simulation of the effect of heating technology on heat consumption, a program for the numerical computations of charge heating and heat exchange in the furnace chamber was developed within this study. The calculations of heat exchange in the furnace chamber were made using a zonal method. The internal space of the furnace was divided into 20 computational zones, in which isothermal surfaces and isothermal gas bodies were separated. The problem of radiation heat flow was solved using two versions of the brightness and configuration ratios method. In heat exchange calculations, heat transfer by means of convection was taken into account. The results of the computer simulation of the effect of heating intensity on heat exchange indicate clearly that the most energy-saving process is heating with "nearly" linear variation of charge surface temperature. The computation results show also that for each case of heating there is a specific charge surface temperature increase rate during the heating period. which assures the minimum heat consumption.
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Bibliografia

[1] Z. Kolenda, Transport ciepła i masy w procesach metalurgicznych. Cz.I. Przewodzenie ciepła. Problemy liniowe. AGH Kraków (1982).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Marcin Kieloch
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Abstrakt

Strontium belongs to chemically very active metals. It occurs usually in nature as the sulphate, mostly in celestite form. Strontium sulphate can be processed to strontium or strontium salts of practical importance by different methods. One of them consists in converting strontium sulphate SrSO4 to strontium sulphide SrS that can in form be used for synthesizing of strontium carbonate or nitrate. However, a direct transformation of SrSO, into SrC03 during strontium sulphate reduction by (CO+ CO2) mixture is also suggested in literature. The work is aimed to confirm the possibility of this direct transformation. The experiments were carried out within temperature range 1073-1373 Kand for varying CO/CO2 ratio. The obtained results allow to determine the temperature range and the gas compositions in which SrSO4 is reduced to SrS. However, no direct transformation of strontium sulphate to strontium carbonate was observed under experimental conditions.
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Bibliografia

[1] Z. Panck, K. Fitzner. Therrnochimica Acta 113, 359-368 ( 1987)
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Maksymilian Sukiennik
Czesław Malinowski
Stanisław Małecki
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Abstrakt

The reduction of iron oxides from liquid slags is the fundamental stage of many newly developed, future-oriented technologies of obtaining liquid iron (pig iron), which are referred to as reduction iron smelting processes, whose main distinguishing feature is the use of non-coking coals. The reduction processes in those technologies are heterogeneous processes in which the following phases take part: a solid phase (carbon reducer), a liquid phase (molten iron oxides in the salg), and a gaseous phase (carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide). This is the reason for the complexity of the reduction process mechanism, which makes the kinetic description of these reaction difficult. In the present study, a methodology of examining the reduction was adopted using the so called graphite rotating disk. The investigations carried out within the present study were aimed to determine the kinetic area for the reduction of iron oxides in the temperature range of I 350-l 420°C in the CaO-Fe0-SiO2 slags and with an FeO content from 20 to 60% by weight, with the use of a graphite reducer, as well as to evaluate the kinetic parameters of the process. The applied methodology of the rotating disk tests has enabled a conclusion to be drawn of the suitability of this method for identifying the kinetic area of reduction in most of the reduction variants used. It has been found that for slags with a basicity from 0.3 1 to 1.53 and in the viscosity range from 4.23 to 0.31 dPa·s the reduction rate is determined by the diffusion of FeO to the slag-reducer interface. Parameters of the kinetic diffusion area have been calculated, such as: FeO diffusion coefficient, the limiting diffusion layer thickness and mass transfer coefficient. The analysis of the calculated values of FeO diffusion coefficients made based on the available literature data indicates that these should be regarded as specific for the diffusion coefficients of oxygen ions in the liquid slag. The determined mass transfer coefficients have enabled the reduction rate to be calculated for particular variants of reduction. A good agreement with the experimental results has been obtained at low disc rotations.
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Bibliografia

[1] R. J. Fruehan. K. Ito. B. Ozturk. Steel Research 3-4. 129 (1989).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jan Mróz
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Abstrakt

Currently. arsenic is removed from blister copper by soda and calcium hydroxide injection into liquid metal. In consequence sodium and calcium arsenates are formed. These arsenaies could be converted to analogues of minerals, which naturally contain high concentration of arsenic and are known to be durable over geological time and slightly soluble in water. The project attempted to show that sodium arsenate contained in slag could be convened into svabite Ca;(AsO4)3F which is being considered for safe disposal of arsenic. The thermal stability of the synthesised svabite under low oxygen pressure was also determined.
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Bibliografia

[1] T.J. While. I. A. Toor. Stabilizing Toxic Metal Concentrates by Using SMITE, JOM, March 1996. 54-58.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Marian Kucharski
Wieslaw Mróz
Janusz Kowalczyk
Barbara Szafirska
Monika Gluzińska
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Abstrakt

This paper presents a brief review of methods of leaching copper ores and concentrates with acidic and alkaline reagents, and addresses the nature of the reactions occurring during dissolution of polydispersed material. Based on known studies, a method is proposed to calculate the reaction-rate constants and apparent activation energy for dissolution of lead from copper concentrates. Lead was leached with I O and 40 percent ammonium acetate solutions at temperatures ranging from 293K to 323K. Based on the experimental results, the apparent activation energy was calculated for dissolution of lead from copper concentrate.
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Bibliografia

[I] J. Wójtowicz. W. Wasilewski, K. Żmudziński, E. Bonarek, Ługowanie siarczków miedzi z półproduktów w środowisku amoniakalnym. Fizykochemiczne Problemy Przeróbki Kopalin 5. 71-82 (1971).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Stanisława Sanak-Rydlewska

Instrukcja dla autorów

Instructions for Authors


Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is a quarterly journal of Polish Academy of Sciences and Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS which publishes original scientific papers and reviews in the fields of metallurgy and materials science, foundry, mechanical working of metals, thermal engineering in metallurgy, thermodynamic and physical properties of materials, phase equilibria in the broad context and diffusion. In addition to the regular, original scientific papers and conference proceedings, invited reviews presenting the up-to-date knowledge and monothematic issues devoted to preferred areas of research will be published. Submission of a paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that if accepted it will not be published elsewhere in the same form.


When preparing the manuscript, please pay attention to the following rules:


1. Manuscript submission

1.1. Manuscripts to be considered for publication should be submitted to the Editorial Office via www.editorialsystem.com/amm/. Authors should designate corresponding author, whose responsibility is to represent the Authors in contacts with the Editorial Office. The corresponding author receives an e-mail notification confirming the submission of the manuscript to the Editorial Office and is informed about the progress of the review process.


1.2. Manuscript should not exceed 15 pages of full-size paper (A4), must be double spaced (please use 12 point font), with generous margins, and the pages must be numbered. Authors should submit an electronic file of their manuscript in Microsoft Word (minimum : version 2000).


1.3. All manuscripts must be written in good English. Both British and U.S. English are acceptable but Authors should be consistent in their usage. It is sole responsibility of the Authors to make sure that the manuscript is grammatically correct and spell checked. Authors are strongly encouraged to have the manuscript proofread by a native speaker of English or a language professional, before it is submitted to the editorial office. Papers written in poor English will be automatically rejected without being subjected to review.


1.4. Authors should submit an electronic copy of final version of their paper in Microsoft Word Format, shemes (sketches) and figures saved as .eps, .jpeg, or .tiff.


1.5. Articles submitted for publication should include abstract and maximum 5 keywords.


1.6. Please adhere to the following order of presentation:


Author(s) with first names in full and ORCID.

Affiliation(s): in a short form (Institution, City, Country). Use the superscripts (*, **, . . .) after the Authors’ names in case of different affiliations.

Title: All words in lower case (first letter of first word capitalized).


Abstract: maximum 10 lines, including primary objective, research design, methods and procedures, main outcomes and results. Do not use abbreviations in the abstract.

Keywords: 5 maximum.

Main text: Begin on the second page with Introduction, followed by Experimental (Materials and Methods) and/or Theory section, Results, Discussion, and end with Conclusion section and Acknowledgement. When appropriate the Authors may choose to combine Results section and Discussion section into one Results and Discussion section. Make sure the text in sections is divided logically into paragraphs.
Use the decimal system for sections, subsections and (at the most) sub-subsections, as exemplified in the headings of these instructions.
All abbreviations should be spelled out the first time they are introduced in text or references. Thereafter the abbreviation can be used.


Appendices

References

Correspondence address: title, name, postal address, telephone and e-mail address of the corresponding Author, number ORCID.

Figure captions

Tables

2. Manuscript preparation


The editorial system includes:


1. Manuscript, which should contain the full text with figures, tables and signatures to them where they are placed.


2. Figures, tables and signatures to them as separate files.


2.1. Formulae, equations and units
The formulas should be written in Microsoft Equation and MathType with the possibility of editing (not as graphics).
Formulae and equations should be typed on separate lines and numbered consecutively in parentheses on the right side (1) . . . (n). Vectors must be indicated as such. Size of symbols should be kept uniform for all equations in the manuscript. Formulae and equations should be referred to in the text as follows: Eq. (1).
Numbers and units must be separated by a space, e.g. 5.5 wt.%, 273.15 K, 1013 MPa, etc. The only exception are angle degrees, e.g. 90°.

2.2. Figures

Figures should be complete without corrections and additions in the word. Figures are usually printed in reduced size (fitting column width of 85 mm) and this should be taken into account when preparing them. For the best results, make sure that lettering on figures and micrographs is at least 2 mm high after reduction, and the style of labeling must be uniform for all figures. Each figure should have its own caption explaining the content without reference to the text. Figure captions should be typed on a separate page at the end of manuscript. The appropriate place of in the text should be indicated by <Fig. 3 > written in separate line. Figures should be referred to in text as follows: Fig. 1. The magnification must be indicated by a labeled scale marker on the micrograph itself, not drawn below it. For optimum printing quality micrographs should be saved as .eps or .tiff at a resolution of at least 300 dpi while line drawings at a resolution of at least 600 dpi.

2.3. Move file
The authors can make movie files up to 100 MB in MP4 format.
The author at the first reference (Movie 1. Click here) should with the Click here command connect the web address with the place of uploading the movie (hyperlink) and at the end of the article provide a list of hyperlinks (samples: Movie 1, hyperlink, movie no 2, hyperlink ......).

The files will be removed from the edytorial system when rejected or published article (moved to Rejected or Published manuscripts).


2.4. Tables

Tables together with captions should be typed on separate page at the end of manuscript. Tables are to be numbered consecutively using Arabic numbers in the text (TABLE 1 . . . n). A caption must be placed above respective table and should explain the symbols used in the heading and in the left hand column. Tables should be referred to in the text as follows: TABLE 1.


2.5. References

References should be typed on separate pages and numbered consecutively applying the system accepted by the Quarterly (initials and names all authors, journal title [abbreviated according to the Journal Title Abbreviations of Web of Science: http://library.caltech.edu/reference/abbreviations/, everyone abbreviation should be end with a dot - example. Arch.Metall.Mater.] or book title; journal volume or book publisher; page spread; publication year in bracket).

The use of DOI numbers (full notation and linked) is mandatory for each paper and should be formatted as shown in the examples below:

Journals:

[1] L.B. Magalas, Development of High-Resolution Mechanical Spectroscopy, HRMS: Status and Perspectives. HRMS Coupled with a Laser Dilatometer. Arch. Metall. Mater. 60 (3), 2069-2076 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/AMM-2015-0350

[2] E. Pagounis, M.J. Szczerba, R. Chulist, M. Laufenberg, Large Magnetic Field-Induced Work output in a NiMgGa Seven-Lavered Modulated Martensite. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 152407 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4933303

[3] H. Etschmaier, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, Suppression of Interdiffusion in Copper/Tin thin Films. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012).DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

Books:

[2] M. H. Kamdar, A.M.C. Westwood, Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behaviour, New York 1981.

Proceedings:

[3] F. Erdogan, in: H. Liebowitz (Ed.), Fracture 2, Academic Press 684, New York (1968).

Internet resource:

[4] http://www.twi.co.uk/content/fswqual.html

PhD Thesis:

[6] F.M. LIang. World Hyphenation by Computer. PhD thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, June.

Chapter in books:

[7] R. Major, P. Lacki, R. Kustosz, J. M. Lackner, Modelling of nanoindentation to simulate thin layer behavior, in: K. J. Kurzydłowski, B. Major,

P. Zięba (Ed.), Foundation of Materials Design 2006, Research Signpost (2006).

Articles in press:

[8] H. EtschmaIer, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012), DOI: 10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

3. Fees

No honorarium will be paid. The journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges.

4. Review and proofread process

4.1. Peer review process All submitted manuscripts undergo review by renowned specialists appointed by the Editor-in-Chief and members of the Editorial Board. Reviewers receive guidance to help them perform the review, and submit written opinion on the manuscript together with recommendation to accept as is, or reject, or accept after revision. In the latter case i.e. when revision is requested, the authors are obliged to respond to Editor and Reviewers’ comments in detail and make revisions to the manuscript. A rebuttal to Reviewers’ comments can also be sent via the Editorial System in writing. Decision to reject the article is taken by the Editorial Board with the final decision belonging to the Editor, who may appoint another reviewer if necessary. Reviewers remain anonymous to Authors and their identity cannot be revealed by the Editorial Office.

In a separate file, the authors are requested to suggest names and contact details (affiliations and valid e-mail addresses) of at least three experts who could serve as reviewers.

Brief explanation (2-3 sentence-long) why each person is suitable as a reviewer should also be provided. The suggested reviewers cannot be from the same country as affiliation of the corresponding author. The decision to appoint a reviewer belongs solely to the editor.

4.2. Revised manuscript submission

When revision of a manuscript is requested, Authors should return the revised version of their manuscript as soon as possible. Prompt action may ensure fast publication if a paper is finally accepted for publication in Arch. Metall. Mater. If it is the first revision of an article Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 7 days.

If it is the second revision Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 1 day.

4.3. Final proofreading

Authors will receive a pdf file with the edited version of their manuscript for final proofreading. This is the last opportunity to view an article before its publication on the journal web site. No changes or modifications can be introduced once it is published. Thus authors are requested to check their proof pages carefully against manuscript within 3 working days and prepare a separate document containing all changes that should be introduced. Authors are sometimes asked to provide additional comments and explanations in response to remarks and queries from the language or technical editors.

5. Original version

Starting from issue 1/ 2018, Volume 63, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is published in electronic via www.journals.pan.pl. The printed version is printed only for designated libraries (legal basis: Regulation of the Minister of Culture and Art of March 6, 1997).

6. Prevent cases of plagiarism

Readers should be sure that the authors present the results of their work transparently, fair and honest, regardless of whether they are the direct authors, or used the help of a specialized entity (natural or legal person). To prevent cases of plagiarism, "ghostwriting" and "guest Authorship", the Editorial Office will require that the Authors disclosed the contribution of individual Authors in the creation of manuscript (with their affiliations and contributions, i.e. the information who is responsible for: research concept and design, collection and/or assembly of data, data analysis and interpretation, writing the manuscript). Funding sources (together with grant number) must also be revealed. The corresponding Author will bear the main responsibility for the manuscript. Detected cases will be exposed, including notifying the appropriate entities (institutions employing the Authors, scientific societies, associations of editors of scientific journals, etc.).

7. License type

Articles are printed in an open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). This license allows authors to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, remix, transform, and build upon the material. Authors may not use the material for commercial purposes. However, this condition does not include dependent works (they may be covered by another license).

Submission of an article to the journal is unequivocal to expressing consent to the publication in both paper and electronic form.

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