Applied sciences

Archives of Mining Sciences

Content

Archives of Mining Sciences | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 2

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Abstract

The paper presents an example illustrating the problems of assessing the causes of damage that occurred to building structures located in mining and post-mining area. It is frequently necessary to determine whether probable damages came from other, non-mining causes or were caused by underground mining. This issue is particularly significant when it comes to monumental, historical objects because the cost of repairs is typically very high. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate, using the magnificent church as an example, that damage to building objects situated in mining areas does not necessarily result from mining activities. As a result, every such situation should be thoroughly evaluated to determine whether such a relationship exists. For the assessment of such a conclusion, multidirectional studies in the framework of this work were carried out: hydrogeological, mining and technical factors that cause the damage to the church building in question were analysed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Edward Cempiel
1
Piotr Strzałkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Roman Ścigała
1
ORCID: ORCID
Izabela Bryt-Nitarska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, 2A Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Strata Mechanics Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

This study aimed to indicate the variability range of parameter values describing the geomechanical properties of Carboniferous rocks depending on the moisture content of the laboratory sample. We assumed that the moisture content in the tested rock samples corresponds to various water saturation states in the rock mass. The states could be caused by complete and long-term drainage, water inflow, or the position of the rock sample to the ventilation ducts or the water table in flooded mine workings. In line with this assumption, measurements were made on samples of accompanying rock using two water saturation states of rock pores – moisture of samples, i.e., air-dried and capillary saturation states. Laboratory surveys were also made for the state of moisture of the coals obtained in the process of immersion of the sample in water. The air-dried state of rocks as standard in geomechanical tests in laboratories was compared with the surroundings of mining excavations, mostly ventilated ones, located within a long-term preserved depression cone, especially in hydrogeological covered areas. We used the capillary saturation state to demonstrate significant changes in the values of basic geomechanical parameters under the influence of the water from the surface and higher aquifers, circulating in the rock mass near groundwater reservoirs. Capillary saturation was the closest to natural moisture in the rock mass drained from free water. The coefficient of changes in the geomechanical properties of rocks associated with the change in moisture content and the transition of rocks from the air-dried state to the capillary saturation state was determined. The parameter was suitable for simulating probable changes in the values of geomechanical parameters of rocks and approximating the laboratory moisture content to the conditions occurring in the rock mass. Linear relationships were also developed with very good or good, and sometimes satisfactory coefficient determinations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosława Bukowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Bukowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. GIG Research Institute, 1 Gwarków Sq., 40-166 Katowice, Poland
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Abstract

The shortage of investment areas may be at least partially satisfied by the development of reclaimed post-mining areas. These are often subsidence zones levelled with hard coal mine waste or reclaimed sub-level old dumps of this waste. From the geotechnical point of view, such grounds represent anthropogenic grounds containing mine waste, and they are considered as possessing unfavourable properties in terms of the foundation of building structures. The paper initially presents the analysis of the properties of waste from the hard coal mining industry, emphasising that they expose several beneficial properties enabling their safe use. The second part of the article is devoted to the determination of soil density using the DPSH probe. It has been found that the applicable standards lack complex relationships that would allow for a reliable interpretation of the measurement results in a wide range of soil types. The last part presents exemplary results of measurements made with the DPSH probe at a construction site. The obtained results allowed for the formulation of several conclusions regarding the possibility of building on a ground made of hard coal waste and the use of dynamic sounding to assess the geotechnical properties of such anthropogenic soil.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Jendruś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Grzegorz Pach
1
ORCID: ORCID
Grzegorz Strozik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Mining, Safety Engineering and Industrial Automation, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

The effective utilisation of monitoring data of the coal mine is the core of realising intelligent mine. The complex and challenging underground environment, coupled with unstable sensors, can result in “dirty” data in monitoring information. A reliable data cleaning method is necessary to figure out how to extract high-quality information from large monitoring data sets while minimising data redundancy. Based on this, a cleaning method for sensor monitoring data based on stacked denoising autoencoders (SDAE) is proposed. The sample data of the ventilation system under normal conditions are trained by the SDAE algorithm and the upper limit of reconstruction errors is obtained by Kernel density estimation (KDE). The Apriori algorithm is used to study the correlation between monitoring data time series. By comparing reconstruction errors and error duration of test data with the upper limit of reconstruction error and tolerance time, cooperating with the correlation rule, the “dirty” data is resolved. The method is tested in the Dongshan coal mine. The experimental results show that the proposed method can not only identify the dirty data but retain the faulty information. The research provides effective basic data for fault diagnosis and disaster warning.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dan Zhao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhiyuan Shen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zihao Song
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lina Xie
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Liaoning Technical University, College of Safety Science & Engineering, Fuxin 123000, China
  2. Shenyang Institute of Technology, Shenyang 110000, China
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Abstract

The high temperature and thermal radiation caused by generator fire accidents on the offshore platform lead to the destruction of equipment and facilities and threaten the structural safety of the offshore platform. Based on the background of a crude oil generator fire accident on an offshore platform, KFX software was used to conduct a numerical simulation of the fire process and explore the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of smoke, temperature and heat radiation within the scope of the fire room. The influence ranges of 12.5 kW/m2, 25 kW/m2 and 35 kW/m2 were obtained according to the thermal radiation criterion. Researchers examined the temperature variation and heat flow at the room’s ceiling and floor near the primary steel support. The results show that: 1) The surface temperatures of partial steel supports exceed 550°C, and the heat flux of partial steel supports exceeds 37.5 kW/m2. 2) In the ignition position, the maximum temperature at the ceiling reaches 2299°C when t = 24 s, and the maximum temperature at the flooring reaches 701°C when t = 79 s. The heat radiation flux at the ceiling and flooring both exceeds 25 kW/m2. The maximum temperature of partial crude oil generators can reach 1299°C. 3) The heat radiation flux of partial generators can reach 105 kW/m2, and the heat radiation flux at the adjacent point of partial generators never exceeds 20 kW/m2. The above research results can provide a reference for checking the response time of flame detectors and the strength of the supporting structure.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yang Cao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wang Honghong
1
Wang Haodong
2 3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Engineering Design and Research, CNOOC Research Institute Co., Ltd. 100028 Beijing, China
  2. College of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
  3. Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Safety and Emergency Technology, Ministry of Emergency Management, Beijing 102249, China
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Abstract

Findings. The function of breaking deformations within the rock mass in the bottomhole of a hydromechanical drilling well is dependent on various technological means and methods. A sequential analysis has been conducted to identify the most influential factors in this process. Positive features of hydromechanical drilling have been outlined from the viewpoint of effective intensification of basic technical and economic parameters of the process of well construction with different purposes. Complete operational similarity and technological interconnection of a mechanism of the formation of different parts of a hydromechanical drilling well have been shown in terms of their stipulation by the properties of rock formations and mode support of a well construction process. Top-priority of a hydromechanical drilling type has been proved to generate as many parameters of dynamic effect on rock mass, which results in the increasing scope of bottomhole breaking processes. Attention has been paid to the study of the problem of tool support for drilling operations from the viewpoint of tracing the nature of bottomhole processes running in terms of different technical and technological factors. The possibility and necessity of using surface-active substances (SAS) as the main activators of positive deformation interactions in the “metal pellets – rock” pair have been proved and substantiated; use will be based on the developed methodological approaches of rational selection of a component-concentration composition of a breaking medium.
Originality. The efficiency of a hydromechanical drilling type is stipulated by the degree of dynamic effect on the rock bottomhole; depending on its geological-mineralogical and physicomechanical features, it can be intensified by increasing frequency of impacting, interpretation of the effecting mechanism, variation of the cleaning agent type as well as directed activation of the manifestation of surface and interphase interactions.
Practical implications. The represented results of analytical and laboratory-experimental studies are the basis for the development of methodological foundations to elaborate the mode parameters of the technology of hydromechanical drilling for the construction of wells. They belong to the basic initial data applied while developing the design and working characteristics of the corresponding modernised operating members.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrii Ihnatov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jamil Sami Haddad
2
ORCID: ORCID
Yevhenii Koroviaka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Oleksandr Aziukovskyi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Valerii Rastsvietaiev
1
ORCID: ORCID
Olena Dmytruk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Dnipro University of Technology, Ukraine
  2. Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan
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Abstract

Unconventional oil and gas reservoirs are characterised by low porosity, low permeability and low natural deliverability. At present, horizontal wells staged fracturing is an effective development method. However, in the case of staged hydraulic fracturing in horizontal wells, stress interference occurs between multiple fractures, leading to fracture deformation and even inhibiting the formation of fractures, thereby affecting reservoir production. In this paper, based on the extended finite element method (XFEM), considering the fluid flow in the fracture and fracturing fluid filtration, we analyse the effects of fracturing fluid pumping rate, fracture spacing and elastic modulus on horizontal in-situ stress, fracture parameters and fracture extension pattern during different fracturing initiation processes. The results show that the induced stress generated by the action of fracturing fluid changes the direction of horizontal in-situ stress in the elliptical region around the fracture. In the mode of simultaneous fracture initiation (TFIS), the extension of two symmetrical fractures is “repulsive”; in the mode of two fractures initiated at different times (TFIDT), the extension direction is “mutual attraction”. A large pumping rate and small elastic modulus are conducive to fracture propagation. In the TFIS mode, two fractures alternately expand, while in the TFIDT mode, the impact of rock mechanical properties and construction parameters on fracture propagation will be amplified. The extension of subsequent fractures will be restrained, especially when the fracture spacing is less than 10 m. The width of the previously created fracture will be severely affected, even causing a partial closure and becoming elongated fractures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Shuang Liang
1 2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Di Wang
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Dan Liu
4
Yang Tian
3
ORCID: ORCID
Haibo Wang
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Fengxia Li
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Gang Dong
5
ORCID: ORCID
Chengfeng Yin
6
ORCID: ORCID
Yi Yang
7
ORCID: ORCID

  1. State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development, Beijing, China
  2. State Energy Center for Shale Oil Research and Development, Beijing, China
  3. Department of Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, China
  4. PipeChina Oil & Gas Pipeline Control Center, Beijing, 122000, China
  5. The Eighth Oil Production Plant of Daqing Oilfield Limited Company, Daqing, China
  6. The Fourth Oil Production Plant of Daqing Oilfield Limited Company, Daqing, China
  7. The Tenth Oil Production Plant of Daqing Oilfield Limited Company, Daqing, China
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Abstract

This paper aims to evaluate the effects of blended binders on the development of strength in moraine soils by optimising the proportion of several binders. We tested three types of soil as a mixture of moraine soils: A (sandy clay), B (clayey silt) and C (silty clay), collected in southern Sweden. The soil was compacted using a modified Proctor test using the standard SS-EN 13286-2:2010 to determine optimum moisture content. The particle size distribution was analysed to determine suitable binders. The specimens of types A, B and C, were treated by six different binders: ordinary Portland cement (OPC); hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2); ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and their blends in various proportions. The strength gain in soil treated by binders was evaluated by the test for Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) against curing time. For soil type A, the strength increase is comparable for most of the binders, with the difference in behaviour in the UCS gain. The OPC/lime, GGBFS and hydrated lime showed a direct correlation, while OPC, OPC/GGBFS and GGBFS/hydrated lime – a quick gain in the UCS by day 28th. After that, the rate of growth decreased. Compared to soil type A, Ca(OH)2 performs better on the stabilisation of soil type B. Besides, the hydrated lime works better on the gain of the UCS compared to other binders. The GGBFS/Ca(OH)2 blend shows a notable effect on soil type A: the UCS of soil treated by Ca(OH)2 performs similarly to those treated by OPC with visible effects on day 90th. Cement and a blend of slag/hydrated lime demonstrated the best results for soil type B. An effective interaction was noted for the blends GGBFS and hydrated lime, which is reflected in the UCS development in soils type A and B. Blended binder GGBFS/hydrated lime performs better compared to single binders.
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Authors and Affiliations

Per Lindh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Polina Lemenkova
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Swedish Transport Administration, Department of Investments Technology and Environment, Neptunigatan 52, Box 366, SE-201-23 Malmö, Sweden
  2. Lund University, Lunds Tekniska Högskola (LTH), Faculty of Engineering, Department of Building and Environmental Technology, Division of Building Materials, Sweden
  3. Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École Polytechnique de Bruxelles (Brussels Faculty of Engineering), Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis (LISA) Belgium
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Abstract

Belts are widely applied in mine production for conveying ores. Understanding ore granularity, which is a crucial factor in determining the effectiveness of crushers, is vital for optimising production efficiency throughout the crushing process and ensuring the success of subsequent operations. Based on edge computing technology, an online detection method is investigated to rapidly and accurately obtain ore granularity information on high-speed conveyor belts. The detection system utilising machine vision technology is designed in this paper. The high-speed camera set above the belt is used to collect the image of the ore flow, and the collected image is input into the edge computing device. After binary, grey morphology and convex hull algorithm processing, the particle size distribution of ore is obtained by statistical analysis. Finally, a 5G router is used to output the settlement result to a cloud platform. In the GUANBAOSHAN mine of Ansteel Group, the deviation between manual screening and image particle size analysis was studied. Experimental results show that the proposed method can detect the ore granularity, ore flow width and ore flow terminal in real-time. It can provide a reference for the staff to adjust the parameters of the crushing equipment, reduce the mechanical loss and the energy consumption of the equipment, improve the efficiency of crushing operation and reduce the failure rate of the crusher.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jiang Yao
1
Yinbo Xue
2
Xiaoliang Li
2
Lei Zhai
2
Zhenyu Yang
3
Wenhui Zhang
3

  1. Northeastern University, China
  2. Chinese Academy of Sciences Allwin Technology Co., Ltd, China
  3. Ansteel Group Guanbaoshan Mining Co., Ltd, China
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Abstract

In order to explore the mining failure law of deep coal seam floor and clarify the mechanical behavior and energy change in the floor strata during mining, the mechanical properties and energy evolution law of sandstone under cyclic loading with different confining pressures (20, 30, 40 MPa) were studied using the Rock Top multi-field coupling tester. The results are as follows: (1) the hysteresis phenomenon of a rock stress-strain curve under cyclic loading is evident. Moreover, the hysteresis loop migrates to the direction of strain increase, and the fatigue damage caused by cyclic loading has a certain weakening effect on the peak strength of rock; (2) both the number of cycles and the axial strain show a nonlinear change characteristic that satisfies the quadratic function relationship. Among them, the stress level of the rock is the main factor affecting the fitting effect; (3) under the same confining pressure, with an increase in cycle level, the macroscopic deformation of the rock increases, the accumulation of fatigue damage in the sample increases, and the irreversible deformation of the rock increases, which leads to an increase in energy input and dissipation; (4) in terms of elastic energy and dissipation energy, elastic energy plays a dominant role. In the initial cycle, the rock is destroyed, and the rock energy loss is great. After the second cycle, the input energy is mainly stored in the rock in the form of elastic energy, and only a small part of the input energy is released in the form of dissipation energy; (5) the confining pressure can improve the efficiency of rock absorption and energy storage, enhance the energy storage limit of rock, and limit the dissipation and release of partial energy of rock. The greater the confining pressure, the more evident the limiting effect, and the more significant the dominant position of elastic energy; and (6) the change in the energy dissipation ratio can be divided into three stages: rapid decline stage, stable development stage and rapid rise stage. The greater the increase in dissipation energy, the greater the degree of rock damage. The evolution process of the energy dissipation ratio can reflect the internal damage accumulation process of rock well, which can be used as the criterion of rock instability.
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Authors and Affiliations

Daqiang Xu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Peisen Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wei Yan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaole Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yuhang Dong
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hui Niu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Shandong University of Science and Technology, National Key Laboratory for Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China

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[1] L.B. Magalas, Development of High-Resolution Mechanical Spectroscopy, HRMS: Status and Perspectives. HRMS Coupled with a Laser Dilatometer . Arch. Metall. Mater. 60 (3), 2069-2076 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/AMM-2015-0350

[2] E. Pagounis, M.J. Szczerba, R. Chulist, M. Laufenberg, Large Magnetic Field-Induced Work output in a NiMgGa Seven-Lavered Modulated Martensite. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 152407 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4933303

[3] H. Etschmaier, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, Suppression of Interdiffusion in Copper/Tin thin Films. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2.

Books:

[4] K.U. Kainer (Ed.), Metal Matrix Composites, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2006).

[5] K. Szacilowski, Infochemistry: Information Processing at the Nanoscale, Wiley (2012).

[6] L. Reimer, H. Kohl, Transmission Electron Microscopy: Physics of Image Formation, Springer, New York (2008).

Proceedings or chapter in books with editor(s):

[7] R. Major, P. Lacki, R. Kustosz, J. M. Lackner, Modelling of nanoindentation to simulate thin layer behavior, in: K. J. Kurzydłowski, B. Major, P. Zięba (Eds.), Foundation of Materials Design 2006, Research Signpost (2006).

Internet resource:

[8] https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/crystallographic-databases, accessed: 17.04.2017

Academic thesis (PhD, MSc):

[9] T. Mitra, PhD thesis, Modeling of Burden Distribution in the Blast Furnace, Abo Akademi University, Turku/Abo, Finland (2016).


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