Humanities and Social Sciences

LINGUISTICA SILESIANA

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LINGUISTICA SILESIANA | 2000 | vol. 21

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Abstract

The aniele presents the complex phenomenon of valency (i.e. its levels, aspects, quantitative and qualitative characteristics). The author discusses the relationships holding between the verb's meanings and its valency properties against the background of interpretations of those notions and relationships found in the literature. Presenting a coherent concept of valency that would underliethc lcxicological model of verb description appears to be necessary in lexicography, translation and language teaching.
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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Bielńska
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Abstract

The purpose of the paper is to present the relation between evaluation and the subjects of the discourse and their discourse strategies on the basis of ecological discourse. The starting point for investigation is the theory of the so called French school of discourse analysis which aims to explain the functioning of the "text" in communication. [n the ecological discourse the persuasive and manipulative function of the text is dominant. The ecological discourse appears therefore to be a subtype of the propaganda discourse. Despite the common global properties the Polish and French forms of ecological discourse show some important differences. The comparison of them makes evident the interdependence between the discourse and culture.
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Authors and Affiliations

Halina Grzmil-Tylutki
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Abstract

Customary accounts of the Polish conjunction ani present it as a synonym of the conjunction i in the context of negation. Intuitively speaking, it rather deserves a treatment in terms of antonymy vis-a-vis the conjunction i. The author tries to resolve this paradox by submitting a semantic representation of ani where the main outline is identical with the semantic representation of the conjunction i with the reservation that ani introduces the thematised clement of negation as ascribed in the capacity of a common characteristic lo both concomitant members
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Authors and Affiliations

Jadwiga Wajszczuk
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Abstract

The aim of this article is to discuss a few issues related to corpus, mainly, its definition, development, compilation and taxonomy. The author demonstrates a distinction between a corpus and a text archive or a text database (text bank). The development of corpora is divided into the two following stages: pre-electronic and electronic. Corpora are differentiated and classified according to language variables such as monolingual vs. multilingual, plain vs. annotated and data resources such as speech and written language corpora. The author discusses only a few features ofa corpus, mainly its representativeness, size [static (closed) corpus vs. dynamic (monitor, openended) corpus] and form (machine-readable vs. print). The European and North American centres of corpus linguistics are surveyed. The author argues that the invention of the computer a turning point in the field of corpus linguistics as modem corpora are more precise and flexible than a couple centuries ago. The final conclusion of this article is that the Chomsky's criticism levelled at the practicality of corpus linguistics is no longer valid.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Myrczek
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Abstract

After providing an outline of the process of differentiation between Bulgarian and Macedonian, the author presents an historical overview of the standpoints of the most eminent linguists from before World War Il (even before the official codification of Macedonian) to the present, who bold Macedonian to be an individually formed language in relation to Bulgarian. Such differences of systemic character indicate that Macedonian developed differently and differentiated itself continually over the centuries from Bulgarian. In this sense, they are two autochthonous entities, two diasystems, which due to a series of geographical, social, cultural-historical, language contact factors from the very beginning began to differentiate within the South Slavic and Balkan context, i.e. to develop from two Old Slavonic variants, that diverged further through the process of Balkanization which was radical and primary in Macedonian, i.e. central in contrast to the Bulgarian situation, and ultimately gave rise to two separate literary standards.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ilija Ćaśule
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Abstract

This paper discusses the problem of the future tense in Bularian, Macedonian and SerboCroatian in comparison with English. The problem of the future is, as it is shown in the article, strictly connected to the problem of modality. The modal clement can occur on the surface structure of the future forms, like in Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, English and Romanian (the last language is not a subject of this work), or can be absent on the surface (like in Polish). The structure of the "Balkan" future is similar to the English future, but English is characterized by more numerous ways of creation of this tense. Some of the structures, as shown in the article, have a "pure" future meaning - without of the semantic component of modality. The use of the present tense as a future occurs more frequently in English, but in Bulgarian (especially in the literary language) the present in that function can be used too. Thus, wc can assert that the semantic structure of the future in these languages has its reflexion on the surface, namely, the constructions containing any modal auxiliary verb (mainly in English) arc marked, but the construction without any modal verb (e.g. Simple Present as a Future, Immediate Future) arc unmarked. The main difference between Balkan Slavonic languages and English is a number of ways of creation of the future.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Rusek
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Abstract

The subject of interest in this paper are the Macedonian indirect object (IO) constructions which acquire possessive interpretation, i.e. constructions in which a possessive relationship between the IO referent and one or more other participants in the predication is implied. The syntactic-semantic conditions that allow the possessive interpretation arc investigated, as well as the relationship between the possessive component and the meaning of indirect affectedness. The analysis shows that both components of meaning arc present in certain constructions. Contextual and/or pragmatic circumstances may weaken one of them which results in the other one coming into focus. Although there are constructions in which the possessive component prevails the conclusion is that the possessive 10 construction is not a fully grammaticalized construction in Macedonian, but remains a contextual variation of the advcrbal IO construction.
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Authors and Affiliations

Liljana Mitkovska
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The article deals with the penomenon of the middle voice, which traditionally was an intermediate form between the active voice and the passive voice. Middle constructions, which can be illustrated by the sentence The book reads well arc defined herc as constructions whose form is active but the meaniong is passive. The article presents syntactic properties of middles as well as their semantic characteristics in both English and Polish. The author attempts at emphasizing the properties of middles which arc shared by the two languages. It is also stressed that it would be worthwhile to investigate the area of the Polish middles, since they are not recognized as a separate class of constructions by the Polish linguistis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alina Jackiewicz
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Abstract

In this article four techniques of the scmantization of German words arc critically analysed: definition, understanding of the word meaning over hyponyms, analogy and short comparison. Though these methods make it possible to use only the foreign language in the German classes, still the teacher and learners should take into consideration that these techniques arc not fully reliably, because they lead often to a false understanding or even misunderstanding of an unknown word. The reasons for this phenomenon could be: The vocabulary in the definitions is too abstract, complexity of relations in the cxtralingual reality can't be explicitly showed in every of the above-mentioned techniques of the sernantizatiou, the students don't know sometimes words used to help them understand the meaning of the lexical items they are searching for. Therefore it is important to supplement the semantization-methods with etra- and intralingual comparisons and with an adequate dosage of the mother tongue.
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Authors and Affiliations

Lesław Tobiasz
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Abstract

The results of the study on the development of FL teachers' professional careers allowed the author of the present paper to list the moments and/or periods of the teaching-learning process when the teachers feel most unsafe. These moments arc: the I st lesson of a FL, correcting and discussing student errors, the development of language creativity and evaluation of student progress. The aim of the paper is to establish whether these periods of unsafety arc caused by gaps appearing in the course of preparing students for their future profession of teachers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Wysocka
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Abstract

In this article the important role of the mother tongue in the process of learning of German words is discussed. Though it is possible to learn a foreign language without the mother tongue still the teacher and a learner should take into consideration that it only seems so. The learners always search for their equivalents in the mother tongue by the build-up of lexical structures in German and demand both interlingual and cxtralingual and cultural comparisons. This searching process fades out by the time the so called coordinate bilingualism is achieved. Furthermore the author argues that the full abandonment of the mother tongue in the phase of the scmantizarion and intcriorisation of German lexical items leads often to misunderstandings, discourages the learners and makes it impossible to use in an adequate degree their ability to the cognitive thinking. Therefore the moderate dosage of the mother tongue can be helpful in the process leading to the coordinate bilingualism and not as a obstacle to it.
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Authors and Affiliations

Lesław Tobiasz
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Abstract

The article presents a brief outline of English negation. Apart form negative forms occurring with auxiliary, the notions of multiple and implied negation arc introduced. Because of the Polish counterpart nie- of English negative affixes, a chapter has also been devoted to English morphological negation. The author used the outline as theoretical background to her experiment with English negation spoken by Polish learners of English. The research proves English negation, especially multiple and implied to be unclear and difficult area of learning for the Poles. The grammatical rules concerning syntactic negation arc introduced and stressed at beginners' level, and these seem to be the only ones properly understood, memorised and applied without hesitation. The experiment and the conclusions hint at solution for English speaking Poles and their teachers as far as the process of teaching - learning negation is concerned.
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Authors and Affiliations

Oktawia Pabich-Palędzka
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Abstract

Data presented in this paper comes from the results of the questionnaire devoted to the professional development of English teachers. It discusses the activities that the teachers under study consider to be of a negative nature in their work. These are: working with more and less capable learners, evaluation of student progress, contacts with school authorities and student parents. It is assumed that the knowledge of these problems will be used by teacher trainers and university lecturers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Wysocka
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Abstract

In this article the problems of the scrnantization of German words in reference to already known words in German or Polish arc discussed. In this learning-technique four relations come into consideration: synonymy, antonymy, derivation and similarity lo Polish words. The aquisition of the word-meaning through synonymy is the most problematical one, bccuasc it is hardly possible to find two words with identical meaning in German that would be used in identical semantical contexts. In the case of antonyms it is easier to find words with the precisely opposite meaning. Nevertheless the teachers and learners should take into consideration that there arc many words referring with their antonyms to complicated relations in the extralingual reality that can't be reflected by a real antonymy-rclation (c.c. kall and its potentially possible antomys arc such as warm und hei}J). The use of the derivation in German classes emphasizes a cognitive clement in the learning process, but it is only then successful when it is preceded by the scmantization of components of compound words and derivatives and a gradual and constant introduction of derivation-patterns according to their productivncss and transparency. All of the above-mentioned scmantizationtechniques, including the most transparent one - similarity to Polish words, arc not fully reliable and can lead to a false understanding and often even to a misunderstanding of German words. Therefore they should be introduced in coherent and genuine contexts with help of extra- and interlingual comparisons and an adequate dosage of the mother-tongue.
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Authors and Affiliations

Lesław Tobiasz

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The Linguistica Silesiana peer-referees 2017-2020

  • Beata Abdallah-Krzepkowska
  • Magdalena Bartłomiejczyk
  • Magdalena Bator
  • Monika Bielińska
  • Bogusław Bierwiaczonek
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  • Marcin Zabawa

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