Nauki Humanistyczne i Społeczne

Nauka

Opis

Quarterly NAUKA is the official scientific journal of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The quarterly is publishing the reviewed original research papers and reviews articles from various fields of science, as well as articles devoted to the current problems concerning organization of science and higher education. The journal is intended to the whole scientific society and to all interested in recent problems of science and higher education.

ISSN

ISSN 1231-8515

Wydawcy

Biuro Upowszechniania i Promocji Nauki PAN

Komitet Redakcyjny:

JERZY BRZEZIŃSKI – redaktor naczelny
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza
Instytut Psychologii – Poznań
e-mail: brzezuam@amu.edu.pl

ANDRZEJ B. LEGOCKI
Polska Akademia Nauk
Instytut Chemii Bioorganicznej – Poznań
e-mail: legocki@ibch.poznan.pl

ELŻBIETA SARNOWSKA-TEMERIUSZ
Polska Akademia Nauk
Instytut Badań Literackich – Warszawa
e-mail: ibadlit@ibl.waw.pl

ANDRZEJ WÓJTOWICZ – sekretarz redakcji
Instytut Chemii Bioorganicznej PAN
Ośrodek Wydawnictw Naukowych – Poznań
e-mail: wojtow@man.poznan.pl

Redakcja kwartalnika NAUKA
61-713 Poznań, ul. Wieniawskiego 17/19
tel.: (+48-61) 8528503, faks: (+48-61) 8520532
e-mail: wojtow@man.poznan.pl

Roczniki i numery
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Zawartość

Nauka | 2022 | No 3

1 Strona tytułowa i redakcyjna

Nauka | 2022 | No 3

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2 Spis treści / Contents

Nauka | 2022 | No 3

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3 Dylematy wiarygodności w nauce

Piotr Sztompka

Nauka | 2022 | No 3 | 7-16 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.140342

Słowa kluczowe: trust trustworthiness credibility academic culture scientific ethos post-academic science

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Abstrakt

Trust and trustworthiness are crucial for science: equally for the scientific knowledge, scientific institutions and scientific community. For scientific knowledge the main criterion of trustworthiness is the search for truth, for scientific institutions it is the regime of autonomy, and for scientific community – respecting the ethos of science: norms of universalism, communalism, disinterestedness and organized scepticism (peer review and meritocracy). In the traditional academic science due to these criteria the level of deviance (fraud, plagiarism etc.) was very low. Alas in current post-academic science we witness numerous occurrence of fake knowledge, loss of autonomy of academic institutions and the neglect of the ethos of science among scholars. There are several processes responsible for this condition: fiscalisation, privatization, marketization, bureaucratization, and the pressure of non-academic, external forces and interests on scientific community. The regaining of autonomy and reactivation of academic culture (primarily the ethos of science), are the preconditions for overcoming the current crisis of trustworthiness in science.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Piotr Sztompka

1 2

członek rzeczywisty PAN
Uniwersytet Jagielloński

4 Finanse publiczne w Polsce: bardzo zmienna polityka w latach 1970–1990, obecne i przyszłe zagrożenia, jaka racjonalna polityka w latach 2023–2050

Stanisław Gomułka

Nauka | 2022 | No 3 | 17-24 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.140343

Słowa kluczowe: Poland 1970–2020 Greece 2000–2010 the impact of new „special circumstances” in Poland 2020–2040

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Abstrakt

This article has three objectives. The first one is to compare and interpret the exceptionally large social and economic costs of policy errors by central authorities in Greece 2000–2010, Poland 1970–1980 and the G7 countries 2000–2010. The second objective is to analyse the risks to the pace and stability of Poland’s economic growth and the state of public finances after 2020. The third objective is to propose policy adjustments in responses to these risks in the period 2023–2030.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Stanisław Gomułka

1 2

członek korespondent PAN, Polska Akademia Nauk
London School of Economics 1970–2005

5 Jon litu – niezwykły środek psychotropowy

Janusz Rybakowski

Nauka | 2022 | No 3 | 25-40 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.140344

Słowa kluczowe: Lithium mood disorders suicide neuroprotection

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Abstrakt

Lithium was one of the first elements (besides hydrogen and helium) after the Big Bang. As a chemical element was identified in 1818. In the 19th century, Carl Lange treated periodic depression with lithium, based on the „uric acid diathesis” concept. In 1949, John Cade demonstrated the therapeutic effect of lithium in manic states. In 1963, Geoffrey Hartigan found that long-term lithium administration prevents recurrences in mood disorders, and lithium became a prototype of mood-stabilizing drugs. Currently, lithium is regarded as a first-line drug for preventing manic and depressive recurrences in mood disorders, and is useful for the treatment of manic and depressive episodes and the augmentation of antidepressants. Among mood-stabilizers, lithium exerts the strongest anti-suicidal activity. A negative correlation between lithium in drinking water and suicides was described. Lithium exerts immunomodulatory and antiviral actions, mostly against herpes viruses. The neuroprotective effect of lithium manifests by increasing the grey matter in the brain and reducing the risk of dementia. Lithium's mechanisms include influencing intracellular signaling and inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3. Using lithium in a greater number of patients with mood disorders has been recommended. Lithium’s introduction into contemporary psychiatry and therapeutic action has been reflected in literature and art.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Janusz Rybakowski

1 2

członek korespondent PAN
Klinika Psychiatrii Dorosłych, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Poznaniu

6 Sztuczna inteligencja w medycynie – stan aktualny i wyzwania wdrożeniowe

Konrad Wojdan , Marcin Moniuszko

Nauka | 2022 | No 3 | 41-52 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.140345

Słowa kluczowe: Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning medicine diagnostics

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Abstrakt

Artificial Intelligence begins to play an increasingly important role in medicine, in particular in diagnostics, therapy selection and drug design. This article shows how the latest machine learning algorithms support the work of physicians and pharmacists. However, the effective implementation of Artificial Intelligence methods in everyday medical practice requires overcoming a number of barriers. These challenges are discussed in the article. The objectives and functioning of the Artificial Intelligence Center in Medicine of the Medical University of Bialystok were also discussed, as an example of Polish contribution to the development of the latest computer algorithms supporting diagnostics and therapy.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Konrad Wojdan

1 2

Marcin Moniuszko

Politechnika Warszawska, Instytut Techniki Cieplnej
Transition Technologies Science sp. z o.o.
Uniwersytet Medyczny w Białymstoku

7 Terapia płodu

Mirosław Wielgoś , Marzena Dębska , Michał Lipa , Ewelina Litwińska , Magdalena Litwińska , Natalia Mazanowska

Nauka | 2022 | No 3 | 53-90 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.140346

Słowa kluczowe: fetal therapy fetal surgery prenatal therapy

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Abstrakt

Maternal-fetal medicine is a dynamically developing field, which enables not only to diagnose and treat maternal diseases but also condtions of an unoborn child developing in a womb. Fetal therapy is a highly specialized branch of maternal-fetal medicine which offers surgeries before birth. Prenatal intervensions aim to correct or diminish unfavorable effects of a fetal congenital defect. However, the starting point for a succesful intrauterine therapy is always a thorough prenatal diagnosis and an extensive knowledge regarding fetal pathophysiology in each case. Fetal surgery is now an established but still rapidly evolving specialty, born from the rationale that destructive embryologic processes, recognized early in gestation, can be curtailed by prenatal correction. Prenatal surgical techniques have evolved from highly invasive interventions involving hysterotomy to minimally- invasive fetoscopic interventions. However, there is still space for research aiming to find solutions including pharmacological treatment. In this review we aimed to present various conditions in which fetal surgery has been attempted and the present the current status of this specialty.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mirosław Wielgoś

Marzena Dębska

Michał Lipa

Ewelina Litwińska

Magdalena Litwińska

Natalia Mazanowska

Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny, I Katedra i Klinika Położnictwa i Ginekologii, Uniwersyteckie Centrum Zdrowia Kobiety i Noworodka WUM, Warszawa

8 Kilka słów o sztuce współczesnej

Krzysztof Gajewski

Nauka | 2022 | No 3 | 91-107 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.140347

Słowa kluczowe: art beauty mimetism aesthetics contemporary art

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Abstrakt

The text begins with etymological reflections on the term “art” in various European languages and its numerous connotations. Five main basic meanings of the notion of art are enumerated and described, such as: disposition for action, this very action, the realm of life consisting of some kind of actions, the rules of action, and the results of action. Subsequently, two main traditional purposes of artistic actions are indicated and characterized, which are beauty and reality. This pair of notions implies four kinds of artistic creation: aesthetic/anti-aesthetic mimetism/ antimimetism. The term of mimetism can be applied both to the imitation of nature, as well as to the imitation of preceding artists. In the latter interpretation, a different classification appears: classical/original mimetism/antimimetism. Next, Maria Gołaszewska’s definition of contemporary art is discussed in the light of previous analysis. In the conclusion of the essay the final characteristic of contemporary art is presented with a quote from Arthur Rimbaud’s poem, as “absolutely modern”.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Krzysztof Gajewski

Instytut Badań Literackich PAN, Warszawa

9 Artyści wobec kultury audytu. Wpływ systemu ewaluacji nauki na uczelnie artystyczne

Zofia Smolarska , Kamila Lewandowska , Emanuel Kulczycki

Nauka | 2022 | No 3 | 109-131 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.140348

Słowa kluczowe: higher art education research evaluation artistic disciplines higher education research

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Abstrakt

The article presents the results of research on the impact of the Polish system of research evaluation on art universities and the scholarly (research and artistic) activity of their employees. The research is based on interviews conducted with 60 employees of public art colleges and art faculties operating at universities. The results suggest that the evaluation system has an impact on both the research and artistic activities of employees and the functioning of the university. This impact includes the use by academics and university managers of a variety of strategies and ways of ‘gaming’ undertaken to meet the requirements of the evaluation system. At the same time, our study showed that the impact of the evaluation system depends on the broader context of the functioning of art universities, which operate at the interface of two sectors: culture and science.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Zofia Smolarska

Kamila Lewandowska

Emanuel Kulczycki

Akademia Teatralna im. Aleksandra Zelwerowicza w Warszawie
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Wydział Filozoficzny, Scholarly Communication Research Group

10 Trzy tęgie głowy. II

Michał Głowiński

Nauka | 2022 | No 3 | 133-144 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142912

Słowa kluczowe: Michał Głowiński Polish humanists Władysław Bartoszewski Edmund Jankowski Janusz Szuber

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Abstrakt

Profiles of the three Polish humanists as remembered by prof. Michał Głowiński.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Michał Głowiński

1 2

członek rzeczywisty PAN
Instytut Badań Literackich PAN, Warszawa

11 Najwyżej cytowani badacze publikujący w dziedzinie farmakologia/farmacja i fizjologia oraz zatrudniające ich instytucje naukowe

Andrzej Pilc , Włodzimierz Buczko

Nauka | 2022 | No 3 | 145-157 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142913

Słowa kluczowe: Poland pharmacology pharmacy physiology citations

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Abstrakt

Using Scopus and Web of Science databases we identified the Polish scientists with the highest number of publications, citations, and h-index in the field of pharmacy, pharmacology, and physiology. 148 such researchers were identified and then assigned to the research units in which they are employed. 31 such units were identified and analyzed.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Andrzej Pilc

1 2

Włodzimierz Buczko

Instytut Farmakologii im. J. Maja PAN
Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Collegium Medicum
Państwowa Uczelnia Zawodowa, Suwałki

12 Stopień wodny Włocławek – najbardziej kontrowersyjny obiekt hydrotechniczny w Polsce

Wojciech Majewski

Nauka | 2022 | No 3 | 159-178 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142914

Słowa kluczowe: Włocławek water barrage Vistula river flooding water resources retention rate

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Abstrakt

The paper describes the design and construction of the Włocławek water barrage operating on Vistula River for more than 50 years. The construction of the barrage and the damming up of the Vistula River caused changes in the hydraulic and thermal regime of a fifty-kilometre long stretch of the Vistula River, resulting in some ecological changes as well. Some ecologists consider these changes as eminently unfavourable and call for the dismantling of the barrage, but not all experts are of the same opinion as the construction may be regarded as a important technical, economic and social achievement, primarily because of the electricity produced, which is renewable and ecologically clean.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Wojciech Majewski

Instytut Budownictwa Wodnego PAN w Gdańsku

13 Zdzisław Chlewiński (1929–2021) – psycholog, badacz, człowiek dialogu…

Jerzy M. Brzeziński , Piotr K. Oleś

Nauka | 2022 | No 3 | 179-184 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142915

Słowa kluczowe: Zdzisław Chlewiński cognitive psychology human cognition methodology

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Abstrakt

Professor Zdzislaw Chlewinski was the creator and head of the Department of Experimental Psychology at the Catholic University of Lublin. His main interests were focused on decision-making and risk-taking, and in general – on human cognition, including errors in thinking. As a scholar, researcher and educator, he was concerned with methodological precision and the use of computational methods in psychological research. As a man of science and a Catholic priest, he was distinguished by his open-mindedness, cognitive curiosity, tolerance and social commitment. The article presents the Professor's scientific profile and research, publication and organizational achievements.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jerzy M. Brzeziński

1 2

Piotr K. Oleś

członek rzeczywisty PAN
Wydział Psychologii i Kognitywistyki UAM
Instytut Psychologii KUL JPII

14 Profesor Tadeusz Bielicki (1932–2022)

Katarzyna A. Kaszycka , Monika Łopuszańska-Dawid , Alicja Szklarska , Anna Lipowicz , Halina Kołodziej

Nauka | 2022 | No 3 | 185-192 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142916

Słowa kluczowe: Tadeusz Bielicki anthropologist social stratification history of Polish anthropology Polish Academy of Sciences

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Abstrakt

Tadeusz Bielicki – distinguished Polish anthropologist, member of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), long-term director of the Department of Anthropology of PAN in Wroclaw (1971–2001), passed away on June 20, 2022. He was born in Warsaw in 1932 and began his studies at the University of Warsaw (1950–1953). These were interrupted in 1953 when he spent 6 months in prison on political charges. He was thereafter allowed to resume his studies, but at a different university. He chose the University of Wrocław. There he graduated with a M.Sc. in 1956, earned his Ph.D. in 1959, and D.Sc. in 1968. Since 1983, he has been corresponding member and, since 1996, a full member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. In 1971 he was appointed director of the Department of Anthropology of PAN in Wrocław and, in 1999, Chairman of the Division of Biological Sciences of PAN. From 1992–1996 he was vice-president of the European Anthropological Association. In 1959–1960 he studied at the University of California in Los Angeles on a post-doctoral fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation for a year, and in 1967–1968 taught as Visiting Professor at Washington State University. He has also worked as Visiting Professor at Vrije Universiteit in Brussels (1989) and the University of Texas at Austin (1991). He was one of 22 co-authors of the UNESCO Statement on Race and Racial Prejudice (Moscow, 1964). He was author of ca. 150 articles and research reports, many of them published in leading anthropological journals in the U.S. and Great Britain. Professor Bielicki is best known for his indepth critique of the typological concept of race (1960s), issues related to human evolution (e.g., “Deviation-amplifying cybernetic systems and hominid evolution”, 1969), and, most notably, for his anthropological studies of social stratification. During the 1970s his research centered mainly on analyses of the tempo of growth and maturation during adolescence; since 1980 his interest shifted to the use of such data (as well as of data on rates of premature mortality among adults and on the incidence of obesity) for analyses of social-class inequalities in living standards and of inter-generation changes in the magnitude of such inequalities. For his outstanding achievements in the field of science, and in recognition of the significance of his work, he was awarded the Knight’s Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Katarzyna A. Kaszycka

Monika Łopuszańska-Dawid

Alicja Szklarska

Anna Lipowicz

Halina Kołodziej

Instytut Biologii i Ewolucji Człowieka Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Katedra Biologii Człowieka Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego Józefa Piłsudskiego w Warszawie
Zakładu Antropologii PAN we Wrocławiu, em.
Zakład Antropologii Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego we Wrocławiu

15 Irena Kwilecka (1925–2022)

Jerzy Strzelczyk

Nauka | 2022 | No 3 | 193-196 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142917

Słowa kluczowe: Irena Kwilecka Polish philology Polish linguistic Religiosity Thomas of Zbrudzewo Batholomew of Bydgoszcz

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Abstrakt

Irena Reślińska (Kwilecka) was the eminent expert in the fields of Polish philology, linguistic and religiosity. Born in environs of Kalisz (in Great Poland), she studied Polish philology and sociology in Poznań in the years 1948–1952, and first was appointed as assistant at the University until 1964, and then in Department of Slavistics (Zakład Słowianoznawstwa) of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bohemian Studies. Her teachers and mentors were Stanisław Urbańczyk and Stefan Vrtel-Wierczyński. In 1952 she married Andrzej Kwilecki (1928–2019) – later the famous sociologist. She received her PhD in 1964, habilitation in 1970, the title of professor in 1990, and she retired in 1996. The most important achievements of I. Kwilecka were: the discovery in 1955 of the manuscript inheritance of polish writer and predicant Thomas of Zbrudzewo (*ca 1500, † 1567), the discovery of Latin-Polish Dictionary of Bartholomew of Bydgoszcz ( *ca 1480, † 1548) – both these important sources to linguistic and religious life in Poland on the eve of modern era were the subject of numerous studies of Kwilecka and her team. She died in the middle of 2022.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jerzy Strzelczyk

1 2

członek rzeczywisty PAN
Instytut Historii Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Instrukcja dla autorów

NAUKA jest czasopismem Polskiej Akademii Nauk wydawanym kwartalnie w języku polskim lub angielskim. Czasopismo publikuje recenzowane prace naukowe, artykuły przeglądowe, polemiczne, wspomnieniowe, recenzje oraz listy do redakcji.

Wszystkie materiały do publikacji prosimy przesyłać drogą elektroniczną do sekretariatu redakcji lub do członków Komitetu Redakcyjnego. Artykuły należy przygotować za pomocą standardowego edytora tekstu. Tekst nie powinien zawierać poprawek, podkreśleń i spacjowań. Kolejne akapity należy rozpoczynać wcięciem. Do pracy prosimy dołączyć streszczenie (maksymalnie 250 słów) oraz słowa kluczowe (trzy do ośmiu). Jeśli praca napisana jest w języku polskim, to wówczas tytuł pracy, słowa kluczowe oraz streszczenie należy dostarczyć również w języku angielskim. Ilustracje prosimy przesłać w oddzielnych plikach, niezależnie od tego, czy zostały one umieszczone także w pliku z tekstem. Jakość ilustracji powinna pozwalać na ich bezpośrednią reprodukcję oraz skalowanie do formatu czasopisma. Fotografie i ilustracje w formie map bitowych muszą posiadać rozdzielczość wynoszącą co najmniej 300 dpi i być zapisane w typowym formacie graficznym. Zamieszczanie ilustracji barwnych wymaga uzgodnienia z redakcją.

Wraz z plikiem zawierającym artykuł i plikami z ilustracjami należy przesłać:

a) pismo, w którym pierwszy autor zwraca się do redakcji o wydrukowanie pracy w czasopiśmie (formalne zgłoszenie materiału do publikacji w kwartalniku NAUKA), podaje swój adres, afiliacje, adres e-mailowy oraz podpis wraz z podaniem tytułu naukowego;

b) pisemne oświadczenie, że praca nie była dotąd ogłoszona drukiem i nie została złożona w innej redakcji. W przypadku wykorzystywania rycin (lub innych elementów) uprzednio publikowanych lub pochodzących od innych autorów należy dołączyć pisemną zgodę autorów i wydawnictwa na ich wykorzystanie;

Literatura przedmiotu powinna być umieszczona na końcu pracy w układzie sekwencyjnym (odwołanie w tekście, np. [1]) lub alfabetycznym typu „autor-rok” (odwołanie w tekście, np. (Ziman J., 1978)).

Artykuł:

Watson J.D., Crick F.H.C., Molecular structure of nucleic acids. Nature 1953, nr 171,

s. 737–738.

Książka:

Ziman J., Reliable knowledge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1978, s. 124–157.

Rozdział w książce:

Klemensiewicz Z., Przekład jako zagadnienie językoznawstwa, [w:] O sztuce tłumaczenia, pod redakcją M. Rusinka, Wrocław 1955, Zakład im. Ossolińskich, s. 85–97.

Tytuły artykułów w literaturze przedmiotu powinny być podane w oryginalnym brzmieniu, a skróty tytułów czasopism według Web of Science: Standard journal abbreviations oraz wykazów narodowych i branżowych. Spis piśmiennictwa nie powinien zawierać niepublikowanych danych, informacji prywatnych lub prac w przygotowaniu. Odwoływanie się do takich źródeł może występować jedynie w tekście.