Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

Abhijith BD, Ramesh M, Poopal RK (2012) Sublethal toxicological evaluation of methyl parathion on some haematological and biochemical parameters in an Indian major carp Catla catla. Comp Clin Pathol 21: 55-61.

Acar Ü, İnanan BE, Navruz FZ, Yılmaz S (2021) Alterations in blood parameters, DNA damage, oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes and immune-related genes expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to glyphosate-based herbicide. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 249: 109147.

Akins RE, Levin PM, Tuan RS (1992) Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide discontinuous gel electrophoresis: Mr-based separation of proteins with retention of enzymatic activity. Anal Biochem 202: 172-178.

Baßmann B, Brenner M, Palm HW (2017) Stress and welfare of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) in a coupled aquaponic system. Water 9: 504.

Baghfalaki M, Shaluei F, Hedayati A, Jahanbakhshi A, Khalili M (2012) Acute toxicity assessment of tribenuron-methyl herbicide in silver carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Caspian roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus). Glob Vet 8: 280-284.

Barton BA (2002) Stress in fishes: a diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integr Comp Biol 42: 517-525.

Bojarski B, Osikowski A, Hofman S, Szała L, Szczygieł J, Rombel-Bryzek A (2022) Effects of exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide on haematological parameters, plasma biochemical indices and the microstructure of selected organs of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758). Folia Biol (Krakow) 70: 213-229.

Brungs WA, McCormick JH, Neiheisel TW, Spehar RL, Stephan CE, Stokes GN (1977) Effects of pollution on freshwater fish. J Water Pollut Con F: 1425-1493.

Blaxhall PC (1972) The haematological assessment of the health of freshwater fish. J Fish Biol 4: 593-604.

Blaxhall PC, Daisley KW (1973) Routine haematological methods for use with fish blood. J Fish Biol 5: 771-781.

Cericato L, Neto JG, Fagundes M, Kreutz LC, Quevedo RM, Finco J, Rosa JG, Koakoski G, Centenaro L, Pottker E, Anziliero D, Barcellos LJ (2008) Cortisol response to acute stress in jundiá Rhamdia quelen acutely exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of agrichemicals. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 148: 281-286.

Cestonaro LV, dias Macedo SM, Piton YV, Garcia SC, Arbo MD (2022) Toxic effects of pesticides on cellular and humoral immunity: an overview. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 44: 816-831.

Chebanov MS, Galich EV (2013) Sturgeon hatchery manual. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No: 558, Ankara, FAO, pp 1-303.

Choudri BS, Charabi Y, Baawain M, Ahmed M (2017) Effects of pollution on freshwater organisms. Water Environ Res 89: 1676-1703.

Docan A, Grecu I, Dediu L (2018) Use of hematological parameters as assessment tools in fish health status. J Agroaliment Proc Technol 24: 317-324.

Donaldson EM (1981) The pituitary–interrenal axis as an indicator of stress in fish. In: Pickering AD (ed) Stress and Fish. Academic, London, pp 11-47.

Duman S (2020) Effect of concrete pond and net-cage culture systems on growth performance and haematological parameters of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). Turk J Vet Anim Sci 44: 624-631.

Duman S, Şahan A (2023) Effects of β-1, 3/1, 6 glucan dietary supplements on some immunological and hematological health markersin Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Pol J Vet Sci 26: 109-118.

Ebari S, Ajang R, Joseph A, Bassey A, Eni G (2023) Endocrine disrupting potential of the sub-lethal concentrations of primextra herbicide on the hormonal and heamatological profile of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Sub-Adults. J Surv Fish Sci 10: 2832-2846.

Ertuğ NDY, Din T, Öztürk B (2021) Teratological effects of tribenuron methyl on zebra fish embryo and larva. Selcuk University Journal of Science Faculty 47: 47-60.

FAO (2011) FAO specifications and evaluations for tribenuron-methyl, pp: 34. www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/
agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/Specs/Tribenuron
methyl_2011.pdf

Fatima M, Mandiki SN, Douxfils J, Silvestre F, Coppe P, Kestemont P (2007) Combined effects of herbicides on biomarkers reflecting immune–endocrine interactions in goldfish: Immune and antioxidant effects. Aquat Toxicol 81: 159-167.

Finney DJ (1971) Probit Analysis. Cambridge University Press. London, pp 1-333.

Fujimaki Y, Isoda M (1990) Fine‐structural study of leucocytes in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. J Fish Biol 36: 821-831.

George AD, Akinrotimi OA, Nwokoma UK (2017) Haematological changes in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to mixture of atrazine and metolachlor in the laboratory. J FishSci.com 11: 48.

Ghelichpour M, Mirghaed AT, Hoseinifar SH, Khalili M, Yousefi M, Van Doan H, Perez-Jimenez A (2019) Expression of immune, antioxidant and stress related genes in different organs of common carp exposed to indoxacarb. Aquat Toxicol 208: 208-216.

Gholami-Seyedkolaei SJ, Mirvaghefi A, Farahmand H, Kosari AA (2013) Effect of a glyphosate-based herbicide in Cyprinus carpio: assessment of acetylcholinesterase activity, hematological responses and serum biochemical parameters. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 98: 135-141.

Ghosh TK, Chatterjee SK (1989) Influence of nuvan on the organic reserves of Indian freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus. J Environ Biol 10: 93-99.

Gomułka P, Czerniak E, Dągowski J, Łuczyński M, Szczerbowski A, Szkudlarek M (2015) Effects of propofol and carbon dioxide on acid-base balance in Siberian sturgeon. Pol J Vet Sci 18: 267-272.

Harabawy AS, Ibrahim AT (2014) Sublethal toxicity of carbofuran pesticide on the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822): hematological, biochemical and cytogenetic response. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 103: 61-67.

Hayran M, Ozdemir O (1996) Computers, statistics and medicine. 2nd Edition. Ankara: Physicians Publishing Association Medical Research Group (MEDAR).

Ighwela KA, Ahmad AB, Abol-Munafi AB (2012) Haematological changes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with varying dietary maltose levels. World J Fish Marine Sci 4: 376-381.

Iwafune T, Yokoyama A, Nagai T, Horio T (2011) Evaluation of the risk of mixtures of paddy insecticides and their transformation products to aquatic organisms in the Sakura River, Japan. Environ Toxicol Chem 30: 1834-1842.

Kazuń B, Małaczewska J, Kazuń K, Kamiński R, Żylińska-Urban J (2020) Dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus plantarum and β-glucan affects immune parameters in the tench (Tinca tinca) fry. Pol J Vet Sci 23: 611-618.

Kovarova J, Blahova J, Divisova L, Svobodova Z (2013) Alkylphenol ethoxylates and alkylphenols – update information on occurrence, fate and toxicity in aquatic environment. Pol J Vet Sci 16: 763-772.

Khoshbavar-Rostami HA, Soltani M, Hassan HM (2006) Immune response of great sturgeon (Huso huso) subjected to long-term exposure to sublethal concentration of the organophosphate, diazinon. Aquaculture 256: 88-94.

Kocabatmaz M, Ekingen G (1984) Standardization of haematological methods and taking blood from various fish species. T J Nat Sci 2: 149-159.

Kohl TO, Ascoli CA (2017) Immunometric double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cold Spring Harb Protoc doi: 10.1101/pdb.prot093724.

Kondera E, Teodorczuk B, Ługowska K, Witeska M (2018) Effect of glyphosate-based herbicide on hematological and hemopoietic parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L). Fish Physiol Biochem 44: 1011-1018.

Kori-Siakpere O, Ubogu EO (2008) Sublethal haematological effects of zinc on th freshwater fish Heteroclarias sp. (Osteichthyes: Clariidae). Afr J Biotechnol 7: 2068-2073.

Lutnicka H, Bojarski B, Król T, Trybus W, Trybus E, Kopacz-Bednarska A, Witeska M, Pankiewicz L, Pawlak K (2018) Hematological parameters and ultrastructure of hematopoietic tissues in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) exposed to sublethal concentration of pendimethalin. Folia Biol (Krakow) 66: 121-132.

Lutnicka H, Bojarski B, Witeska M, Tombarkiewicz B, Formicki G (2019) Exposure to herbicide linuron results in alterations in hematological profile and stress biomarkers of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ecotoxicology 28: 69-75.

Ma J, Li Y, Wu M, Zhang C, Che Y, Li W, Li X (2018) Serum immune responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to paraquat exposure: The traditional parameters and circulating microRNAs. Fish Shellfish Immunol 76: 133-142.

Mokhtar DM, Zaccone G, Alesci A, Kuciel M, Hussein MT, Sayed RK (2023) Main components of fish immunity: An overview of the fish immune system. Fishes 8: 93.

Ndimele PE, Jenyo-Oni A, Kumolu-Johnson CA, Chukwuka KS, Onuoha S (2015) Effects of acute exposure to endosulfan (organochlorine pesticides) on hematology of African Mud Catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 95: 164-170.

Nouri J, Arjomandi R, Bayat H (2000) Ecological investigation of application of pesticides in rice fields. Iran J Public Health 29: 137-146.

Nwani CD, Ekwueme HI, Ejere VC, Onyeke CC, Chukwuka CO, Peace OS, Nwadinigwe AO (2015) Physiological effects of paraquat in juvenile African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). J Coast Life Med 3: 35-43.

Nwani CD, Somdare PO, Ukonze JA, Ejere VC, Nwadinigwe AO, Nwani JC, Ugbor ON (2016) Subchronic exposure to fenthion induces hematological changes in liver tissue of African catfish Clarias gariepinus. J Aquat Anim Health 28: 229-234.

OECD (2019) OECD Guideline for testing of chemicals, fish acute toxicity test (No. 203). www.ibacon.com/sites/default/files/oecd_203_fish_2019_acute_toxicity.pdf

Ogueji EO, Ibrahim BS (2012) Effect of sub-lethal doses of lambda-cyhalothrin on leukocyte sub-population (differential count) of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Int J Appl Biol Res 4: 94 -100.

Oluah NS, Aguzie IO, Ekechukwu NE, Madu JC, Ngene CI, Oluah C (2020) Hematological and immunological responses in the African catfish Clarias gairepinus exposed to sublethal concentrations of herbicide Ronstar®. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 201: 110824.

Plhalova L, Blahova J, Mikulikova I, Stepanova S, Dolezelova P, Praskova E, Marsalek P, Skoric M, Pistekova V, Bedanova I, Svobodova Z (2012) Effects of subchronic exposure to atrazine on zebrafish (Danio rerio). Pol J Vet Sci 15: 417-423.

Priborsky J, Velisek J (2018) A review of three commonly used fish anesthetics. Rev Fish Sci Aquac 26: 417-442.

Rowley AF, Hunt TC, Page M, Mainwaning G (1988) Vertebrate blood cells. In: Rowley AF, Ratcliff NA (eds) Fish Blood Cells, London, Cambridge University Press, pp 19-127.

Saravanan M, Kumar KP, Ramesh M (2011) Haematological and biochemical responses of freshwater teleost fish Cyprinus carpio (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) during acute and chronic sublethal exposure to lindane. Pestic Biochem Phys 100: 206-211.

Suvetha L, Saravanan M, Hur JH, Ramesh M, Krishnapriya K (2015) Acute and sublethal intoxication of deltamethrin in an Indian major carp, Labeo rohita: Hormonal and enzymological responses. J Basic Appl Zool 72: 58-65.

Ural MŞ (2013) Chlorpyrifos-induced changes in oxidant/antioxidant status and haematological parameters of Cyprinus carpio carpio: ameliorative effect of lycopene. Chemosphere 90: 2059-2064.

Van Vuren JH (1986) The effects of toxicants on the haematology of Labeo umbratus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol 83: 155-159.

Velisek J, Sudova E, Machova J, Svobodova Z (2010) Effects of sub-chronic exposure to terbutryn in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 73: 384-390.

Voller A, Bartlett A, Bidwell DE (1978) Enzyme immunoassays with special reference to ELISA techniques. J Clin Pathol 31: 507-520.

Waring CP, Moore A (2004) The effect of atrazine on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts in fresh water and after sea water transfer. Aquat Toxicol 66: 93-104.

Wendelaar Bonga SE (1997) The stress response in fish. Physiol Rev 77: 591-625.

Yajı A, Iheanacho S, Oguejı E (2018) Sublethal exposure and toxicity effect of propanil on hematology and serum biochemistry in Oreochromis niloticus in a static bioassay. Gazi Univ J Sci 31: 1048-1062.

Zahran E, Elbahnaswy S, Risha E, El-Matbouli M (2020) Antioxidative and immunoprotective potential of Chlorella vulgaris dietary supplementation against chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia. Fish Physiol Biochem 46: 1549-1560.

Zutshi B, Prasad SGR, Nagaraja R (2010) Alteration in hematology of Labeo rohita under stress of pollution from Lakes of Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Environ Monit Assess 168: 11-19.

Aitken RJ, Sutton M, Warner P, Richarson DW (1985) Relationship between the movement characteristics of human spermatozoa and their ability to penetrate cervical mucus and zona-free hamster oocytes. J Reprod Fertil 73: 441-449.

Althouse GC, Wilson ME, Kuster C, Parsley M (1998) Characterization of lower temperature storage limitations of fresh-extended porcine semen. Theriogenology 50: 535-543.

Amann RP, Waberski D (2014) Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA): capabilities and potential developments. Theriogenology 81: 5-17.

Barquero V, Roldan ER, Soler C, Yániz JI, Camacho M, Valverde A (2021) Predictive capacity of boar sperm morphometry and morphometric subpopulations on reproductive success after artificial insemination. Animals (Basel) 11: 920.

Blom E (1981) The morphological estimation of the spermatozoa defects of bull II. The proposal of new classification of spermatozoa defects. Med Weter 37: 239-242.

Caldeira C, Hernández-Ibánez S, Valverde A, Martin P, Herranz-Jusdado JG, Gallego V, Asturiano JF, Dzyuba B, Pšenička M, Soler C (2019) Standardization of sperm motility analysis by using CASA-Mot for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). Aquaculture 502: 223-231.

Casey PJ, Gravance CG, Davis RO, Chabot DD, Liu IK (1997) Morphometric differences in sperm head dimensions of fertile and subfertile stallions. Theriogenology 47: 575-582.

Dziekońska A, Fraser L, Strzeżek J (2009) Effect of different storage temperatures on the metabolic activity of spermatozoa following liquid storage of boar semen. J Anim Feed Sci 18: 638-649.

Dziekońska A, Fraser L, Majewska A, Lecewicz M, Zasiadczyk Ł, Kordan W (2013) Effect of commercial long-term extenders on metabolic activity and membrane integrity of boar spermatozoa stored at 17 degrees C. Pol J Vet Sci 16: 517-525.

Dziekońska A, Strzeżek J (2011) Boar variability affects sperm metabolism activity in liquid stored semen at 5 degrees C. Pol J Vet Sci 14: 21-27.

Flowers WL, Deller F, Stewart KR (2016) Use of heterospermic inseminations and paternity testing to evaluate the relative contributions of common sperm traits and seminal plasma proteins in boar fertility. Anim Reprod Sci 174: 123-131.

Fraser L, Gorszczaruk K, Strzeżek J (2001) Relationship between motility and membrane integrity of boar spermatozoa in media varying in osmolality. Reprod Domest Anim 36: 325-329.

Gacem S, Catalán J, Yánez-Ortiz I, Soler C, Miró J (2021) New Sperm Morphology Analysis in Equids: Trumorph® Vs Eosin-Nigrosin Stain. Vet Sci 8: 79.

Garcia-Vazquez FA, Gadea J, Matas C, Holt WV (2016) Importance of sperm morphology during sperm transport and fertilization in mammals. Asian J Androl 18: 844-850.

Gogol P, Szczęśniak-Fabiańczyk B, Wierzchoś-Hilczer A (2009) The photon emission, ATP level and motility of boar spermatozoa during liquid storage. Reprod Biol 9: 39-49.

Gomendio M, Roldan ER (1991) Sperm competition influences sperm size in mammals. Proc Biol Sci 243: 181-185.

Hafemeister T, Schulze P, Bortfeldt R, Simmet C, Jung M, Fuchs-Kittowski F, Schulze M (2022) Boar Semen Shipping for Artificial Insemination: Current Status and Analysis of Transport Conditions with a Major Focus on Vibration Emissions. Animals (Basel) 12: 1331.

Hidalgo M, Rodríguez I, Dorado J, Soler C (2008) Morphometric classification of Spanish thoroughbred stallion sperm heads. Anim Reprod Sci 103: 374-378.

Hirai M, Boersma A, Hoeflich A, Wolf E, Foll J, Aumüller TR, Braun J (2001) Objectively measured sperm motility and sperm head morphometry in boars (Sus scrofa): relation to fertility and seminal plasma growth factors. J Androl 22: 104-110.

Johnson LA, Weitze KF, Fiser P, Maxwell WM (2000) Storage of boar semen. Anim Reprod Sci 62: 143-172.

Katiyar R, Chakravarty H, Deori S, Singh M, Abedin S, Rautela R, Khargharia G, Mishra VK (2024) Oxyrase-Mediated Improvement in the Quality and Fertility of Crossbred Boar Spermatozoa During Liquid Storage. Reprod Domest Anim 59: e14735.

Katiyar R, Ghosh SK, Karikalan M, Kumar A, Pande M, Gemeda AI, Rautela R, Dhara SK, Bhure SK, Srivastava N, Patra MK, Chandra V, Devi HL, Singh M. (2022) An Evidence of Humanin-Like Peptide and Humanin Mediated Cryosurvival of Spermatozoa in Buffalo Bulls. Theriogenology 194: 13-26.

Keller A, Kerns K (2023) Sperm capacitation as a predictor of boar fertility. Mol Reprod Dev 90: 594-600.

Kerns K, Jankovitz J, Robinson J, Minton A, Kuster C, Sutovsky P (2020) Relationship between the length of sperm tail mitochondrial sheath and fertility traits in boars used for artificial insemination. Antioxidants (Basel) 9: 1033.

Knox RV (2016) Artificial insemination in pigs today. Theriogenology 85: 83-93.

Kondracki S, Iwanina M, Wysokińska A, Huszno M (2012) Comparative analysis of Duroc and Pietrain boar sperm morphology. Acta Vet Brno 81: 195-199.

Li X, Wang L, Li Y, Zhao N, Zhen L, Fu J, Yang Q (2016) Calcium regulates motility and protein phosphorylation by changing cAMP and ATP concentrations in boar sperm in vitro. Anim Reprod Sci 172: 39-51.

Lopez Rodriguez A, Van Soom A, Arsenakis I, Maes D (2017) Boar management and semen handling factors affect the quality of boar extended semen. Porcine Health Manag 3: 15.

Luo SM, Schatten H, Sun QY (2013) Sperm mitochondria in reproduction: good or bad and where do they go? J Genet Genomics 40: 549-556.

Luther I, Maree L, Kotze A, Hildebrandt T, Göritz F, Hermes R, Van der Horst G (2020) Sperm motility, kinematics, morphometry and morphology over two seasons in free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Reprod Fertil Dev 32: 425-438.

Malo AF, Gomendio M, Garde J, Lang-Lenton B, Soler AJ, Roldan ERS (2006) Sperm design and sperm function. Biol Lett 2: 246-249.

Maroto-Morales A, Garcia-Alvarez O, Ramon M, Martinez-Pastor F, Fernandez-Santos MR, Soler AJ, Garde JJ (2016) Current status and potential of morphometric sperm analysis. Asian J Androl 18: 863-870.

Maside C, Recuero S, Salas-Huetos A, Ribas-Maynou J, Yeste M (2023) Animal board invited review: an update on the methods for semen quality evaluation in swine – from farm to the lab. Animal 17: 100720.

Maxwell WM, Johnson LA (1999) Physiology of spermatozoa at high dilution rates: the influence of seminal plasma. Theriogenology 52: 1353-1362.

Morrell JM (2016) Antimicrobials in boar semen extenders – a risk/benefit analysis. J Antimicro 2: 107.

Muvhali PT, Bonato M, Malecki IA, Cloete SW (2022) Mass Sperm Motility Is Correlated to Sperm Motility as Measured by Computer-Aided Sperm Analysis (CASA) Technology in Farmed Ostriches. Animals (Basel) 12: 1104.

Ostermeier GC, Sargeant GA, Yandell BS, Evenson DP, Parrish JJ (2001) Relationship of bull fertility to sperm nuclear shape. J Androl 22: 595-603.

Petrunkina AM, Volker G, Weitze KF, Beyerbach M, Topfer-Petersen E, Waberski D (2005) Detection of cooling-induced membrane changes in the response of boar sperm to capacitating conditions. Theriogenology 63: 2278-2299.

Popwell JM, Flowers WL (2004) Variability in relationships between semen quality and estimates of in vivo and in vitro fertility in boars. Anim Reprod Sci 81: 97-113.

Prieto-Martinez N, Bussalleu E, Garcia-Bonavila E, Bonet S, Yeste M (2014) Effects of Enterobacter cloacae on boar sperm quality during liquid storage at 17°C. Anim Reprod Sci 148: 72-82.

Quintero-Moreno A, Rigau T, Rodriguez-Gil JE (2004) Regression analyses and motile sperm subpopulation structure study as improving tools in boar semen quality analysis. Theriogenology 61: 673-690.

Saravia F, Núnez-Martínez I, Morán JM, Soler C, Muriel A, Rodríguez-Martínez H, Pena FJ (2007) Differences in boar sperm head shape and dimensions recorded by computer-assisted sperm morphometry are not related to chromatin integrity. Theriogenology 68: 196-203.

Schulze M, Ammon C, Schaefer J, Luther AM, Jung M, Waberski D (2017) Impact of different dilution techniques on boar sperm quality and sperm distribution of the extended ejaculate. Anim Reprod Sci 182: 138-145.

Schulze M, Kuster C, Schäfer J, Jung M, Grossfeld R (2018) Effect of production management on semen quality during longterm storage in different European boar studs. Anim Reprod Sci 190: 94-101.

Schulze M, Rüdiger K, Waberski D (2015) Rotation of boar semen doses during storage affects sperm quality. Reprod Domest Anim 50: 684-687.

Smital J, De Sousa LL, Mohsen A (2004) Differences among breeds and manifestation of heterosis in AI boar sperm output. Anim Reprod Sci 80: 121-130.

Thurston LM, Watson PE, Mileham AJ, Holt WV (2001) Morphologically distinct sperm subpopulations defined by Fourier shape descriptors in fresh ejaculates correlate with variation in boar semen quality following cryopreservation. J Androl 22: 382-394.

Tremoen NH, Gaustad AH, Andersen-Ranberg I, van Son M, Zeremichael TT, Frydenlund K, Grindflek E, Vage DI, Myromslien FD (2018) Relationship between sperm motility characteristics and ATP concentrations, and association with fertility in two different pig breeds. Anim Reprod Sci 193: 226-234.

Trzcińska M, Bryła M (2022) Assessment of high hydrostatic pressure for the cryopreservation procedure of boar semen with low initial sperm motility. Anim Sci Pap Rep 40(2): 159-170.

Trzcińska M, Bryła M, Smorąg Z (2011) Apoptotic-like changes in the spermatozoa of fresh and stored boar semen and the quality of embryos produced in vivo. Anim Reprod Sci 124: 90-97.

van der Horst G, Maree L (2009) SpermBlue: a new universal stain for human and animal sperm which is also amenable to automated sperm morphology analysis. Biotech Histochem 84: 299-308.

van der Horst G, Maree L, du Plessis SS (2018) Current perspectives of CASA applications in diverse mammalian spermatozoa. Reprod Fertil Dev 30: 875-888.

Wiebke M, Hensel B, Nitsche-Melkus E, Jung M, Schulze M (2022) Cooled storage of semen from livestock animals (part I): boar, bull, and stallion. Anim Reprod Sci 246: 106822.

Wysokińska A (2020) Effect of sperm concentration on boar spermatozoa mitochondrial membrane potential and motility in semen stored at 17 °C. Acta Vet Brno 89: 333-340.

Wysokińska A, Kondracki S (2019) Heterosis for morphometric characteristics of sperm cells from Duroc x Pietrain crossbred boars. Anim Reprod Sci 211: 106217.

Wysokińska A, Szablicka D (2021) Integrity of Sperm Cell Membrane in the Semen of Crossbred and Purebred Boars during Storage at 17 °C: Heterosis Effects. Animals (Basel) 11: 3373.

Wysokińska A, Szablicka D, Dziekońska A, Wójcik E (2023) Analysis of changes in the morphological structures of sperm during preservation of liquid boar semen in two different seasons of the year. Anim Reprod Sci 256: 107297.

Yániz JL, Silvestre MA, Santolaria P, Soler C (2018) CASA-Mot in mammals: an update. Reprod Fertil Dev 30: 799-809.

Yániz JL, Soler C, Santolaria P (2015) Computer assisted sperm morphometry in mammals: a review. Anim Reprod Sci 156: 1-12.

Yeste M (2017) State-of-the-art of boar sperm preservation in liquid and frozen state. Anim Reprod 14: 69-81.

Yeste M, Briz M, Pinart E, Sancho S, Bussalleu E, Bonet S (2010) The osmotic tolerance of boar spermatozoa and its usefulness as sperm quality parameter. Anim Reprod Sci 119: 265-274.

Abed DA, Goldstein M, Albanyan H, Jin H, Hu L (2015) Discovery of direct inhibitors of Keap1-Nrf2 protein – protein interaction as potential therapeutic and preventive agents. Acta Pharm Sin B 5: 285-299.

Ajmal M, Bedale W, Akram A, Yu JH (2022) Comprehensive review of aflatoxin contamination, impact on health and food security, and management strategies in Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 14: 845.

Al-Shahari EA, El-Kott AF, Abdelaal K, Alm-Eldeen AA (2022) Protective Eeffects of L-arginine against AFB1-induced renal oxidative stress and histological changes in mice. Fresenius Environ Bull 31: 5263-5268.

Albadrani GM, Altyar AE, Kensara OA, Haridy MA, Zaazouee MS, Elshanbary AA, Sayed AA, Abdel-Daim MM (2024) Effects of alfa lipoic acid and coenzyme Q10 treatment on AFB1-induced oxidative, inflammatory, and DNA damages in rats. Toxicon 249: 108083.

AOAC (2000) Official Methods of Analysis. 17th ed., The Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.

Benkerroum N (2020) Chronic and acute toxicities of aflatoxins: Mechanisms of action. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17: 423.

Chen YY, Lin Y, Han PY, Jiang S, Che L, He CY, Lin YC, Lin ZN (2019) HBx combined with AFB1 triggers hepatic steatosis via COX‐2‐mediated necrosome formation and mitochondrial dynamics disorder. J Cell Mol Med 23: 5920-5933.

Cheng K, Niu J, Zheng X, Qiao Y, Zhang J, Guo R, Dong G, Song Z, Huang J, Wang J (2023) Aflatoxin B1 exposure induced hepatic injury could be alleviated by polydatin through reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation and improving mitophagy. Toxics 11: 309.

Cordiano R, Di Gioacchino M, Mangifesta R, Panzera C, Gangemi S, Minciullo PL (2023) Malondialdehyde as a potential oxidative stress marker for allergy-oriented diseases: an update. Molecules 28: 5979.

Duan E, Gao W, Liu C, Wang J, Su L, Qiao H, Wang P, Huang J, Gan L (2025) Protective effect of mannose oligosaccharides on cadmium-induced hepatic oxidative damage in rats. Pol J Vet Sci 28: 311-320.

El‐Mekkawy HI, Al‐Kahtani MA, Shati AA, Alshehri MA, Al‐Doaiss AA, Elmansi AA, Ahmed AE (2020) Black tea and curcumin synergistically mitigate the hepatotoxicity and nephropathic changes induced by chronic exposure to aflatoxin‐B1 in Sprague–Dawley rats. J Food Biochem 44: e13346.

Gao X, Xu J, Jiang L, Liu W, Hong H, Qian Y, Li S, Huang W, Zhao H, Yang Z (2021) Morin alleviates aflatoxin B1induced liver and kidney injury by inhibiting heterophil extracellular traps release, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in chicks. Poult Sci 100: 101513.

Gowda N, Ledoux D (2008) Use of antioxidants in amelioration of mycotoxin toxicity: A review. Anim Nutr Feed Technol 8: 1-11.

Grzegorczyk I, Matkowski A, Wysokińska H (2007) Antioxidant activity of extracts from in vitro cultures of Salvia officinalis L. Food Chem 104: 536-541.

Gugliandolo E, Peritore AF, D’Amico R, Licata P, Crupi R (2020) Evaluation of neuroprotective effects of quercetin against aflatoxin B1-intoxicated mice. Animals 10: 898.

Harborne JB (1998) Phytochemical methods a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 3rd ed., Springer, London, pp 302.

Hassaneen NH, Hemeda SA, El Nahas AF, Fadl SE, El-Diasty EM (2023) Ameliorative effects of camel milk and silymarin upon aflatoxin B1 induced hepatic injury in rats. Sci Rep 13: 15092.

Hatipoglu D, Keskin E (2022) The effect of curcumin on some cytokines, antioxidants and liver function tests in rats induced by Aflatoxin B1. Heliyon 8: e09890.

Hua H, Sheng J, Cui Y, Zhang W, Hu B, Cheng Y, Guo Y, Qian H (2021) The intervention and mechanism of action for aloin against subchronic aflatoxin B1 induced hepatic injury in rats. Int J Mol Sci 22: 11620.

Ijaz MU, Ishtiaq A, Tahir A, Alvi MA, Rafique A, Wang P, Zhu GP (2023) Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects of genkwanin against aflatoxin B1-induced testicular toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 481: 116750.

İrak K, Çelik Ö, Bolacalı M, Tufan T, Özcan S, Yıldırım S, Bolat İ (2024) Investigation of the protective effect of chitosan against arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage in rat kidney tissue. Pol J Vet Sci 27: 95-105.

Ismail AEM, Soliman SM, Ashry M (2024) Therapeutic and antioxidant effects of lactoperoxidase on aflatoxin B1induced nephrotoxicity in adult male rats. Egypt Pharm J 23: 437-444.

Karaca A, Yilmaz S, Kaya E, Altun S (2021) The effect of lycopene on hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 127: 429-436.

Karatekeli S, Demirel HH, Zemheri-Navruz F, Ince S (2023) Boron exhibits hepatoprotective effect together with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic pathways in rats exposed to aflatoxin B1. J Trace Elem Med Biol 77: 127.

Kim HY, Yokozawa T, Cho EJ CE, Cheigh HS, Choi JS, Chung HY (2003) In vitro and in vivo antioxidant effects of mustard leaf (Brassica juncea). Phytother Res 17: 465-471.

Kumar V, Thakur AK, Barothia ND, Chatterjee SS (2011) Therapeutic potentials of Brassica juncea: an overview. CellMed 1: 1-16.

Li M, Kong Y, Guo W, Wu X, Zhang J, Lai Y, Kong Y, Niu X, Wang G (2022) Dietary aflatoxin B1 caused the growth inhibition, and activated oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway, inducing apoptosis and inflammation in the liver of northern snakehead (Channa argus). Sci Total Environ 850: 157997.

Lin JX, Xu CY, Wu XM, Che L, Li TY, Mo SM, Guo DB, Lin ZN, Lin YC (2023) Rab7a-mTORC1 signaling-mediated cholesterol trafficking from the lysosome to mitochondria ameliorates hepatic lipotoxicity induced by aflatoxin B1 exposure. Chemosphere 320: 138071.

Liu H, Xie R, Huang W, Yang Y, Zhou M, Lu B, Li B, Tan B, Dong X (2023) Negative effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the diet on growth performance, protein and lipid metabolism, and liver health of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀× Epinephelus lanceolatus♂). Aquac Rep 33: 101779.

Mohammad KK, Ghazi-Khansari M, Hayati F, Staji H, Keywanloo M, Shahroozian E (2017) The role of TNF-α in aflatoxin B-1 induced hepatic toxicity in isolated perfused rat liver model. Acta Med Iran 55: 416-421.

Moloi TP, Ziqubu K, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Mabaso NH, Ndlovu Z (2024) Aflatoxin B1-induced hepatotoxicity through mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation as central pathological mechanisms: A review of experimental evidence. Toxicol 509: 153983.

Mostafa HE, Allithy ANA, Abdellatif NA, Anani M, Fareed SA, El-Shafei DA, El-Din EAA (2021) Amelioration of pulmonary aflatoxicosis by green tea extract: An in vivo study. Toxicon 189: 48-55.

Owumi S, Najophe ES, Farombi EO, Oyelere AK (2020) Gallic acid protects against Aflatoxin B1‐induced oxidative and inflammatory stress damage in rats kidneys and liver. J Food Biochem 44: e13316.

Pei J, Pan X, Wei G, Hua Y (2023) Research progress of glutathione peroxidase family (GPX) in redoxidation. Front Pharmacol 14: 1147414.

Rushing BR, Selim MI (2019) Aflatoxin B1: A review on metabolism, toxicity, occurrence in food, occupational exposure, and detoxification methods. Food Chem Toxicol 124: 81-100.

Salam HMA, Soliman SME, Gadelmawla MHA, Ashry M (2023) The Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Lactoferrin Nanoparticles on the Aflatoxin B1-induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Rats. Iran J Toxicol 17: 42-49.

Saleem U, Bibi S, Shah MA, Ahmad B, Saleem A, Chauhdary Z, Anwar F, Javaid N, Hira S, Akhtar MF, Shah GM, Khan MS, Muhammad H, Qasim M, Alqarni M, Algarni MA, Blundell R, Vargas-De-La-Cruz C, Herrera-Calderon O, Alhasani RH (2021) Anti-Parkinson’s evaluation of Brassica juncea leaf extract and underlying mechanism of its phytochemicals. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 26: 1031-1051.

Şengül S, İçen Taşkın I, Aşır F, Eraslan Şakar A, Pektanç Şengül G (2024) Melatonin prevents nicotine-induced hepatotoxicity by modulating apoptosis and histopathological changes in rats. Pol J Vet Sci 27: 589–597.

Shankar S, Segaran G, Sundar RDV, Settu S, Sathiavelu M (2019) Brassicaceae A classical review on its pharmacological activities. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 55: 107-113.

Sharma V, Patial V (2021) Food mycotoxins: Dietary interventions implicated in the prevention of mycotoxicosis. ACS Food Sci Technol 1: 1717-1739.

Subramaniam S, Sabran MR, Stanslas J, Kirby BP (2022) Effect of aflatoxin B1 exposure on the progression of depressive-like behavior in rats. Front Nutr 9: 1032810.

Valavala VK, Vangipurapu RK, Banam VR, Pulukurthi UMR, Turlapati NR (2011) Effect of mustard (brassica juncea) leaf extract on streptozotocin‐induced diabetic cataract in wistar rats. J Food Biochem 35: 109-124.

Wang S, Zhang C, Yang J, Wang X, Wu K, Zhang B, Zhang J, Yang A, Rajput SA, Qi D (2020) Sodium butyrate protects the intestinal barrier by modulating intestinal host defense peptide expression and gut microbiota after a challenge with deoxynivalenol in weaned piglets. J Agric Food Chem 68: 4515-4527.

Wang SN, Lee KT, Ker CG (2010) Leptin in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 16: 5801-5809.

Wang X, He Y, Tian J, Muhammad I, Liu M, Wu C, Xu C, Zhang X (2021) Ferulic acid prevents aflatoxin B1-induced liver injury in rats via inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzyme, activating Nrf2/GST pathway and regulating mitochondrial pathway. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 224: 112624.

Wang Y, Liu F, Zhou X, Liu M, Zang H, Liu X, Shan A, Feng X (2022) Alleviation of oral exposure to aflatoxin B1-induced renal dysfunction, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis in mice kidney by curcumin. Antioxidants (Basel) 11: 1082.

Wu G, San J, Pang H, Du Y, Li W, Zhou X, Yang X, Hu J, Yang J (2022) Taurine attenuates AFB1-induced liver injury by alleviating oxidative stress and regulating mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Toxicon 215: 17-27.

Xu W, Che Y, Zhang Q, Huang H, Ding C, Wang Y, Wang G, Cao L, Hao H (2021) Apaf-1 pyroptosome senses mitochondrial permeability transition. Cell metab 33: 424-436. e410.

Yilmaz S, Kaya E, Karaca A, Karatas O (2018) Aflatoxin B1 induced renal and cardiac damage in rats: protective effect of lycopene. Res Vet Sci 119: 268-275.

Zhang L, Shi S, Liu Y, Cui Y, Zhu Y, Bao Y, Chen B, Shi W (2023) Aflatoxin B1 triggers apoptosis in rabbit hepatocytes via mediating oxidative stress and switching on the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 264: 115478.

Zhang T, Ma C, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Hu H (2021) NF‐κB signaling in inflammation and cancer. MedComm 2: 618-653.

Zhao L, Feng Y, Deng J, Zhang NY, Zhang WP, Liu XL, Rajput SA, Qi DS, Sun LH (2019) Selenium deficiency aggravates aflatoxin B1-induced immunotoxicity in chick spleen by regulating 6 selenoprotein genes and redox/
inflammation/apoptotic signaling. J Nutr 149: 894-901.

Abdelfattah-Hassan A, Shalaby SI, Khater SI, El-Shetry ES, Abd El Fadil H, Elsayed SA (2019) Panax ginseng is superior to vitamin E as a hepatoprotector against cyclophosphamide-induced liver damage. Complement Ther Med 46: 95-102.

Abu-Reidah IM, Arráez-Román D, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A (2013) Extensive characterisation of bioactive phenolic constituents from globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) by HPLC–DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS. Food Chemistry 141: 2269-2277.

Aktay G, Deliorman D, Ergun E, Ergun F, Yesilada E, Cevik C (2000) Hepatoprotective effects of Turkish folk remedies on experimental liver injury. J Ethnopharmacol 73: 121-129.

Albayrak SA, Denk B, Karpuz B, Kupeli Akkol E, Avci G (2022) Determination of in vitro antioxidant activities and macro and micro elements level in different extracts of Cynara scolymus L. Leaf. Kocatepe Vet J 15: 412-422.

Avci G, Ulutas E, Ozdemir V, Kivrak İ, Bulbul A (2022) The positive effect of black seed (Nigella sativa L.) essential oil on thyroid hormones in rats with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. J Food Biochem 46: e13801. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.13801

Avci H, Sekkin S, Boyacıoğlu M, Akşit H, Tunca R, Epikmen ET, Birincioğlu SS (2016) Protective and antigenotoxic effects of silymarin and curcumin in experimental cyclophosphamide ıntoxication in rats. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 22: 693-701.

Ayza MA, Zewdie KA, Yigzaw EF, Ayele SG, Tesfaye BA, Tafere GG, Abrha MG (2022) Potential protective effects of antioxidants against cyclophosphamide-ınduced nephrotoxicity. Int J Nephrol 2022: 1-12.

Bacak Gullu E, Avci G (2013) Effects of thymoquinone on plasma leptin, insulin, thyroid hormones and lipid profile in rats fed a fatty diet. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 19: 1011-1016.

Ben Salem M, Affes H, Ksouda K, Dhouibi R, Sahnoun Z, Hammami S, Zeghal KM (2015) Pharmacological studies of artichoke leaf extract and their health benefits. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 70: 441-453.

Ben Salem M, Affes H, Dhouibi R, Charfi S, Turki M, Hammami S, Ayedi F,  Sahnoun  Z, Zeghal KM, Ksouda K (2022) Preventive effect of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) in kidney dysfunction against high fat-diet induced obesity in rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 128: 586-592.

Biel W, Witkowicz R, Piątkowska E, Podsiadło C (2020) Proximate composition, minerals and antioxidant activity of artichoke leaf extracts. Biol Trace Elem Res 194: 589-595.

Cavalletti E, Tofanetti O, Zunino F (1986) Comparision of reduced glutathione with 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate to prevent cyclophosphamide induced urotoxicity. Cancer Lett 32: 1-6.

Chen L, Xiong X, Hou X, Wei H, Zhai J, Xia T, Gong X, Gao S, Feng G, Tao X, Zhang F, Chen W. (2019) Wuzhi capsule regulates chloroacetaldehyde pharmacokinetics behaviour and alleviates high‐dose cyclophosphamide‐induced nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 125: 142-151.

Chukwunonyelum I, Odiba A, Edeke A, Anunobi O, Ukegbu C (2016) Liver enzymes and total protein levels as index of hepatotoxicity of naphthalene. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci 11: 28-31.

Denk B, Avci G, Aydoğan B., Fidan AF, Aslan R (2022) Redox-changing effects of popular tobacco products in rats. Turk J Biochem 47: 343-349.

El Morsy M, Kamel R (2015) Protective effect of artichoke leaf extract against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Pharm Biol 53: 167-173.

Fouad AA, Qutub HO, Al-Melhim WN (2016) Punicalagin alleviates hepatotoxicity in rats challenged with cyclophosphamide. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 45: 158-162.

Florek E (2023) Evaluation of the protective and regenerative properties of commercially available artichoke leaf powder extract on plasma and liver oxidative stress parameters. Antioxidants 12: 1846.

Germoush MO, Mahmoud AM (2014) Berberine mitigates cyclophosphamideinduced hepatotoxicity by modulating antioxidant status and inflammatory cytokines. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 140: 1103-1109.

Gibson-Corley KN, Olivier AK, Meyerholz DK. (2013) Principles for valid histopathologic scoring in research. Vet Pathol 50: 1007-1015. 

Gupta S, Portales-Castillo I, Daher A, Kitchlu A (2021) Conventional chemotherapy nephrotoxicity. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 28: 402-414.

He Y, Xia Z, Yu D, Wang J, Jin L. Huang D, Ye X, Li X, Zhang B. (2019). Hepatoprotective effects and structure activity relationship of five flavonoids against lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine induced acute liver failure in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 68: 171-178.

Hu Z, Lausted C, Yoo H, Yan X, Brightman A, Chen J, Wang W, Bu X, Hood L (2014) Quantitative liver-specific protein fingerprint in blood: a signature for hepatotoxicity. Theranostics 4: 215-228.

Karaboga M, Avci H (2023) Investigation of the effect of sodium selenite on metallothioneine expression in the liver and kidney in experimental cyclophosphamide toxicity. J Adv VetBio Sci Tech 8: 101-111.

León-González AJ, Auger C, Schini-Kerth VB (2015) Pro-oxidant activity of polyphenols and its implication on cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol 98: 371-380.

Luca SV, Kulinowski Ł, Ciobanu C, Zengin G, Czerwińska ME, Granica S, Xiao J, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Trifan A (2022) Phytochemical and multi-biological characterization of two Cynara scolymus L. varieties: A glance into their potential large scale cultivation and valorization as bio-functional ingredients. Ind Crops Prod 178: 114623.

McCarroll N, Keshava N, Cimino M, Chu M, Dearfield K, Keshava C, Kligerman A, Owen R, Protzel A, Putzrath R, Schoeny R (2008) An evaluation of the mode of action framework for mutagenic carcinogenesis case study: cylophosphamide. Environ Mol Mutagen 49: 117-131.

Mehmetcik G, Ozdemirler G, Toker N, Cevikbas U, Uysal M (2008) Effect of pretreatment with artichoke extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury and oxidative stress. Exp Toxicol Pathol 60: 475-480.

Mohammed ET, Radi AM, Aleya L, Abdel-Daim MM (2020) Cynara scolymus leaves extract alleviates nandrolone decanoate-induced alterations in testicular function and sperm quality in albino rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27: 5009-5017.

Nadova S, Miadokova E, Mucaji P, Grancai D, Cipak L. (2008) Growth inhibitory effect of ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of Cynara cardunculus L. in leukemia cells involves cell arrest, cytochrome c release and activiation of caspases. Phytother Res 22: 165-168.

Nagi MN, Al-Shabanah OA, Hafez MM, Sayed-Ahmed MM (2010) Thymoquinone supplementation attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 25: 135-142.

Nasef MA, Yousef MI, Ghareeb DA, Augustyniak M, Aboul-Soud MA, El Wakil A (2023) Hepatoprotective effects of a chemically-characterized extract from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) against AFB₁-induced toxicity in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 46: 1070-1082.

Salekzamani S, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M, Rezazadeh K (2019) The antioxidant activity of artichoke (Cynara scolymus): A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Phytother Res 33: 55-71.

Senthilkumar S, Devaki T, Manohar BM, Babu MS. (2006) Effect of squalene on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity. Clin Chim Acta 364: 335-342.

Sokkar HH, Dena AS, Mahana NA, Badr A (2020) Artichoke extracts in cancer therapy: do the extraction conditions affect the anticancer activity? Futur J Pharm Sci 6(1): 1-21.

Speroni E, Cervellati R, Govoni P, S Guizzardi, C Renzulli, Guerra MC (2003) Efficacy of different Cynara scolymus preparations on liver complaints. J Ethnopharmacol 86: 203-211.

Yang M, Ma Y, Wang Z, Khan A, Zhou W, Zhao T, Cao J, Cheng G, Cai S. (2020) Phenolic constituents, antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of crude extract and fractions from cultivated artichoke inflorescence. Ind Crop Prod 143: 111433.

Yazar E, Bulbul A, Avci G, Er A, Uney K, Elmas M, Tras B (2010) Effects of enrofloxacin, flunixin meglumine and dexamethasone on disseminated intravascular coagulation, cytokine levels and adenosine deaminase activity in endotoxaemia in rats. Acta Vet Hung 58: 357-367.

Zheng QS, Sun XL, Xu B, Li G, Song M (2005) Mechanisms of apigenin-7-glucoside as a hepatoprotective agent. Biomed Environ Sci 18: 65-70.

Alqarni I, Bassiouni YA, Badr AM, Ali RA (2019) Telmisartan and/or chlorogenic acid attenuates fructose-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats: Implications of cross-talk between angiotensin, the sphingosine kinase/sphingoine-1-phosphate pathway, and TLR4 receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 164: 252-262.

Begriche K, Igoudjil A, Pessayre D, Fromenty B (2006) Mitochondrial dysfunction in NASH: Causes, consequences and possible means to prevent it. Mitochondrion 6: 1-28.

Buko V, Zavodnik I, Budryn G, Zakłos-Szyda M, Belonovskaya E, Kirko S, Żyżelewicz D, Zakrzeska A, Bakunovich A, Rusin V, Moroz V (2021) Chlorogenic Acid Protects against Advanced Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Rats via Modulation of Redox Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Lipogenesis. Nutrients 13: 4155.

Chen J, Yu B, Chen D, Huang Z, Mao X, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo J, He J (2018) Chlorogenic acid improves intestinal barrier functions by suppressing mucosa inflammation and improving antioxidant capacity in weaned pigs. J Nutr Biochem 59: 84-92.

Cheng K, Ji S, Jia P, Zhang H, Wang T, Song Z, Zhang L, Wang T (2020) Resveratrol improves hepatic redox status and lipid balance of neonates with intrauterine growth retardation in a piglet model. Biomed Res Int 2020: 7402645.

Cheng K, Jia P, Ji S, Song Z, Zhang H, Zhang L, Wang T (2021) Improvement of the hepatic lipid status in intrauterine growth retarded pigs by resveratrol is related to the inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation. Food Funct 12: 278-290.

Cheng K, Niu J, Zhang J, Qiao Y, Dong G, Guo R, Zheng X, Song Z, Huang J, Wang J, Zhang Y (2023) Hepatoprotective effects of chlorogenic acid on mice exposed to aflatoxin B1: Modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Toxicon 231: 107177.

Cheng K, Yao J, Song Z, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Huang J, Wang J, Zhang Y (2025) Chlorogenic acid alleviates intrauterine growth retardation–induced intestinal damage in piglets. Nutrition 138: 112810.

Ding Y, Li X, Liu Y, Wang S, Cheng D (2021) Protection Mechanisms Underlying Oral Administration of Chlorogenic Acid against Cadmium-Induced Hepatorenal Injury Related to Regulating Intestinal Flora Balance. J Agric Food Chem 69: 1675-1683.

Hu F, Guo Q, Wei M, Huang Z, Shi L, Sheng Y, Ji L (2020) Chlorogenic acid alleviates acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice via regulating Nrf2-mediated HSP60-initiated liver inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 883: 173286.

Hu ZF, Yu WL, Zhao YP (2006) Study on the scavenging of ROS and anti-lipid peroxidation by chlorogenic acid. Food Sci 2: 128–130.

Huang X, Liu Y, Shen H, Fu T, Guo Y, Qiu S (2022) Chlorogenic acid attenuates inflammation in LPS-induced Human gingival fibroblasts via CysLT1R/Nrf2/NLRP3 signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 107: 108706.

Hussein RM, Sawy DM, Kandeil MA, Farghaly HS (2021) Chlorogenic acid, quercetin, coenzyme Q10 and silymarin modulate Keap1-Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling in thioacetamide-induced acute liver toxicity. Life Sci 277: 119460.

Islam MN, Rauf A, Fahad FI, Emran TB, Mitra S, Olatunde A, Shariati MA, Rebezov M, Rengasamy KRR, Mubarak MS (2022) Superoxide dismutase: an updated review on its health benefits and industrial applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 62: 7282-7300.

Kim H, Pan JH, Kim SH, Lee JH, Park JW (2018) Chlorogenic acid ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injuries through scavenging reactive oxygen species. Biochimie 150: 131-138.

Liu X, Wang J, Gao L, Jiao Y, Liu C (2018) Maternal Protein Restriction Induces Alterations in Hepatic Unfolded Protein Response-Related Molecules in Adult Rat Offspring. Front Endocrinol 9: 676.

Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2^−ΔΔCT Method. Methods 25: 402-408.

Miao M, Xiang L (2020) Pharmacological action and potential targets of chlorogenic acid. Adv Pharmacol 87: 71-88.

Mu HN, Li Q, Pan CS, Liu YY, Yan L, Hu BH, Sun K, Chang X, Zhao XR, Fan JY, Han JY (2015) Caffeic acid attenuates rat liver reperfusion injury through sirtuin 3-dependent regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain. Free Radic Biol Med 85: 237-249.

Sankaran S, Kyle PM (2009) Aetiology and Pathogenesis of IUGR. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 23: 765-777.

Shi A, Li T, Zheng Y, Song Y, Wang H, Wang N, Dong L, Shi H (2021) Chlorogenic Acid Improves NAFLD by Regulating gut Microbiota and GLP-1. Front Pharmacol 12: 693048.

Shi H, Shi A, Dong L, Lu X, Wang Y, Zhao J, Dai F, Guo X (2016) Chlorogenic acid protects against liver fibrosis in vivo and in vitro through inhibition of oxidative stress. Clin Nutr 35: 1366-1373.

Song D, Zhang S, Chen A, Song Z, Shi S (2024) Comparison of the effects of chlorogenic acid isomers and their compounds on alleviating oxidative stress injury in broilers. Poult Sci 103: 103649.

Tan Z, Luo M, Yang J, Cheng Y, Huang J, Lu C, Song D, Ye M, Dai M, Gonzalez FJ, Liu A, Guo B (2016) Chlorogenic acid inhibits cholestatic liver injury induced by α-naphthylisothiocyanate: involvement of STAT3 and NFκB signalling regulation. J Pharm Pharmacol 68: 1203-1213.

Tang X, Xiong K, Li M (2023) Effects of dietary epidermal growth factor supplementation on liver antioxidant capacity of piglets with intrauterine growth retardation. J Anim Sci 101: skad323.

Upadhyay R, Mohan Rao LJ (2013) An Outlook on Chlorogenic Acids – Occurrence, Chemistry, Technology, and Biological Activities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 53: 968-984.

Vercellino I, Sazanov LA (2022) The assembly, regulation and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 23: 141-161.

Wang Y, Yang F, Xue J, Zhou X, Luo L, Ma Q, Chen YF, Zhang J, Zhang SL, Zhao L (2017) Antischistosomiasis Liver Fibrosis Effects of Chlorogenic Acid through IL-13/miR-21/Smad7 Signaling Interactions In Vivo and In Vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61: e01347-16.

Xie K, Sun Y, Deng L, Yu B, Luo Y, Huang Z, Mao X, Yu J, Zheng P, Yan H, Li Y, Li H, He J (2023) Effects of Dietary Chlorogenic Acid Supplementation on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Muscle Flavor Substances in Finishing Pigs. Foods 12: 3047.

Xue H, Wei M, Ji L (2023) Chlorogenic acids: A pharmacological systematic review on their hepatoprotective effects. Phytomedicine 118: 154961.

Yan Y, Liu N, Hou N, Dong L, Li J (2017) Chlorogenic acid inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. J Nutr Biochem 46: 68-73.

Zha P, Wei L, Liu W, Chen Y, Zhou Y (2023) Effects of dietary supplementation with chlorogenic acid on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and hepatic inflammation in broiler chickens subjected to diquat-induced oxidative stress. Poult Sci 102: 102479.

Zhang B, Tian M, Wu J, Qiu Y, Xu X, Tian C, Hou J, Wang L, Gao K, Yang X, Jiang Z (2024) Chlorogenic Acid Enhances the Intestinal Health of Weaned Piglets by Inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB Pathway and Activating the Nrf2 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 25: 9954.

Zhang H, Chen Y, Chen Y, Ji S, Jia P, Xu J, Li Y, Wang T (2021) Pterostilbene attenuates liver injury and oxidative stress in intrauterine growth–retarded weanling piglets. Nutrition 81: 110940.

Zhang H, Li Y, Chen Y, Zhang L, Wang T (2019a) N-Acetylcysteine protects against intrauterine growth retardationinduced intestinal injury via restoring redox status and mitochondrial function in neonatal piglets. Eur J Nutr 58: 3335-3347.

Zhang W, Ma C, Xie P, Zhu Q, Wang X, Yin Y, Kong X (2019b) Gut microbiota of newborn piglets with intrauterine growth restriction have lower diversity and different taxonomic abundances. J Appl Microbiol 127: 354-369.

Zhou Y, Ruan Z, Zhou L, Shu X, Sun X, Mi S, Yang Y, Yin Y (2016) Chlorogenic acid ameliorates endotoxin-induced liver injury by promoting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 469: 1083-1089.

Cabaniss CD (1990) Creatine kinase. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW (eds) Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations. 3rd ed., Boston: Butterworths 1990.

Cani PD, Depommier C, Derrien M, Everard A, de Vos WM (2022) Akkermansia muciniphila: paradigm for next-generation beneficial microorganisms. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 19: 625-637.

Chandler M, Cunningham S, Lund EM, Khanna C, Naramore R, Patel A, Day MJ (2017) Obesity and associated comorbidities in people and companion animals: a one health perspective. J Comp Pathol 156: 296-309.

Claps G, Faouzi S, Quidville V, Chehade F, Shen S, Vagner S, Robert C (2022) The multiple roles of LDH in cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 19: 749-762.

Coelho LP, Kultima JR, Costea PI, Fournier C, Pan Y, Czarnecki-Maulden G, Hayward MR, Forslund SK, Schmidt TS, Descombes P, Jackson JR, Li Q, Bork P (2018) Similarity of the dog and human gut microbiomes in gene content and response to diet. Microbiome 6: 72.

Del Rio D, Stewart AJ, Pellegrini N (2005) A review of recent studies on malondialdehyde as toxic molecule and biological marker of oxidative stress. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 15: 316-328.

Di Cerbo A, Morales-Medina JC, Palmieri B, Pezzuto F, Cocco R, Flores G, Iannitti T (2017) Functional foods in pet nutrition: focus on dogs and cats. Res Vet Sci 112: 161-166.

Finet S, He F, Clark LV, de Godoy MR (2022) Functional properties of miscanthus fiber and prebiotic blends in extruded canine diets. J Anim Sci 100: skac078.

Flint HJ, Scott KP, Louis P, Duncan SH (2012) The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 9: 577-589. 

Gao Q, Luo Z, Ma S, Yu C, Shen C, Xu W, Zhang J, Zhang H, Xu J (2023) Microbe-derived antioxidants alleviate liver and adipose tissue lipid disorders and metabolic inflammation induced by high fat diet in mice. Int J Mol Sci 24: 3269.

Guard BC, Barr JW, Reddivari L, Klemashevich C, Jayaraman A, Steiner JM, Vanamala J, Suchodolski JS (2015) Characterization of microbial dysbiosis and metabolomic changes in dogs with acute diarrhea. PLoS One 10: e0127259.

Hyder M, Hasan M, Mohieldein A (2013) Comparative levels of ALT, AST, ALP and GGT in liver associated diseases. Eur J Exp Biol 3: 280-284.

Jia Y, Son K, Burris WR, Bridges PJ, Matthews JC (2019) Forms of selenium in vitamin-mineral mixes differentially affect serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and serum albumin and blood urea nitrogen concentrations, of steers grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue. J Anim Sci 97: 2569-2582.

Jo J, Yun JE, Lee H, Kimm H, Jee SH (2011) Total, direct, and indirect serum bilirubin concentrations and metabolic syndrome among the Korean population. Endocrine 39: 182-189.

Kil DY, Swanson KS (2011) Companion animals symposium: role of microbes in canine and feline health. J Anim Sci 89: 1498-1505.

Koziol SA, Oba PM, Soto-Diaz K, Steelman AJ, Suchodolski JS, Eckhardt ER, Swanson KS (2023) Effects of a Lactobacillus fermentation product on the fecal characteristics, fecal microbial populations, immune function, and stress markers of adult dogs. J Anim Sci 101: skad160.

Luo Z, Gao Q, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Zhang J, Xu W, Xu J (2022) Microbe-derived antioxidants attenuate cobalt chloride-induced mitochondrial function, autophagy and BNIP3-dependent mitophagy pathways in BRL3A cells. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 232: 113219.

Luo Z, Xu X, Sho T, Luo W, Zhang J, Xu W, Yao J, Xu J (2019) Effects of n-acetyl-cysteine supplementation in late gestational diet on maternal-placental redox status, placental NLRP3 inflammasome, and fecal microbiota in sows. J Anim Sci 97: 1757-1771.

Lynch JB, Gonzalez EL, Choy K, Faull KF, Jewell T, Arellano A, Liang J, Yu KB, Paramo J, Hsiao EY (2023) Gut microbiota Turicibacter strains differentially modify bile acids and host lipids. Nat Commun 14: 3669.

Pickard JM, Zeng MY, Caruso R, Núñez G (2017) Gut microbiota: role in pathogen colonization, immune responses, and inflammatory disease. Immunol Rev 279: 70-89.

Pilla R, Suchodolski JS (2020) The role of the canine gut microbiome and metabolome in health and gastrointestinal disease. Front Vet Sci 6: 498.

Ronja N, Koelle P (2021) Obesity in dogs - A review of underlying reasons. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 49: 284-293.

Shen C, Luo Z, Ma S, Yu C, Gao Q, Zhang M, Zhang H, Zhang J, Xu W, Yao J, Xu J (2022) Microbe-derived antioxidants reduce lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses by activating the Nrf2 pathway to inhibit the ROS/NLRP3/IL-1beta signaling pathway. Int J Mol Sci 23: 12477.

Shen C, Luo Z, Ma S, Yu C, Lai T, Tang S, Zhang H, Zhang J, Xu W, Xu J (2024) Microbe-derived antioxidants protect IPEC-1 cells from H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and tight junction protein disruption via activating the Nrf2 pathway to inhibit the ROS/NLRP3/IL-1beta signaling pathway. Antioxidants 13: 533.

Sun X, Wang Z, Li X, Du S, Lin D, Shao Y (2023) Effects of Yucca schidigera extract on serum biochemical parameters, humoral immune response, and intestinal health in young pigeons. Front Vet Sci 9: 1077555.

Tanprasertsuk J, Tate DE, Shmalberg J (2022) Roles of plant-based ingredients and phytonutrients in canine nutrition and health. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 106: 586-613.

Xu X, Luo Z, Xu J (2022) The main characteristics of obesity in dogs and nutritional regulation. Shanghai J Anim Husb Vet Med 02: 88-94. www.nstl.gov.cn/paper_detail.html?id=
5ef14a50c00d530754acf52d9ede3af1.

Yu C, Wang D, Shen C, Luo Z, Zhang H, Zhang J, Xu W, Xu J (2024) Microbe-derived antioxidants enhance lipid synthesis by regulating the hepatic AMPKalpha -SREBP1c pathway in weanling piglets. J Nutr 154: 1101-1108.

Zhuang Z, Yang R, Wang W, Qi L, Huang T (2020) Associations between gut microbiota and Alzheimer’s disease, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia. J Neuroinflammation 17: 288.

Adejuwon KP, Osundahunsi OF, Akinola SA, Oluwamukomi MO, Mwanza M (2021) Effect of fermentation on nutritional quality, growth and hematological parameters of rats fed sorghum-soybean-orange flesh sweet potato complementary diet. Nutrients 9: 639-650.

Adhikari S, Schop M, de Boer IJ, Huppertz T (2022) Protein quality in perspective: a review of protein quality metrics and their applications. Nutrients 14: 947.

Anderson JW (2008) Beneficial effects of soy protein consumption for renal function. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 17: 324-328.

Astawan M, Rahmawati IS, Cahyani AP, Wresdiyati T, Putri SP, Fukusaki E (2020) Comparison between tempe flour made from germinated and nongerminated soybeans in preventing diabetes mellitus. Hayati J Biosci 27: 16.

Augustin V, Badanthadka M, Dsouza V, Kumar BM, Shetty AV (2024) Longitudinal evaluation of developmental protein malnutrition resembling marasmic-kwashiorkor condition in Wistar rats. Turk J Pharm Sci 21: 474-482.

Bhagya B, Sridhar K, Seena S (2006) Biochemical and protein quality evaluation of tender pods of wild legume Canavalia cathartica of coastal sand dunes. Livest. Res. Rural Dev 18: 1-20.

Botros M, Sikaris K (2013) The De Ritis ratio: the test of time. Clin Biochem Rev 34: 117-130.

Branca F, Grummer-Strawn L, Borghi E, Blössner M, Onis M (2015) Extension of the WHO maternal, infant and young child nutrition targets to 2030. SCN News 41: 55-58.

Chatterjee C, Gleddie S, Xiao CW (2018) Soybean bioactive peptides and their functional properties. Nutrients 10: 1211.

Das JK, Salam RA, Saeed M, Kazmi FA, Bhutta ZA (2020) Effectiveness of interventions for managing acute malnutrition in children under five years of age in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 12: 116.

de Camargo AC, Favero BT, Morzelle MC, Franchin M, Alvarez-Parrilla E, de la Rosa LA, Geraldi MV, Maróstica Júnior MR, Shahidi F, Schwember AR (2019) Is chickpea a potential substitute for soybean?  Phenolic Bioactives and Potential Health Benefits. Int J Mol Sci 20: 2644.

Hameed A, Ahmad RS, Imran A, Yasmin A, Naqvi SA (2022) A randomized controlled trial on albino rats treated with chicory plant to improve liver efficiency. Pak J Pharm Sci 35: 247-252.

Handa V, Kumar V, Panghal A, Suri S, Kaur J (2017) Effect of soaking and germination on physicochemical and functional attributes of horsegram flour. J Food Sci Technol 54: 4229-4239.

Ingbian EK, Adegoke GO (2007) Nutritional quality of protein-enriched mumu – a traditional cereal food product. Int J Food Sci Technol 42: 476-481.

Kasarala G, Tillmann HL (2016) Standard liver tests. Clin Liver Dis 8: 13-18.

Kohli V, Singha S (2024) Protein digestibility of soybean: how processing affects seed structure, protein and non-protein components. Discov Food 4: 7.

Kumar R, Guleria A, Padwad YS, Srivatsan V, Yadav SK (2024) Smart proteins as a new paradigm for meeting dietary protein sufficiency of India: a critical review on the safety and sustainability of different protein source. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 65:18, 3496-3545.

Li L, Pan M, Pan S, Li W, Zhong Y, Hu J, Nie S (2020) Effects of insoluble and soluble fibers isolated from barley on blood glucose, serum lipids, liver function and caecal short-chain fatty acids in type 2 diabetic and normal rats. Food Chem Toxicol 135: 110937.

Marín-García PJ, Llobat L, López-Lujan MC, Cambra-López M, Blas E, Pascual JJ (2022) Urea nitrogen metabolite can contribute to implementing the ideal protein concept in monogastric animals. Animals (Basel) 12: 2344.

Michaelsen KF, Hoppe C, Roos N, Kaestel P, Stougaard M, Lauritzen L, Mølgaard C, Girma T, Friis H (2009) Choice of foods and ingredients for moderately malnourished children 6 months to 5 years of age. Food Nutr Bull 30: S343-S404.

Nkhata SG, Ayua E, Kamau EH, Shingiro JB (2018) Fermentation and germination improve nutritional value of cereals and legumes through activation of endogenous enzymes. Food Sci Nutr 6: 2446-2458.

Osundahunsi OF, Aworh OC (2003) Nutritional evaluation, with emphasis on protein quality, of maize-based complementary foods enriched with soya bean and cowpea tempe. Int J Food Sci Technol 38: 809-813.

Othman MS, Fareid MA, Abdel Hameed RS, Abdel Moneim AE (2020) The protective effects of melatonin on aluminum-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020: 7375136.

Qin P, Wang T, Luo Y (2022) A review on plant-based proteins from soybean: health benefits and soy product development. J Agric Food Res 7: 100265.

Reeves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahey GC (1993) AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J Nutr 123: 1939-1951.

Rizzo G, Baroni L (2018) Soy, soy foods and their role in vegetarian diets. Nutrients 10: 43.

Rusul Arif A, Haider S (2014) A study of some biochemical changes in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 3: 581-586.

Sabrina N, Rizal M, Nurkolis F, Hardinsyah H, Tanner MJ, Gunawan WB, Handoko MN, Mayulu N, Taslim NA, Puspaningtyas DS, Noor SL (2022) Bioactive peptides identification and nutritional status ameliorating properties on malnourished rats of combined eel and soy-based tempe flour. Front Nutr 9: 963065.

Samtiya M, Aluko RE, Dhewa T (2020) Plant food anti-nutritional factors and their reduction strategies: an overview. Food Prod Process Nutr 2: 1-14.

Savitikadi P, Pullakhandam R, Kulkarni B, Kumar BN, Reddy GB, Reddy VS (2021) Chronic effects of maternal low-protein and low-quality protein diets on body composition, glucose-homeostasis and metabolic factors, followed by reversible changes upon rehabilitation in adult rat offspring. Nutrients 13: 4129.

Song S, Dang M, Kumar M (2019) Anti-inflammatory and renal protective effect of gingerol in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats via inflammatory mechanism. Immunopharmacol 27: 1243-1254.

Teixeira AB, Schuh BR, Daley VL, Fernandes SR, Freitas JA (2022) Effect of refeeding on growth performance, blood metabolites and physiological parameters of Dorper× Santa Ines lambs previously subjected to feed restriction. Anim Prod Sci 62 (15): 1459-1470.

Xiao CW, Hendry A (2022) Hypolipidemic effects of soy protein and isoflavones in the prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – a review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 77 (3): 319-328.

YP SP, Hari P, OM FR (2018) Hematinic and antioxidant potential of aqueous extract of Sesamum indicum seeds against phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia in albino rats. Natl. j. physiol. pharm. Pharmacol 8 (8): 1092.

Abd El-Hady MAA, El-Ayouty SA, Raghib RW (2006) Buffalo colostrum: Composition and immunoglobulin content in relation to immune status of newborn calves. Egypt J Anim Prod 43: 115-128.

Abd El-Fattah AM, Abd Rabo FH, EL-Dieb SM, El-Kashef HA (2012) Changes in composition of colostrum of Egyptian buffaloes and Holstein cows. BMC Vet Res 8: 19.

Agrawal S, Kumar T, Chaudhary R, Lionel A P, Kumar S (2022) Assaying the concentration of immunoglobulin G in colostrum from females postpartum and serum from neonatal calves of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Buffalo Bull 41: 493-509.

An Z, Luo G, Gao S, Zhang X, Chen C, Yao Z, Zhao J, Lv H, Niu K, Nie P, Yang L (2023) Evaluation of parity effect on characteristics and minerals in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) colostrum and mature milk. Foods 12: 1321.

Aydogdu U (2014) Effects of Colostrum Composition and Quality on Passive Immunity in Dairy Calves. OMU J Agric Fac Tez no: 410905.

Bartier AL, Windeyer MC, Doepel L (2015) Evaluation of on-farm tools for colostrum quality measurement. J Dairy Sci 98: 1878-1884.

Bielmann V, Gillan J, Perkins NR, Skidmore AL, Godden S, Leslie KE (2010) An evaluation of Brix refractometry instruments for measurement of colostrum quality in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 93: 3713-3721.

Bush LJ, Staley TE (1980) Absorption of colostral immunoglobulins in newborn calves. J Dairy Sci 63: 672-680.

Cabral RG, Chapman CE, Aragona KM, Clark E, Lunak M, Erickson PS (2016) Predicting colostrum quality from performance in the previous lactation and environmental changes. J Dairy Sci 99: 4048-4055.

Campanella L, Martini E, Pintore M, Tomassetti M (2009) Determination of lactoferrin and immunoglobulin G in animal milks by new immunosensors. Sensors (Basel) 9: 2202-2221.

Campos de Souza D, Gomes da Silva D, Coelho Fonseca LC, de Castro Fiori L, Monteiro BM, Bernardes O, Batista Viana R, Fagliari J J (2020) Passive Immunity Transfer in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Front Vet Sci 7: 247.

Ceniti C, Froiio F, Britti D, Paolino D, Costanzo N (2019) Rheological characteristics of bovine colostrum and their correlation with immunoglobulin G. Int J Dairy Technol 72: 345-349.

Chaudhary R, Kumar S, Yathish HM, Sivakumar A, Mishra C, Kumar A, Chauhan A, Sivamani B, Sahoo NR (2016) Identification of SNPs in beta 2 microglobulin (β2M) gene and their association with IgG concentration in neonatal buffalo calves. J Pure Appl Microbiol 10: 1387-1395.

Costa A, Goi A, Penasa M, Nardino G, Posenato L, De Marchi M (2021) Variation of immunoglobulins G, A, and M and bovine serum albumin concentration in Holstein cow colostrum. Animal 15: 100299.

Dang AK, Kapila S, Purohit M, Singh C (2009) Changes in colostrum of Murrah buffaloes after calving. Trop Anim Health Prod 41: 1213-1217.

Souza DC, Silva DG, Rocha TG, Monteiro BM, Pereira GT, Fiori LC, Viana RB, Fagliari JJ (2019) Serum biochemical profile of neonatal buffalo calves. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 71: 187-196.

Dunn A, Ashfield A, Earley B, Welsh M, Gordon A, Morrison SJ (2017) Evaluation of factors associated with immunoglobulin G, fat, protein, and lactose concentrations in bovine colostrum and colostrum management practices in grassland-based dairy systems in Northern Ireland. J Dairy Sci 100: 2068-2079.

Erdem H, Atasever S (2005) The importance of colostrum in newborn calves. OMU J Agric Fac 20: 79-84. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/omuanajas/issue/20233/214234.

Gapper LW, Copestake DE, Otter DE, Indyk HE (2007) Analysis of bovine immunoglobulin G in milk, colostrum and dietary supplements: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 389: 93-109.

Giammarco M, Chincarini M, Fusaro I, Manetta AC, Contri A, Gloria A, Lanzoni L, Mammi LME, Ferri N, Vignola G (2021) Evaluation of Brix refractometry to estimate immunoglobulin G content in buffalo colostrum and neonatal calf serum. Animals 11, 2616.

Gulliksen SM, Lie KI, Solverod L, Osteras O (2008) Risk factors associated with colostrum quality in Norwegian dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 91: 704-712.

Holloway NM, Lakritz J, Tyler JW, Carlson SL (2002) Serum lactoferrin concentrations in colostrum-fed calves. Am J Vet Res 63: 476-478.

Kehoe SI, Heinrichs AJ, Moody ML, Jones CM, Long MR (2011) Comparison of immunoglobulin G concentrations in primiparous and multiparous bovine colostrum. Pro Anim Sci 27: 176-180.

Kehoe S I, Jayarao BM, Heinrichs AJ (2007) A survey of bovine colostrum composition and colostrum management practices on Pennsylvania dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 90: 4108-4116.

Kuralkar P, Kuralkar SV (2010) Nutritional and immunological importance of colostrum for the newborn. Vet World 3: 46-47.

Martin P, Vinet A, Denis C, Grohs C, Chanteloup L, Dozias D, Maupetit D, Sapa J, Renand G, Blanc F (2021) Determination of immunoglobulin concentrations and genetic parameters for colostrum and calf serum in Charolais animals. J Dairy Sci 104: 3240-3249.

Mastellone V, Massimini G, Pero ME, Cortese L, Piantedosi D, Lombardi P, Britti D, Avallone, L. (2011) Effects of passive transfer status on growth performance in buffalo calves. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci 24: 952-956.

Minea I, Velescu E, Horhogea C (2020) The influence of colostrum consumption on serum lactoferrin in newborn calves. Lucrari Stiintifice Seria Medicina Veterinara 63: 1.

Morin DE, McCoy GC, Hurley WL (1997) Effects of quality, quantity, and timing of colostrum feeding and addition of a dried colostrum supplement on immunoglobulin G1 absorption in Holstein bull calves. J Dairy Sci 80: 747-753.

Morrill KM, Tyler HD (2012) Two methods to determine IgG concentration in calf serum. Iowa State Univ Anim Ind Rep 9: 1.

Morrill KM, Conrad E, Lago A, Campbell J, Quigley J, Tyler H (2012) Nationwide evaluation of quality and composition of colostrum on dairy farms in the United States. J Dairy Sci 95: 3997-4005.

Morrill KM, Robertson KE, Spring MM, Robinson AL, Tyler HD (2015) Validating a refractometer to evaluate immunoglobulin G concentration in Jersey colostrum and the effect of multiple freeze-thaw cycles on evaluating colostrum quality. J Dairy Sci 98: 595-601.

Nowak W, Mikula R, Zachwieja A, Paczynska K, Pecka E, Drzazga K, Slosarz P (2012) The impact of cow nutrition in the dry period on colostrum quality and immune status of calves. Pol J Vet Sci. 15: 77-82.

Osaka I, Matsui Y, Terada F (2014) Effect of the mass of immunoglobulin (Ig) G intake and age at first colostrum feeding on serum IgG concentration in Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 97: 6608-6612.

Pecka-Kielb E, Zachwieja A, Humienna K, Kroliczewska B, Zielak-Steciwko AE, Kaszuba J, Adamski M (2025) The impact of using Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) as a substitute for concentrate feeds during the dry period on the quality of bovine colostrum and the IgG levels in their calves’ serum. Pol J Vet Sci. 28: 259-269.

Quigley JD, Lago A, Chapman C, Erickson P, Polo J (2013) Evaluation of the Brix refractometer to estimate immunoglobulin G concentration in bovine colostrum. J Dairy Sci 96: 1148-1155.

Quigley JD, Martin KR, Dowlen HH (1995) Concentrations of trypsin inhibitor and immunoglobulins in colostrum of Jersey cows. J Dairy Sci 78: 1573-1577.

Sarıözkan S (2011) The importance of buffalo breeding in Turkey. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg 17: 163-166.

Şensoy S, Şahinduran Ş (2022) Investigation of immunoglobulin G, lactoferrin, and zinc levels in blood sera of calves fed fresh and frozen colostrum. MAE Vet Fak Der 7: 62-66.

Talukder MJR, Takeuchi T, Harada E (2002) Transport of colostral macromolecules into the cerebrospinal fluid via plasma in newborn calves. J Dairy Sci 85: 514-524.

Taniguchi S, Wang M, Ikeda S, Yoshioka H, Nagase H, Kitamura S, Itoyama E, Murakami H, Sugimoto M, Kume S (2016) Relationships between immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G or A in colostrum of Japanese Black multiparous cows. Anim Sci J 87: 536-540.

Verma UK, Kumar S, Ghosh AK, Kumar S, Barwal RS, Sahi BN (2018) Determination of immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration in buffalo colostrum and serum of new born calves by indirect ELISA. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 7: 1233-1235.

Wang J, He Y, Pang K, Zeng Q, Zhang X, Ren F, Guo H (2019) Changes in milk yield and composition of colostrum and regular milk from four buffalo breeds in China during lactation. J Sci Food Agric 99: 5799-5807.

Wilm J, Costa JH, Neave HW, Weary DM, Keyserlingk MA (2018) Technical note: Serum total protein and immunoglobulin G concentrations in neonatal dairy calves over the first 10 days of age. J Dairy Sci 101: 6430-6436.

Wooding FB, Morgan G, Adam CL (1997) Structure and function in the ruminant synepitheliochorial placenta: central role of the trophoblast binucleate cell in deer. Microsc Res Tech 38: 88-99.

Yıldırım Z, Tokatlı M, Öncül N, Yıldırım M (2011) The biological activity of lactoferrin. Acad Food J, 9: 52-63.

Yılmaz Ö, Kaşıkçı G (2013) Factors affecting colostrum quality of ewes and immunostimulation. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 37: 390-394.

Zarcula S, Cernescu H, Mircu C, Tulcan C, Morvay A, Baul S, Popovici D (2010) Influence of breed, parity, and food intake on chemical composition of first colostrum in cow. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 43:1.

Akram SM, Aboobacker S (2023) Mycobacterium marinum Infection. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL).

Aubry A, Mougari F, Reibel F, Cambau E (2017) Mycobacterium marinum. Microbiol Spectr 5:10.

Bagcchi S (2023) WHO’s Global Tuberculosis Report 2022. The Lancet Microbe 4: e20.

Biet F, Boschiroli ML (2014) Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections of veterinary relevance. Res Vet Sci 97: 69-77.

Bruce KD, Sihota KK, Byrne CD, Cagampang FR (2012) The housekeeping gene YWHAZ remains stable in a model of developmentally primed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 32: 1315-1321.

Chihota VN, Grant AD, Fielding K, Ndibongo B, van Zyl A, Muirhead D, Churchyard GJ (2010) Liquid vs. solid culture for tuberculosis: performance and cost in a resource-constrained setting. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 14: 1024-1031.

Chirakos AE, Nicholson KR, Huffman A, Champion PA (2020) Conserved ESX-1 substrates EspE and EspF are virulence factors that regulate gene expression. Infect Immun 88: e00289-20.

Coimbra NR, Goes-Neto A, Azevedo V, Ouangraoua A (2020) Reconstructing the phylogeny of Corynebacteriales while accounting for horizontal gene transfer. Gen Biol Evol 12: 381-395.

Doig C, Seagar AL, Watt B, Forbes KJ (2002) The efficacy of the heat killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Pathol 55: 778-779.

Francis-Floyd R (2011) Mycobacterial infections of fish. SRAC 4706

Friedrich SO, Kolwijck E, Karinja MN, van der Merwe L, Diacon AH (2019) Quantification of viable bacterial load in artificial sputum spiked with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis 115: 140-145.

Grant IR, Pope CM, O’Riordan LM, Ball HJ, Rowe MT (2000) Improved detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk by immunomagnetic PCR. Vet Microbiol 77: 369-378.

Griffin JE, Gawronski JD, Dejesus MA, Ioerger TR, Akerley BJ, Sassetti Ch (2011) High-resolution phenotypic profiling defines genes essential for mycobacterial growth and cholesterol catabolism. PLoS Pathog 7: e1002251.

Hashish E, Merwad A, Elgaml S, Amer A, Kamal H, Elsadek A, Marei A, Sitohy M (2018) Mycobacterium marinum infection in fish and man: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management; a review. Vet Q 38: 35-46.

Hu Y, Jiang Q, Zhai X, Liu L, Hong Y (2023) Screening and validation of the optimal panel of reference genes in colonic epithelium and relative cancer cell lines. Sci Rep 13: 17777.

Jabłońska A, Świerzko AS, Studzińska M, Suski P, Kalinka J, Leśnikowski ZJ, Cedzyński M, Paradowska E (2020) Insight into the expression of RIG-I-like receptors in human third trimester placentas following ex vivo cytomegalovirus or vesicular stomatitis virus infection. Mol Immunol 126: 143-152.

Jauhal AA, Newcomb RD (2021) Assessing genome assembly quality prior to downstream analysis: N50 versus BUSCO. Mol Ecol Resour 21: 1416-1421.

Kanabalan RD, Lee LJ, Lee TY, Chong PP, Hassan L, Ismail R, Chin VK (2021) Human tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: a review on genetic diversity, pathogenesis and omics approaches in host biomarkers discovery. Microbiol Res 246: 126674.

Kim BJ, Kim BR, Lee SY, Kook YH, Kim BJ (2013) Rough colony morphology of Mycobacterium massiliense Type II genotype is due to the deletion of glycopeptidolipid locus within its genome. BMC Genomics 14: 890.

Klaschik S, Lehmann LE, Raadts A, Book M, Gebel J, Hoeft A, Stuber F (2004) Detection and differentiation of in vitro-spiked bacteria by real-time PCR and melting-curve analysis. J Clin Microbiol 42: 512-517.

Lai LY, Lin TL, Chen YY, Hsieh PF, Wang JT (2018) Role of the Mycobacterium marinum ESX-1 secretion system in sliding motility and biofilm formation. Front Microbiol 9: 1160.

Meehan CJ, Barco RA, Loh Y HE, Loh YH, Cogneau S, Rigouts L (2021) Reconstituting the genus Mycobacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71: 004922.

Melly G, Purdy GE (2019) MmpL proteins in physiology and pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis. Microorganisms 7: 70.

Mohamed AM, Kuyper DJ, Iwen PC, Hesham HA, Dhundy RB, Hinrichs SH (2005) Computational approach involving use of the internal transcribed spacer 1 region for identification of Mycobacterium species. J Clin Microbiol 43: 3811-3817.

Molina-Ruiz CS, Zamora-Briseño JA, Simón O, Lasa R, Williams T (2024) A qPCR Assay for the quantification of selected genotypic variants of Spodoptera frugiperda multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus (Baculoviridae). Viruses 16: 881.

Nessar R, Reyrat JM, Davidson LB, Byrd TF (2011) Deletion of the mmpL4b gene in the Mycobacterium abscessus glycopeptidolipid biosynthetic pathway results in loss of surface colonization capability, but enhanced ability to replicate in human macrophages and stimulate their innate immune response. Microbiology (Reading) 157: 1187-1195.

Peterson TS, Kent ML, Ferguson JA, Wartal VG, Whipps CM (2013) Comparison of fixatives, fixation time, and severity of infection on PCR amplification and detection of Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium chelonae DNA in paraffin-embedded zebrafish (Danio rerio). Dis Aquat Organ 104: 113-120.

Sassetti CM, Boyd DH, Rubin EJ (2003) Genes required for mycobacterial growth defined by high density mutagenesis. Mol Microbiol 48: 77-84

Sia TY, Taimur S, Blau DM, Lambe J, Ackelsberg J, Yacisin K, Bhatnagar J, Ritter J, Shieh WJ, Muehlenbachs A, Shulman K, Fong D, Kung E, Zaki SR (2016) Clinical and pathological evaluation of Mycobacterium marinum group skin infections associated with fish markets in New York City. Clin Infect Dis 62: 590-595.

Singh AK, Maurya AK, Umrao J, Kant S, Kushwaha RAS, Nag VL, Dhole TN (2013) Role of GenoType® Mycobacterium Common Mycobacteria/Additional Species assay for rapid differentiation between Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and different species of non-tuberculous mycobacteria. J Lab Physicians 5: 83-089.

Strobel K, Sickenberger C, Schoen C, Kneitz H, Kolb-Maurer A, Goebeler M (2022) Diagnosis and therapy of Mycobacterium marinum: a single-center 21-year retrospective analysis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 20: 1211-1218.

van Embden JD, Cave MD, Crawford JT, Dale JW, Eisenach KD, Gicquel B, Hermans P, Martin C, McAdam R, Shinnick TM (1993) Strain identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by DNA fingerprinting: recommendations for a standardized methodology. J Clin Microbiol 31: 406-409.

Askin Celik T, Aslanturk OS (2010) Evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Inula viscosa leaf extracts with Allium test. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010: 189252.

Azeem S, Ashraf M, Rasheed MA, Anjum AA, Hameed R (2015) Evaluation of cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of ivermectin against Newcastle disease virus. Pak J Pharm Sci 28: 597-602.

Balta I, Stef L, Pet I, Ward P, Callaway T, Ricke SC, Gundogdu O, Corcionivoschi N (2020) Antiviral activity of a novel mixture of natural antimicrobials, in vitro, and in a chicken infection model in vivo. Sci Rep 10: 16631.

Bhuiyan MS, Amin Z, Rodrigues KF, Saallah S, Shaarani SM, Sarker S, Siddiquee S (2021) Infectious bronchitis virus (gammacoronavirus) in poultry farming: vaccination, immune response and measures for mitigation. Vet Sci 8: 273.

Caselli E, D’Accolti M, Vandini A, Lanzoni L, Camerada MT, Coccagna M, Branchini A, Antonioli P, Balboni PG, Di Luca D, Mazzacane S (2016) Impact of a probiotic-based cleaning intervention on the microbiota ecosystem of the hospital surfaces: focus on the resistome remodulation. PLoS One 11: e0148857.

Chima IU, Unamba-Opara IC, Ugwu CC, Udebuani AC, Okoli CG, Opara MN, Uchegbu MC, Okoli IC (2012) Biosecurity and disinfection controls of poultry microbial pathogen infections in Nigeria. J World Poult Res 2: 5-17.

D’Accolti M, Soffritti I, Bonfante F, Ricciardi W, Mazzacane S, Caselli E (2021) Potential of an eco-sustainable probiotic-cleaning formulation in reducing infectivity of enveloped viruses. Viruses 13: 2227.

Davies R, Wales A (2019) Antimicrobial resistance on farms: a review including biosecurity and the potential role of disinfectants in resistance selection. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 18: 753-774.

Denkel LA, Voss A, Caselli E, Dancer SJ, Leistner R, Gastmeier P, Widmer AF (2024) Can probiotics trigger a paradigm shift for cleaning healthcare environments? A narrative review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 13: 119.

Figueroa A, Hauck R, Saldias-Rodriguez J, Gallardo RA (2017) Combination of quaternary ammonia and glutaraldehyde as a disinfectant against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. J Appl Poult Res 26: 491-497.

Graham LE, Teague KD, Latorre JD, Yang Y, Baxter MF, Mahaffey BD, Hernandez-Velasco X, Bielke LR, Hargis BM, Tellez G (2018) Use of probiotics as an alternative to formaldehyde fumigation in commercial broiler chicken hatch cabinets. J Appl Poult Res 27: 371-379.

Kim BH, Oh I, Kim JH, Jeon JE, Jeon B, Shin J, Kim TY (2014) Anti-inflammatory activity of compounds isolated from Astragalus sinicus L. in cytokine-induced keratinocytes and skin. Exp Mol Med 46: e87.

Leistikow KR, Beattie RE, Hristova KR (2022) Probiotics beyond the farm: benefits, costs, and considerations of using antibiotic alternatives in livestock. Front Antibiot 1: 1003912.

Lu CH, Ma YM, Wang HX, Xue L (2019) Protective effect of therapeutic and prophylactic administration of Astragalus polysaccharides on influenza virus PR8-induced acute lung injury model. Chin J Immun 35:1699-1707.

Lutful Kabir SM (2009) The role of probiotics in the poultry industry. Int J Mol Sci 10: 3531-3546.

Marchenko V, Danilenko A, Kolosova N, Bragina M, Molchanova M, Bulanovich Y, Gorodov V, Leonov S, Gudymo A, Onkhonova G, Svyatchenko S, Ryzhikov A (2022) Diversity of gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses in wild birds and poultry in Russia. Sci Rep 12: 19412.

Quinteros JA, Noormohammadi AH, Lee SW, Browning GF, Diaz‐Méndez A (2022) Genomics and pathogenesis of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. Aust Vet J 100: 496-512.

Ramos AM, Frantz AL (2023) Probiotic-based sanitation in the built environment—an alternative to chemical disinfectants. Appl Microbiol 3: 536-548.

Rasaei D, Hosseinian SA, Asasi K, Shekarforoush SS, Khodakaram-Tafti A (2023) The beneficial effects of spraying of probiotic Bacillus and Lactobacillus bacteria on broiler chickens experimentally infected with avian influenza virus H9N2. Poult Sci 102: 102669.

Reed LJ, Muench H (1938) A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints. Am J Epidemiol 27: 493-497.

Reynolds DL, Simpson EB (2022) Evaluation of ivermectin antiviral activity against avian infectious bronchitis virus using a chicken embryo model. Int J Vet Sci Med 10: 19-24.

Tarpey I, Orbell SJ, Britton P, Casais R, Hodgson T, Lin F, Hogan E, Cavanagh D (2006) Safety and efficacy of an infectious bronchitis virus used for chicken embryo vaccination. Vaccine 24: 6830-6838.

Turabekov MR, Barakhov BB, Myrzabekov ZB, Tagayev OO, Ibragimov PS, Alpysbayeva GE, Narbayeva DD, Alikhanov KD, Taipova AA (2024) Enhancing animal welfare and immune health: a study on hydrogen peroxide and iodine-based disinfectants in farms. Eng Sci 29: 1095.

Wagstaff KM, Sivakumaran H, Heaton SM, Harrich D, Jans DA (2012) Ivermectin is a specific inhibitor of importin α/β-mediated nuclear import able to inhibit replication of HIV-1 and dengue virus. Biochem J 443: 851-856.

Wang XY, Wang RC, Qu ZY, Zhu YZ, Li YL (2022) Advances on immunoregulation effect of astragalus polysaccharides. Front Nat Prod 1: 971679.

World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) (2018) Avian infectious bronchitis. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, pp. 1–15. https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.03.02_AIB.pdf

Wu ZB, Shao SR, Chen HY (2022) Antiviral effects and mechanism of Astragalus polysaccharide on respiratory syncytial virus induced lung infection in young mice. Med J Chin PLA 47: 346-352.

Yaqoob MU, Wang G, Wang M (2022) An updated review on probiotics as an alternative of antibiotics in poultry – a review. Anim Biosci 35: 1109-1120.

Yen GC, Chen HY, Peng HH (2001) Evaluation of the cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of emerging edible plants. Food Chem Toxicol 39: 1045-1053.

Zaidi AK, Dehgani-Mobaraki P (2022) The mechanisms of action of ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2 – an extensive review. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 75: 60-71.

Zhang P, Liu X, Liu H, Wang W, Liu X, Li X, Wu X (2018) Astragalus polysaccharides inhibit avian infectious bronchitis virus infection by regulating viral replication. Microb Pathog 114: 124-128.

Zhang P, Wang J, Wang W, Liu X, Liu H, Li X, Wu X (2017) Astragalus polysaccharides enhance the immune response to avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccination in chickens. Microb Pathog 111: 81-85.

Zhang Y, Xu Z, Cao Y (2021) Host antiviral responses against avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV): focus on innate immunity. Viruses 13: 1698.

Askin Celik T, Aslanturk OS (2010) Evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Inula viscosa leaf extracts with Allium test. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010: 189252.

Azeem S, Ashraf M, Rasheed MA, Anjum AA, Hameed R (2015) Evaluation of cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of ivermectin against Newcastle disease virus. Pak J Pharm Sci 28: 597-602.

Balta I, Stef L, Pet I, Ward P, Callaway T, Ricke SC, Gundogdu O, Corcionivoschi N (2020) Antiviral activity of a novel mixture of natural antimicrobials, in vitro, and in a chicken infection model in vivo. Sci Rep 10: 16631.

Bhuiyan MS, Amin Z, Rodrigues KF, Saallah S, Shaarani SM, Sarker S, Siddiquee S (2021) Infectious bronchitis virus (gammacoronavirus) in poultry farming: vaccination, immune response and measures for mitigation. Vet Sci 8: 273.

Caselli E, D’Accolti M, Vandini A, Lanzoni L, Camerada MT, Coccagna M, Branchini A, Antonioli P, Balboni PG, Di Luca D, Mazzacane S (2016) Impact of a probiotic-based cleaning intervention on the microbiota ecosystem of the hospital surfaces: focus on the resistome remodulation. PLoS One 11: e0148857.

Chima IU, Unamba-Opara IC, Ugwu CC, Udebuani AC, Okoli CG, Opara MN, Uchegbu MC, Okoli IC (2012) Biosecurity and disinfection controls of poultry microbial pathogen infections in Nigeria. J World Poult Res 2: 5-17.

D’Accolti M, Soffritti I, Bonfante F, Ricciardi W, Mazzacane S, Caselli E (2021) Potential of an eco-sustainable probiotic-cleaning formulation in reducing infectivity of enveloped viruses. Viruses 13: 2227.

Davies R, Wales A (2019) Antimicrobial resistance on farms: a review including biosecurity and the potential role of disinfectants in resistance selection. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 18: 753-774.

Denkel LA, Voss A, Caselli E, Dancer SJ, Leistner R, Gastmeier P, Widmer AF (2024) Can probiotics trigger a paradigm shift for cleaning healthcare environments? A narrative review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 13: 119.

Figueroa A, Hauck R, Saldias-Rodriguez J, Gallardo RA (2017) Combination of quaternary ammonia and glutaraldehyde as a disinfectant against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. J Appl Poult Res 26: 491-497.

Graham LE, Teague KD, Latorre JD, Yang Y, Baxter MF, Mahaffey BD, Hernandez-Velasco X, Bielke LR, Hargis BM, Tellez G (2018) Use of probiotics as an alternative to formaldehyde fumigation in commercial broiler chicken hatch cabinets. J Appl Poult Res 27: 371-379.

Kim BH, Oh I, Kim JH, Jeon JE, Jeon B, Shin J, Kim TY (2014) Anti-inflammatory activity of compounds isolated from Astragalus sinicus L. in cytokine-induced keratinocytes and skin. Exp Mol Med 46: e87.

Leistikow KR, Beattie RE, Hristova KR (2022) Probiotics beyond the farm: benefits, costs, and considerations of using antibiotic alternatives in livestock. Front Antibiot 1: 1003912.

Lu CH, Ma YM, Wang HX, Xue L (2019) Protective effect of therapeutic and prophylactic administration of Astragalus polysaccharides on influenza virus PR8-induced acute lung injury model. Chin J Immun 35:1699-1707.

Lutful Kabir SM (2009) The role of probiotics in the poultry industry. Int J Mol Sci 10: 3531-3546.

Marchenko V, Danilenko A, Kolosova N, Bragina M, Molchanova M, Bulanovich Y, Gorodov V, Leonov S, Gudymo A, Onkhonova G, Svyatchenko S, Ryzhikov A (2022) Diversity of gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses in wild birds and poultry in Russia. Sci Rep 12: 19412.

Quinteros JA, Noormohammadi AH, Lee SW, Browning GF, Diaz‐Méndez A (2022) Genomics and pathogenesis of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. Aust Vet J 100: 496-512.

Ramos AM, Frantz AL (2023) Probiotic-based sanitation in the built environment—an alternative to chemical disinfectants. Appl Microbiol 3: 536-548.

Rasaei D, Hosseinian SA, Asasi K, Shekarforoush SS, Khodakaram-Tafti A (2023) The beneficial effects of spraying of probiotic Bacillus and Lactobacillus bacteria on broiler chickens experimentally infected with avian influenza virus H9N2. Poult Sci 102: 102669.

Reed LJ, Muench H (1938) A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints. Am J Epidemiol 27: 493-497.

Reynolds DL, Simpson EB (2022) Evaluation of ivermectin antiviral activity against avian infectious bronchitis virus using a chicken embryo model. Int J Vet Sci Med 10: 19-24.

Tarpey I, Orbell SJ, Britton P, Casais R, Hodgson T, Lin F, Hogan E, Cavanagh D (2006) Safety and efficacy of an infectious bronchitis virus used for chicken embryo vaccination. Vaccine 24: 6830-6838.

Turabekov MR, Barakhov BB, Myrzabekov ZB, Tagayev OO, Ibragimov PS, Alpysbayeva GE, Narbayeva DD, Alikhanov KD, Taipova AA (2024) Enhancing animal welfare and immune health: a study on hydrogen peroxide and iodine-based disinfectants in farms. Eng Sci 29: 1095.

Wagstaff KM, Sivakumaran H, Heaton SM, Harrich D, Jans DA (2012) Ivermectin is a specific inhibitor of importin α/β-mediated nuclear import able to inhibit replication of HIV-1 and dengue virus. Biochem J 443: 851-856.

Wang XY, Wang RC, Qu ZY, Zhu YZ, Li YL (2022) Advances on immunoregulation effect of astragalus polysaccharides. Front Nat Prod 1: 971679.

World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) (2018) Avian infectious bronchitis. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, pp. 1–15. https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.03.02_AIB.pdf

Wu ZB, Shao SR, Chen HY (2022) Antiviral effects and mechanism of Astragalus polysaccharide on respiratory syncytial virus induced lung infection in young mice. Med J Chin PLA 47: 346-352.

Yaqoob MU, Wang G, Wang M (2022) An updated review on probiotics as an alternative of antibiotics in poultry – a review. Anim Biosci 35: 1109-1120.

Yen GC, Chen HY, Peng HH (2001) Evaluation of the cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of emerging edible plants. Food Chem Toxicol 39: 1045-1053.

Zaidi AK, Dehgani-Mobaraki P (2022) The mechanisms of action of ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2 – an extensive review. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 75: 60-71.

Zhang P, Liu X, Liu H, Wang W, Liu X, Li X, Wu X (2018) Astragalus polysaccharides inhibit avian infectious bronchitis virus infection by regulating viral replication. Microb Pathog 114: 124-128.

Zhang P, Wang J, Wang W, Liu X, Liu H, Li X, Wu X (2017) Astragalus polysaccharides enhance the immune response to avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccination in chickens. Microb Pathog 111: 81-85.

Zhang Y, Xu Z, Cao Y (2021) Host antiviral responses against avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV): focus on innate immunity. Viruses 13: 1698.

Anjum SI, Ullah A, Gohar F, Raza G, Khan MI, Hameed M, Ali A, Chen CC, Gajger IT (2024) Bee pollen as a food and feed supplement and a therapeutic remedy: recent trends in nanotechnology. Front Nutr: 1371672.

Boes KM, Durham AC (2016) Bone marrow, blood cells, and the lymphoid/lymphatic system. In: Zachary JF (ed) Pathologic basis of veterinary disease. Elsevier, St. Louis, pp 761-764.

Chirumbolo S (2011) Propolis as anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic compounds: which role for flavonoids? Int Immunopharmacol 11: 1386-1387.

Cui W, Cui H, Peng X, Fang J, Zuo Z, Liu X, Wu B (2011) Dietary excess vanadium induces lesions and changes of cell cycle of spleen in broilers. Biol Trace Elem Res 143: 949-956.

Daneshmand A, Sadeghi GH, Karimi A, Vaziry A, Ibrahim SA (2015) Evaluating complementary effects of ethanol extract of propolis with the probiotic on growth performance, immune response and serum metabolities in male broiler chickens. Livest Sci 178: 195-201.

El Ghouizi A, Bakour M, Laaroussi H, Ousaaid D, El Menyiy N, Hano C, Lyoussi B (2023) Bee pollen as functional food: insights into its composition and therapeutic properties. Antioxidants 12: 557.

Fan Y, Lu Y, Wang D, Liu J, Song X, Zhang W, Zhao X, Nguyen L, Hu Y (2013) Effect of epimedium polysaccharide-propolis flavone immunopotentiator on immunospuppression induced by cyclophosphamide in chickens. Cell Immunol 281: 37-43.

Fan Y, Ma L, Zhang W, Xu Y, Suolangzhaxi, Zhi X, Cui E, Song X (2014) Microemulsion can improve the immune-enhancing activity of propolis flavonoid on immunosuppression and immune response. Int J Biol Macromol 63: 126-132.

Kasote D, Bankova V, Viljoen AM (2022) Propolis: chemical diversity and challenges in quality control. Phytochem Rev 21: 1887-1911.

Kieliszek M, Piwowarek K, Kot AM, Wojtczuk M, Roszko M, Bryła M, Trajkovska Petkoska A (2023) Recent advances and opportunities related to the use of bee products in food processing. Food Sci Nutr 11: 4372-4397.

Kleczek K, Majewska K, Makowski W, Michalik D (2012) The effect of diet supplementation with propolis and bee pollen on the physicochemical properties and strength of tibial bones in broiler chickens. Archiv Tierzucht 55: 97-103.

Li B, Wei K, Yang S, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Zhu F, Wang D, Zhu R (2015) Immunomodulatory effects of Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide and propolis on immunosuppressed chickens. Microb Pathog 78: 7-13.

Medeiros KC, Figueiredo CA, Figueredo TB, Freire KR, Santos FA, Alcantara-Neves NM, Silva TM, Piuvezam MR (2008) Anti-allergic effect of bee pollen phenolic extract and myricetin in ovalbumin-sensitized mice. J Ethnopharmacol 119: 41-46.

Orsi RO, Sforcin JM, Funari SR, Bankova V (2005) Effects of brazilian and bulgarian propolis on bactericidal activity of macrophages against Samonella typhimurium. Int Immunopharmacol 5: 359-368.

Pasupuleti VR, Sammugam L, Ramesh N, Gan SH (2017) Honey, propolis, and royal jelly: a comprehensive review of their biological actions and health benefits. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2017: 1-21.

Ratcliffe MJ (2006) Antibodies, immunoglobulin genes and the bursa of Fabricius in chicken B cell development. Dev Comp Immunol 30: 101-118.

Sforcin JM (2007) Propolis and the immune system: a review. J Ethnopharmacol 113: 1-14.

Vainio O, Imhof BA (1995) The immunology and developmental biology of the chicken. Immunol Today 16: 365-370.

Yang F, Cui H, Xiao J, Peng X, Deng J, Zuo Z (2010) Increased apoptotic lymphocyte population in the spleen of young chickens fed on diets high in molybdenum. Biol Trace Elem Res 140: 308-316.

Yosri N, Abd El-Wahed AA, Ghonaim R, Khattab OM, Sabry A, Ibrahim MA, Moustafa MF, Guo Z, Zou X, Algethami AF, Masry SH, AlAjmi MF, Afifi HS, Khalifa SA, El-Seedi HR (2021) Anti-viral and immunomodulatory properties of propolis: chemical diversity, pharmacological properties, preclinical and clinical applications, and in silico potential against SARS-CoV-2. Foods 10: 1-1776.

Zulhendri F, Chandrasekaran K, Kowacz M, Ravalia M, Kripal K, Fearnley J, Perera CO (2021) Antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties of propolis: a review. Foods 10: 1360.

Żak K, Jucha H, Madyniak K, Kluz A, Pliszka A, Mazur M, Jarych W, Zukierski K, Michalak K (2025) Therapeutic potential of apitherapy: a comprehensive review on the health benefits of honey and propolis. Quality in Sport 40: 59776.

Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S (2018) Chapter 1. In: Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S (eds) Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 9th ed. Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 83-95.

Allenspach K (2011) Clinical immunology and immunopathology of the canine and feline intestine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 41: 345-360.

Atashrazm F, Lowenthal RM, Woods GM, Holloway AF, Dickinson JL (2015) Fucoidan and Cancer: A Multifunctional Molecule with Anti-Tumor Potential. Mar Drugs 13: 2327-2346.

Atya ME, El-Hawiet A, Alyeldeen MA, Ghareeb DA, Abdel-Daim MM, El-Sadek MM (2021) In vitro biological activities and in vivo hepatoprotective role of brown algae-isolated fucoidans. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 28: 19664-19676.

Bevilacqua MP, Nelson RM (1993) Selectins. J Clin Invest 91: 379-387.

Bushell M, Stoneley M, Sarnow P, Willis AE (2004) Translation inhibition during the induction of apoptosis: RNA or protein degradation? Biochem Soc Trans 32: 606-610.

Che N, Ma Y, Xin Y (2017) Protective Role of Fucoidan in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury through Inhibition of MAPK Signaling Pathway. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 25: 272-278.

Dandrieux JR (2016) Inflammatory bowel disease versus chronic enteropathy in dogs: are they one and the same? J Small Anim Pract 57: 589-599.

Day MJ (2012) Basic immunology. In: Day MJ (ed) Clinical Immunology of the Dog and Cat, 2nd ed. Manson Publishing, London, pp 11-60.

Del Prete MJ, Robles MS, Guáo A, Martínez-A C, Izquierdo M, Garcia-Sanz JA (2002) Degradation of cellular mRNA is a general early apoptosis-induced event. FASEB J 16: 2003-2005.

Do H, Pyo S, Sohn EH (2010) Suppression of iNOS expression by fucoidan is mediated by regulation of p38 MAPK, JAK/STAT, AP-1 and IRF-1, and depends on up-regulation of scavenger receptor B1 expression in TNF-alpha- and IFN-gamma-stimulated C6 glioma cells. J Nutr Biochem 21: 671-679.

Fallarino F, Grohmann U, Hwang KW, Orabona C, Vacca C, Bianchi R, Belladonna ML, Fioretti MC, Alegre ML, Puccetti P (2003) Modulation of tryptophan catabolism by regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol 4: 1206-1212.

Feofanova NA, Bets VD, Borisova MA, Litvinova EA (2022) L-fucose reduces gut inflammation due to T-regulatory response in Muc2 null mice. PLoS One 17: e0278714.

Furukawa R, Hara Y, Furuya K, Takahashi K, Nishimura R, Shingaki T, Osada H, Kondo H, Ohmori K (2022) Expression of genes encoding interleukin 15 and its receptor subunits in the duodenal and colonic mucosae of dogs with chronic enteropathy. Vet Anim Sci 17: 100256.

German AJ, Helps CR, Hall EJ, Day MJ (2000) Cytokine mRNA expression in mucosal biopsies from German shepherd dogs with small intestinal enteropathies. Dig Dis Sci 45: 7-17.

Hadj Ammar H, Lajili S, Ben Said R, Le Cerf D, Bouraoui A, Majdoub H (2015) Physico-chemical characterization and pharmacological evaluation of sulfated polysaccharides from three species of Mediterranean brown algae of the genus Cystoseira. Daru 23: 1.

Heilmann RM, Berghoff N, Mansell J, Grützner N, Parnell NK, Gurtner C, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM (2018) Association of fecal calprotectin concentrations with disease severity, response to treatment, and other biomarkers in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies. J Vet Intern Med 32: 679-692.

Heilmann RM, Suchodolski JS (2015) Is inflammatory bowel disease in dogs and cats associated with a Th1 or Th2 polarization? Vet Immunol Immunopathol 168: 131-134.

Hori S, Nomura T, Sakaguchi S (2003) Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3. Science 299: 1057-1061.

Hu C, Zhang G, Zhao YT (2014) Fucoidan attenuates the existing allodynia and hyperalgesia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 571: 66-71.

Iraha A, Chinen H, Hokama A, Yonashiro T, Kinjo T, Kishimoto K, Nakamoto M, Hirata T, Kinjo N, Higa F, Tateyama M, Kinjo F, Fujita J (2013) Fucoidan enhances intestinal barrier function by upregulating the expression of claudin-1. World J Gastroenterol 19: 5500-5507.

Isidori M, Rueca F, Massacci FR, Diaferia M, Giontella A, Caldin M, Furlanello T, Corbee RJ, Mannucci G, Pezzotti G, Trabalza-Marinucci M (2021) The use of Ascophyllum nodosum and Bacillus subtilis C‑3102 in the management of canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy: a pilot study. Animals (Basel) 11: 3417.

Jergens AE, Schreiner CA, Frank DE, Niyo Y, Ahrens FE, Eckersall PD, Benson TJ, Evans R (2003) A scoring index for disease activity in canine inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Intern Med 17: 291-297.

Jiang Z, Okimura T, Yokose T, Yamasaki Y, Yamaguchi K, Oda T (2010) Effects of sulfated fucan, ascophyllan, from the brown Alga Ascophyllum nodosum on various cell lines: a comparative study on ascophyllan and fucoidan. J Biosci Bioeng 110: 113-117.

Junginger J, Schwittlick U, Lemensieck F, Nolte I, Hewicker-Trautwein M (2012) Immunohistochemical investigation of Foxp3 expression in the intestine in healthy and diseased dogs. Vet Res 43: 23.

Kar S, Sharma G, Das PK (2011) Fucoidan cures infection with both antimony-susceptible and -resistant strains of Leishmania donovani through Th1 response and macrophagederived oxidants. J Antimicrob Chemother 66: 618-625.

Kathrani A, Lezcano V, Hall EJ, Jergens AE, Seo YJ, Mochel JP, Atherly T, Allenspach K (2019) Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1) mRNA is over-expressed in the duodenal mucosa and is negatively correlated with serum tryptophan concentrations in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy. PLoS One 14: e0218218.

Kim KJ, Yoon KY, Lee BY (2012) Low molecular weight fucoidan from the sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida suppresses inflammation by promoting the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases and oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. Fitoterapia 83: 1628-1635.

Kołodziejska-Sawerska A, Rychlik A, Depta A, Wdowiak M, Nowicki M, Kander M (2013) Cytokines in canine inflammatory bowel disease. Pol J Vet Sci 16: 165-171.

Lin Y, Qi X, Liu H, Xue K, Xu S, Tian Z (2020) The anti-cancer effects of fucoidan: a review of both in vivo and in vitro investigations. Cancer Cell Int 20: 154.

Liu Y, Beyer A, Aebersold R (2016) On the Dependency of Cellular Protein Levels on mRNA Abundance. Cell 165: 535-550.

Liu Z, Geboes K, Colpaert S, D’Haens GR, Rutgeerts P, Ceuppens JL (2000) IL-15 is highly expressed in inflammatory bowel disease and regulates local T cell-dependent cytokine production. J Immunol 164: 3608-3615.

Maeda S, Ohno K, Fujiwara-Igarashi A, Uchida K, Tsujimoto H (2016) Changes in Foxp3-Positive Regulatory T Cell Number in the Intestine of Dogs With Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Intestinal Lymphoma. Vet Pathol 53: 102-112.

Maier T, Güell M, Serrano L (2009) Correlation of mRNA and protein in complex biological samples. FEBS Lett 583: 3966-3973.

Makielski K, Cullen J, O’Connor A, Jergens AE (2019) Narrative review of therapies for chronic enteropathies in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 33: 11-22.

Matsumoto S, Nagaoka M, Hara T, Kimura-Takagi I, Mistuyama K, Ueyama S (2004) Fucoidan derived from Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida ameliorates murine chronic colitis through the down-regulation of interleukin-6 production on colonic epithelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 136: 432-439.

Michielan A, D’Incà R (2015) Intestinal Permeability in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathogenesis, Clinical Evaluation, and Therapy of Leaky Gut. Mediators Inflamm 2015: 628157.

Moffett JR, Namboodiri MA (2003) Tryptophan and the immune response. Immunol Cell Biol 81: 247-265.

Mondino A, Jenkins MK (1995) Accumulation of sequence-specific RNA-binding proteins in the cytosol of activated T cells undergoing RNA degradation and apoptosis. J Biol Chem 270: 26593-26601.

Obluchinskaya ED, Pozharitskaya ON, Flisyuk EV, Shikov AN (2021) Formulation, Optimization and In Vivo Evaluation of Fucoidan-Based Cream with Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Mar Drugs 19: 643.

Obluchinskaya ED, Pozharitskaya ON, Shikov AN (2022) In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Fucoidans from Five Species of Brown Seaweeds. Mar Drugs 20: 606.

Osada H, Ogawa M, Hasegawa A, Nagai M, Shirai J, Sasaki K, Shimoda M, Itoh H, Kondo H, Ohmori K (2017) Expression of epithelial cell-derived cytokine genes in the duodenal and colonic mucosae of dogs with chronic enteropathy. J Vet Med Sci 79: 393-397.

O’Sullivan L, Murphy B, McLoughlin P, Duggan P, Lawlor PG, Hughes H, Gardiner GE (2010) Prebiotics from Marine Macroalgae for Human and Animal Health Applications. Mar Drugs 8: 2038-2064.

Park J, Cha JD, Choi KM, Lee KY, Han KM, Jang YS (2017) Fucoidan inhibits LPS-induced inflammation in vitro and during the acute response in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 43: 91-98.

Peters IR, Peeters D, Helps CR, Day MJ (2007) Development and application of multiple internal reference (housekeeper) gene assays for accurate normalisation of canine gene expression studies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 117: 55-66.

Phull AR, Kim SJ (2017) Fucoidan as bio-functional molecule: Insights into the anti-inflammatory potential and associated molecular mechanisms. J Funct Foods 38: 415-426.

Phull AR, Majid M, Haq IU, Khan MR, Kim SJ (2017) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of anti-arthritic, antioxidant efficacy of fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar. Int J Biol Macromol 97: 468-480.

Porcellato I, Brachelente C, Cappelli K, Menchetti L, Silvestri S, Sforna M, Mecocci S, Iussich S, Leonardi L, Mechelli L (2020) FoxP3, CTLA-4, and IDO in Canine Melanocytic Tumors. Vet Pathol 58: 42-52.

Porcellato I, Brachelente C, De Paolis L, Menchetti L, Silvestri S, Sforna M, Vichi G, Iussich S, Mechelli L (2019) FoxP3 and IDO in Canine Melanocytic Tumors. Vet Pathol 56: 189-199.

R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/.

Randall KJ, Turton J, Foster JR (2011) Explant culture of gastrointestinal tissue: a review of methods and applications. Cell Biol Toxicol 27: 267-284.

Rao R (2008) Oxidative Stress-Induced Disruption of Epithelial and Endothelial Tight Junctions. Front Biosci 13: 7210-7226.

Ryu MJ, Chung HS (2015) Anti-inflammatory Activity of Fucoidan with Blocking NF-kappaB and STAT1 in Human Keratinocytes Cells. Nat Prod Sci 21: 205-209.

Sambrook J, Russell DW (2001). Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual (3rd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. pp 7.1-7.30, 17.1-17.112.

Sato N, Garcia-Castillo V, Yuzawa M, Islam MA, Albarracin L, Tomokiyo M, Ikeda-Ohtsubo W, Garcia-Cancino A, Takahashi H, Villena J, Kitazawa H (2020) Immunobiotic Lactobacillus jensenii TL2937 Alleviates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis by Differentially Modulating the Transcriptomic Response of Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 11: 2174.

Sauter SN, Allenspach K, Gaschen F, Gröne A, Ontsouka E, Blum JW (2005) Cytokine expression in an ex vivo culture system of duodenal samples from dogs with chronic enteropathies: modulation by probiotic bacteria. Domest Anim Endocrinol 29: 605-622.

Schmitz S, Henrich M, Neiger R, Werling D, Allenspach K (2014) Stimulation of duodenal biopsies and whole blood from dogs with food-responsive chronic enteropathy and healthy dogs with Toll-like receptor ligands and probiotic Enterococcus faecium. Scand J Immunol 80: 85-94.

Schroeder A, Mueller O, Stocker S, Salowsky R, Leiber M, Gassmann M, Lightfoot S, Menzel W, Granzow M, Ragg T (2006) The RIN: an RNA integrity number for assigning integrity values to RNA measurements. BMC Mol Biol 7: 3.

Shu Z, Shi X, Nie D, Guan B (2015) Low-Molecular-Weight Fucoidan Inhibits the Viability and Invasiveness and Triggers Apoptosis in IL-1β-Treated Human Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast Synoviocytes. Inflammation 38: 1777-1786.

Simpson KW, Jergens AE (2011) Pitfalls and progress in the diagnosis and management of canine inflammatory bowel disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 41: 381-398.

Spillmann T (2013) Endoscopy. In: Washabau RJ, Day MJ (eds) Canine and Feline Gastroenterology. W.B. Saunders, Saint Louis, pp 267-321.

Trejo-Avila LM, Morales-Martínez ME, Ricque-Marie D, Cruz-Suarez LE, Zapata-Benavides P, Morán-Santibañez K, Rodríguez-Padilla C (2014) In vitro anti-canine distemper virus activity of fucoidan extracted from the brown alga Cladosiphon okamuranus. Virusdisease 25: 474-480.

Ustyuzhanina NE, Ushakova NA, Zyuzina KA, Bilan MI, Elizarova AL, Somonova OV, Madzhuga AV, Krylov VB, Preobrazhenskaya ME, Usov AI, Kiselevskiy MV, Nifantiev NE (2013) Influence of Fucoidans on Hemostatic System. Mar Drugs 11: 2444-2458.

Vadstrup K, Galsgaard ED, Gerwien J, Vester-Andersen MK, Pedersen JS, Rasmussen J, Neermark S, KiszkaKanowitz M, Jensen T, Bendtsen F (2016) Validation and Optimization of an Ex Vivo Assay of Intestinal Mucosal Biopsies in Crohn’s Disease: Reflects Inflammation and Drug Effects. PLoS One 11: e0155335.

Vandesompele J, De Preter K, Pattyn F, Poppe B, Van Roy N, De Paepe A, Speleman F (2002) Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biol 3: research0034.

Vitale S, Strisciuglio C, Pisapia L, Miele E, Barba P, Vitale A, Cenni S, Bassi V, Maglio M, Del Pozzo G, Troncone R, Staiano A, Gianfrani C (2017) Cytokine production profile in intestinal mucosa of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 12: e0182313.

Viviano KR (2013) Update on immununosuppressive therapies for dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 43: 1149-1170.

Wang L, Ai C, Wen C, Qin Y, Liu Z, Wang L, Gong Y, Su C, Wang Z, Song S (2020) Fucoidan isolated from Ascophyllum nodosum alleviates gut microbiota dysbiosis and colonic inflammation in antibiotic-treated mice. Food Funct 11: 5595-5606.

Wang L, Wang L, Yan C, Ai C, Wen C, Guo X, Song S (2022) Two Ascophyllum nodosum Fucoidans with Different Molecular Weights Inhibit Inflammation via Blocking of TLR/NF-κB Signaling Pathway Discriminately. Foods 11: 2381.

Wang Y, Xing M, Cao Q, Ji A, Liang H, Song S (2019) Biological Activities of Fucoidan and the Factors Mediating Its Therapeutic Effects: A Review of Recent Studies. Mar Drugs 17: 183.

Waraho T, McClements DJ, Decker EA (2011) Mechanisms of lipid oxidation in food dispersions. Trends Food Sci Technol 22: 3-13.

Washabau RJ, Day MJ, Willard MD, Hall EJ, Jergens AE, Mansell J, Minami T, Bilzer TW (2010) Endoscopic, biopsy, and histopathologic guidelines for the evaluation of gastrointestinal inflammation in companion animals. J Vet Intern Med 24: 10-26.

Wijesinghe WA, Jeon YJ (2012) Biological activities and potential industrial applications of fucose rich sulfated polysaccharides and fucoidans isolated from brown seaweeds: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers 88: 13-20.

Yogeshpriya S, Veeraselvam M, Krishnakumar S, Arulkumar T, Jayalakshmi K, Saravanan M, Ranjithkumar M, Sivakumar M, Selvaraj P (2017) Technical Review on Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs and Cats. Int J Sci Environ Technol 6: 1833-1842.

Zaporozhets TS, Besednova NN, Kuznetsova TA, Zvyagintseva TN, Makarenkova ID, Kryzhanovsky SP, Melnikov VG (2014) The prebiotic potential of polysaccharides and extracts of seaweeds. Russ J Mar Biol 40: 1-9.

Zayed A, El-Aasr M, Ibrahim A-RS, Ulber R (2020) Fucoidan Characterization: Determination of Purity and Physicochemical and Chemical Properties. Mar Drugs 18: 571.

Zeng MY, Inohara N, Nuñez G (2017) Mechanisms of inflammation-driven bacterial dysbiosis in the gut. Mucosal Immunol 10: 18-26.

Abd El-Aziz NK, Ammar AM, El Damaty HM, Abd Elkader RA, Saad HA, El-Kazzaz W, Khalifa E (2021) Environmental Streptococcus uberis associated with clinical mastitis in dairy cows: virulence traits, antimicrobial and biocide resistance, and epidemiological typing. Animals (Basel) 11: 1849. 

Adkins PR, Middleton JR, Fox LK, Pighetti G, Petersson-Wolfe C (2017) National Mastitis Council (Estats Units d’Amèrica), Laboratory Handbook on Bovine Mastitis. National Mastitis Council, 3rd Edition, Inc., New Prague, Minnesota, 147 p. https://www.academia.edu/50651208/Laboratory_Handbook_on_Bovine_Mastitis

Algammal AM, Hetta HF, Elkelish A, Alkhalifah DH, Hozzein WN, Batiha GE, El Nahhas N, Mabrok MA (2020) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): One health perspective approach to the bacterium epidemiology, virulence factors, antibiotic-resistance, and zoonotic impact. Infect Drug Resist 13: 3255-3265.

Andrade-Becerra RJ, Tarazona-Manrique LE, Vargas-Abella JC (2021) Prevalence and effect of intramammary infection due to coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CNS) species in somatic cell counts in milk from Holstein dairy cows in Boyacá, Colombia. Rev Med Vet Zoot 68: 95-104. 

Anyanwu MU, Jaja IF, Nwobi OC (2020) Occurrence and characteristics of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene-containing isolates from the environment: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17: 1028.

Badawy B, Elafify M, Farag AMM, Moustafa SM, Sayed-Ahmed MZ, Moawad AA, Algammal AM, Ramadan H, Eltholth M (2022a) Ecological distribution of virulent multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in livestock, environment, and dairy products. Antibiotics (Basel) 11: 1651. 

Badawy B, Gwida M, Sadat A, El-Toukhy M, Sayed-Ahmed M, Alam N, Ahmad S, Ali MDS, Elafify M (2022b) Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of virulent Listeria monocytogenes and Cronobacter sakazakii in dairy cattle, the environment, and dried milk with the in vitro application of natural alternative control. Antibiotics (Basel) 11: 1087.

Baştan A, Salar S, Cengiz M, Darbaz İ, Demirel MA, Özen D (2015) The prediction of the prevalence and risk factors for subclinical heifer mastitis in Turkish dairy farms. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 39: 682-687. 

Benjelloun Touimi G, Bennani L, Berrada S, Moussa B, Bennani B (2020) Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of Staphylococcus sp. isolated from food, food contact surfaces and food handlers in a Moroccan hospital kitchen. Lett Appl Microbiol 70: 241-251.

Borowiak M, Baumann B, Fischer J, Thomas K, Deneke C, Hammerl JA, Szabo I, Malorny B (2020) Development of a novel mcr-6 to mcr-9 multiplex PCR and Assessment of mcr-1 to mcr-9 occurrence in colistin-resistant Salmonella enterica isolates from environment, feed, animals and food (2011-2018) in Germany. Front Microbiol 11: 80.

Butaye P (2013) Reports on antimicrobial resistance in commensal E. coli from poultry, pigs, cows and veal calves. (2011, 2012, 2013). https://favv-afsca.be/sites/default/files/pro/amr/rapport/coda-cerva/2011_AMR_E-coli-animals.pdf 

Dadashi M, Sameni F, Bostanshirin N, Yaslianifard S, Khosravi-Dehaghi N, Nasiri MJ, Goudarzi M, Hashemi A, Hajikhani B (2022) Global prevalence and molecular epidemiology of mcr-mediated colistin resistance in Escherichia coli clinical isolates: a systematic review. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 29: 444-461.

Dubois D, Grare M, Prere MF, Segonds C, Marty N, Oswald E (2012) Performances of the Vitek MS matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry system for rapid identification of bacteria in routine clinical microbiology. J Clin Microbiol 50: 2568-2576.

El-Diasty M, Talaat H, Atwa S, Elbaz E, Eissa M (2019) Occurrence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcal mastitis in dairy cows. Mansoura Vet Med J 20: 35-39.

Ellington MJ, Kistler J, Livermore DM, Woodford N (2007) Multiplex PCR for rapid detection of genes encoding acquired metallo-beta-lactamases. J Antimicrob Chemother 59: 321-322.

EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) (2024) European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters Version 14.0. http://www.
 eucast.org

Grima LY, Leliso SA, Bulto AO, Ashenafi D (2021) Isolation, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical mastitis in Sebeta Town dairy farms. Vet Med Int 2021: 1772658.

Gwida M, Saad T, Elgohary A, Mohamed A (2021) Characterization of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from healthy cattle and buffaloes in a linked community. Mansoura Vet Med J 22: 76-81.

Gundogan N, Avci E (2014) Occurrence and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in raw milk and dairy products in Turkey. Int J Dairy Technol 67: 562-569.

Güler L, Ok U, Gündüz K, Gülcü Y, Hadimli HH (2005) Antimicrobial susceptibility and coagulase gene typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine clinical mastitis cases in Turkey. J Dairy Sci 88: 3149-3154. 

Hammad AM, Hoffmann M, Gonzalez-Escalona N, Abbas NH, Yao K, Koenig S, Allué-Guardia A, Eppinger M (2019) Genomic features of colistin resistant Escherichia coli ST69 strain harboring mcr-1 on IncHI2 plasmid from raw milk cheese in Egypt. Infect Genet Evol 73: 126-131.

Hasman H, Mevius D, Veldman K, Olesen I, Aarestrup FM (2005) Beta-lactamases among extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-resistant Salmonella from poultry, poultry products and human patients in The Netherlands. J Antimicrob Chemother 56: 115-121.

Hisira V, Zigo F, Kadaši M, Klein R, Farkašová Z, Vargová M, Mudroň P (2023) Comparative analysis of methods for somatic cell counting in cow’s milk and relationship between somatic cell count and occurrence of ıntramammary bacteria. Vet Sci 10: 468.

Hmede Z, Sulaiman AA, Jaafar H, Kassem II (2019) Emergence of plasmid-borne colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from irrigation water in Lebanon. Int J Antimicrob Agents 54: 102-104. 

Hogan JS, Berry E, Hillerton E (2011) Current concepts of bovine mastitis. 5th ed.; National Mastitis Council: Verona, WI, USA.

Holko I, Tančin V, Vršková M, Tvarožková K (2019) Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of udder pathogens isolated from dairy cows in Slovakia. J Dairy Res 86: 436-439.

Jackson P, Cockcroft P (2002) Clinical examination of farm animals. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-632-05706-8, pp. 154-166.

Jenkins SN, Okello E, Rossitto PV, Lehenbauer TW, Champagne J, Penedo MC, Arruda AG, Godden S, Rapnicki P, Gorden PJ, Timms LL, Aly SS (2019) Molecular epidemiology of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolated at different lactation stages from dairy cattle in the United States. PeerJ 7: e6749. 

Kadariya J, Smith TC, Thapaliya D (2014) Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal food-borne disease: An ongoing challenge in public health. Biomed Res Int 2014: 827965.

Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Sudjarwo SA, Effendi MH, Widodo A, Moses IB, Hasib A, Zahra RL, Gelolodo MA, Kurniawati DA, Riwu KH, Silaen OS, Afnani DA, Ramandinianto SC (2024) Kinship analysis of mecA gene of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and risk factors from the farmers in Blitar, Indonesia. Vet World 17: 216-225.

Kou K, Cai H, Huang S, Ni Y, Luo B, Qian H, Ji H, Wang X (2021) Prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from retail raw milk in Northern Xinjiang, China. Front Microbiol 12: 705947.

Leijon M, Atkins E, Persson Waller K, Artursson K (2021) Longitudinal study of Staphylococcus aureus genotypes isolated from bovine clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 104: 11945-11954.

Liu YY, Wang Y, Walsh TR, Yi LX, Zhang R, Spencer J, Doi Y, Tian G, Dong B, Huang X, Yu LF, Gu D, Ren H, Chen X, Lv L, He D, Zhou H, Liang Z, Liu JH, Shen J (2016) Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study. Lancet Infect Dis 16: 161-168.

Mus TE, Cetinkaya F, Karahan H, Gurbuz IB, Degirmenci G (2019) Investigation of mecA gene, virulence traits and antibiotic resistance profiles in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy products. J Food Saf 39: e12620.

Ngogang MP, Ernest T, Kariuki J, Mouiche MM, Ngogang J, Wade A, van der Sande MA (2021) Microbial contamination of chicken litter manure and antimicrobial resistance threat in an urban area setting in Cameroon. Antibiotics 10: 20. 

Noumi E, Merghni A, Alreshidi M, Del Campo R, Adnan M, Haddad O, De Feo V, Snoussi M (2020) Phenotypic and genotypic characterization with MALDI-TOF-MS based identification of Staphylococcus spp. ısolated from mobile phones with their antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm formation, and adhesion properties. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17: 3761. 

Poirel L, Walsh TR, Cuvillier V, Nordmann P (2011) Multiplex PCR for detection of acquired carbapenemase genes. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 70: 119-123.

Rebelo AR, Bortolaia V, Kjeldgaard JS, Pedersen SK, Leekitcharoenphon P, Hansen IM, Guerra B, Malorny B, Borowiak M, Hammerl JA, Battisti A, Franco A, Alba P, Perrin-Guyomard A, Granier SA, De Frutos Escobar C, Malhotra-Kumar S, Villa L, Carattoli A, Hendriksen RS (2018) Multiplex PCR for detection of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance determinants, mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4 and mcr-5 for surveillance purposes. Euro Surveill 23: 17-00672.

Rüegsegger F, Ruf J, Tschuor A, Sigrist Y, Rosskopf M, Hässig M (2013) Antimicrobial susceptibility of mastitis pathogens of dairy cows in Switzerland. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 156: 483-488. 

Sadat A, Shata RR, Farag AM, Ramadan H, Alkhedaide A, Soliman MM, Elbadawy M, Abugomaa A, Awad A (2022) Prevalence and characterization of PVL-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw cow’s milk. Toxins (Basel) 14: 97. 

Sağlam AG, Otlu S, Çoşkun MR, Çelik E, Büyük F, Şahin M (2018) Prevalence of subclinical mastitis in cows, isolation of agents and determination of their antibiotic susceptibility. Eurasian J Vet Sci 34: 92-98.

Sheikholeslami MN, Hamidipanah Y, Salehnia F, Arshian S, Hosseini M, Ganjali MR (2022) Multiplex detection of antibiotic residues in milk: application of MCR-ALS on excitation – emission matrix fluorescence (EEMF) data sets. Anal Chem 94: 6206-6215.

Slettemeas JS, Urdahl AM, Mo SS, Johannessen GS, Grave K, Norstrom M, Steinbakk M, Sunde M (2017) Imported food and feed as contributors to the introduction of plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae to a ‘low prevalence’ country. J Antimicrob Chemother 72: 2675-2677.

Tančin V (2013) Somatic cell counts in milk of dairy cows under practical conditions. Slovak J Anim Sci 46: 31-34.

Tartor YH, Abd El-Aziz NK, Gharieb RM, El Damaty HM, Enany S, Soliman EA, Abdellatif SS, Attia AS, Bahnass MM, El-Shazly YA, Elbediwi M, Ramadan H (2021) Whole-genome sequencing of gram-negative bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis and raw milk: the first emergence of colistin mcr-10 and fosfomycin fosA5 resistance genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae in Middle East. Front Microbiol 12: 770813.

Tel OY, Keskin O, Zonturlu KA, Kaya NBA (2009) Subclinical mastitis prevalance and determination of the antibiotics susceptibility in Sanliurfa region. Fırat Univ Health Sci Vet J 23: 101-106.

Touaitia R, Ibrahim NA, Touati A, Idres T (2025 ) Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis: a narrative review of prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and advances in detection strategies. Antibiotics (Basel) 14: 810.

Ünal N, Çinar OD (2012) Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin, methicillin-resistant and Panton – Valentine leukocidin genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from cows and ewes with subclinical mastitis. Trop Anim Health Prod 44: 369-375.

Ünal N, İstanbulluoğlu E (2009) Phenotypic and genotypic features of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cattle and humans. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg 56: 119-126.

Velazquez-Meza ME, Galarde-López M, Carrillo-Quiróz B, Alpuche-Aranda CM (2022) Antimicrobial resistance: one health approach. Vet World 15: 743-749.

Wang W, Lin X, Jiang T, Peng Z, Xu J, Yi L, Li F, Fanning S, Baloch Z (2018) Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus cultured from raw milk taken from dairy cows with mastitis in Beijing, China. Front Microbiol 9: 1123.

World Health Organization (2017). WHO publishes list of bacteria for which new antibiotics are urgently needed. 2017 [cited 2017 February]. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2017/bacteria-antibiotics-needed/en/

Zhang L, Li Y, Bao H, Wei R, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Wang R (2016) Population structure and antimicrobial profile of Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with bovine mastitis in China. Microb Pathog 97: 103-109.

Zigo F, Farkašová Z, Výrostková J, Regecová I, Ondrašovičová S, Vargová M, Sasáková N, Pecka-Kielb E, Bursová Š, Kiss DS (2022) Dairy cows’ udder pathogens and occurrence of virulence factors in staphylococci. Animals (Basel) 12: 470. 

Abdel-Moneim AM, Al-Kahtani MA, El-Kersh MA, Al-Omair MA (2015) Free radical-scavenging, anti-inflammatory/anti-fibrotic and hepatoprotective actions of taurine and silymarin against CCl4 induced rat liver damage. PloS One 10: e0144509.

Abdelgalil MH, Elhammamy RH, Ragab HM, Sheta E, Wahid A (2024) The hepatoprotective effect of 4-phenyltetrahydroquinolines on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats through autophagy inhibition. Biol Res 57: 32.

Adegbola P, Aderibigbe I, Hammed W, Omotayo T (2017) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory medicinal plants have potential role in the treatment of cardiovascular disease: a review. Am J Cardiovasc Dis 7: 19.

Alsahli MA, Almatroodi SA, Almatroudi A, Khan AA, Anwar S, Almutary AG, Alrumaihi F, Rahmani AH (2021) 6‐Gingerol, a major ingredient of ginger attenuates diethylnitrosamine‐induced liver injury in rats through the modulation of oxidative stress and anti‐inflammatory activity. Mediators Inflamm 2021: 6661937.

Belka M, Gostyńska-Stawna A, Stawny M, Krajka-Kuźniak V (2024) Activation of Nrf2 and FXR via Natural Compounds in Liver Inflammatory Disease. Int J Mol Sci 25: 11213.

Benzie IF, Strain JJ (1996) The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem 239: 70-76.

Blois MS (1958) Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 181: 1199-1200.

Bollavarapu A, Rapaka G, Tamanam R (2016) Phytochemical evaluation and antioxidant potential of Praecitrullus fistulosus fruit extracts. IOSR J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol 10: 23-28.

Chuah PN, Nyanasegaram D, Yu K-X, Razik RM, Al-Dhalli S, Kue CS, Shaari K, Ng CH (2020) Comparative conventional extraction methods of ethanolic extracts of Clinacanthus nutans leaves on antioxidant activity and toxicity. Br Food J 122: 3139-3149.

Duan E, Gao W, Liu C, Wang J, Wang J, Su L, Qiao H, Wang P, Huang J, Gan L (2025) Protective effect of mannose oligosaccharides on cadmium-induced hepatic oxidative damage in rats. Pol J Vet Sci 28: 311-320.

El Rabey HA, Rezk SM, Sakran MI, Mohammed GM, Bahattab O, Balgoon MJ, Elbakry MA, Bakry N (2021) Green coffee methanolic extract and silymarin protect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in albino male rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 21: 1-11.

Elbakry MA, Rabey HAE, Elremaly W, Sakran MI, Almutairi FM (2019) The methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera attenuates CCl4 induced hepatonephro toxicity in the male rat. Biomed Res 30: 23-31.

Erdemli M, Yigitcan B, Gul M, Bag H, Aksungur SGZ (2018) Thymoquinone is protective against 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induced hepatotoxicity. Biotech Histochem 93: 453-462.

Fareed MM, Khalid H, Khalid S, Shityakov S (2024) Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms of Carbon TetrachlorideInduced Hepatotoxicity: A Brief Systematic Review. Curr Mol Med 24: 1124-1134.

GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators (2020) Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396: 1204-1222.

Govindan S, Jayabal A, Shanmugam J, Ramani P (2021) Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Hypsizygus ulmarius polysaccharide on alcoholic liver injury in rats. Food Sci Hum Wellness 10: 523-535.

Griffin C, Agbim U, Ramani A, Shankar N, Kanwal F, Asrani SK (2023) Underestimation of Cirrhosis-Related Mortality in the Medicare Eligible Population, 1999-2018. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 21: 223-225. e223.

Hadwan MH, Abed HN (2016) Data supporting the spectrophotometric method for the estimation of catalase activity. Data in Brief 6: 194-199.

Hadžimusić N, Hadžijunuzović-Alagić D (2025) Mediators of the acute phase response: the role of cytokines. Int J Agric Environ Res 11: 337-350.

Hamid M, Liu D, Abdulrahim Y, Liu Y, Qian G, Khan A, Gan F, Huang K (2017) Amelioration of CCl4-induced liver injury in rats by selenizing Astragalus polysaccharides: role of proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and hepatic stellate cells. Res Vet Sci 114: 202-211.

Harborne JB (1973) Phytochemical methods: a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 1st ed., Chapman and Hall, London, pp 5-11.

Higuchi H, Gores GJ (2003) Mechanisms of liver injury: an overview. Curr Mol Med 3: 483-490.

Hu G, Li X, Lai A, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Sun S, Zhu J, Yang M (2023) Comparative analysis of the nutritional quality of Zizania latifolia cultivars harvested in different growing seasons. Foods 13: 30.

Ishnava KB, Patel KS (2020) In vitro study of Praecitrulus fistulosus (Stocks) Pangalo (Cucurbitaceae) fruit – a potential candidate of anthelmintic activity. Bull Natl Res Cent 44: 1-10.

JA, E R-T, PM (2016) Redox state and methods to evaluate oxidative stress in liver damage: From bench to bedside. Ann Hepatol 15: 160-173.

Jiang Z, Kempinski C, Chappell J (2016) Extraction and analysis of terpenes/terpenoids. Curr Protoc Plant Biol 1: 345-358.

Johra FT, Hossain S, Jain P, Bristy AT, Emran T, Ahmed R, Sharker SM, Bepari AK, Reza HM (2023) Amelioration of CCl4-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity by Ganoderma lucidum in long evans rats. Sci Rep 13: 9909.

Karandikar A, Prasath GS, Subramanian S (2014) Evaluation of Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Praecitrullus fistulosus fruits in STZ Induced Diabetic Rats. Res J Pharm Technol 7: 196-203.

Li C, Yi LT, Geng D, Han YY, Weng LJ (2015) Hepatoprotective effect of ethanol extract from Berchemia lineate against CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice. Pharm Biol 53: 767-772.

Liu DH, Su YP, Zhang W, Lu SF, Ran XZ, Gao JS, Cheng TM (2002) Changes in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors of liver and kidney cytosols after pathologic stress and its regulation in rats. J Crit Care Med 30: 623-627.

Ma X, Xiong S, Xiang F, Li Y, Lin Y, Liu Y, Lin L, Xie J (2025) The Protective Effect of Phenolic Acids on Liver Disease: A Review of Possible Mechanisms. Antioxidants 14: 1247.

Madhu CS, Balaji KS, Sharada AC (2019) GC/MS profile, DNA protectant and hepatoprotective effects of Praecitrullus fistulosus fruit methanol extract. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 21: 101272.

Mahadevan V (2020) Anatomy of the liver. Surgery 38: 427-431.

Mehmood A, Javid S, Khan MF, Ahmad KS, Mustafa A (2022) In vitro total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of selected medicinal plants using different solvent systems. BMC Chemistry 16: 64.

Mohdaly AAA, Hassanien MFR, Mahmoud A, Sarhan MA, Smetanska I (2013) Phenolics extracted from potato, sugar beet, and sesame processing by-products. Int J Food Prop 16: 1148-1168.

Mokdad AA, Lopez AD, Shahraz S, Lozano R, Mokdad AH, Stanaway J, Murray CJ, Naghavi Mohsen (2014) Liver cirrhosis mortality in 187 countries between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. BMC Med 12: 1-24.

Mukherjee PK, Singha S, Kar A, Chanda J, Banerjee S, Dasgupta B, Haldar PK, Sharma N (2022) Therapeutic importance of Cucurbitaceae: a medicinally important family. J Ethnopharmacol 282: 114599.

Nivukoski U, Niemelä M, Bloigu A, Bloigu R, Aalto M, Laatikainen T, Niemelä O (2020) Combined effects of lifestyle risk factors on fatty liver index. BMC Gastroenterol 20: 1-10.

Ogundola AF, Bvenura C, Ehigie AF, Afolayan AJ (2022) Effects of soil types on phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties of Solanum nigrum. S Afr J Bot 151: 325-333.

Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K (1979) Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 95: 351-358.

Ouassou H, Bouhrim M, Daoudi NE, Mekhfi H, Ziyyat A, Legssyer A, Aziz M, Bnouham M (2021) Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of Caralluma europaea Stem Extract against CCl4‐Induced Hepatic Damage in Wistar Rats. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2021: 8883040.

Prasad S, Kumar V, Singh C, Singh A (2023) Crosstalk between phytochemicals and inflammatory signaling pathways. Inflammopharmacology 31: 1117-1147.

Saganuwan SA (2017) Toxicity studies of drugs and chemicals in animals: an overview. Bulg J Vet Med 20: 291-318.

Saha P, Talukdar AD, Nath R, Sarker SD, Nahar L, Sahu J, Choudhury MD (2019) Role of natural phenolics in hepatoprotection: a mechanistic review and analysis of regulatory network of associated genes. Front Pharmacol 10: 509.

Sayed HESAE, Morsy LES, Emara TMA, Galhom RA (2019) Effect of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) on liver in adult albino rats: histological study. Egypt J Hosp Med 76: 4254-4261.

Şengül SA, Taşkın Iİ, Aşır F, Şakar AE, Şengül GP (2024) Melatonin prevents nicotine-induced hepatotoxicity by modulating apoptosis and histopathological changes in rats. Pol J Vet Sci: 589-597.

Shameenii A, Vun-Sang S, Iqbal M (2021) Hepatoprotective effects of Pandanus amaryllifolius against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced toxicity: a biochemical and histopathological study. Arab J Chem 14: 103390.

Shivamadhu MC, Srinivas BK, Jayarama S, Chandrashekaraiah SA (2017) Anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic effects of partially purified lectin from Praecitrullus fistulosus fruit on in vitro and in vivo model. Biomed Pharmacother 96: 1299-1309.

Slinkard K, Singleton VL (1977) Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. Am J Enol Vitic 28: 49-55.

Unuofin JO, Lebelo SL (2020) Antioxidant effects and mechanisms of medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes: an updated review. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020: 1356893.

VC K, ZK I (2000) Plasma erythropoietin level in rats after kidney proximal tubular impairment. Folia Med 42: 41-45.

Xie J, Schaich K (2014) Re-evaluation of the 2, 2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) assay for antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem 62: 4251-4260.

Yu L (2021) Pathogenesis of Liver Injury and Hepatic Failure. In: Artificial Liver. Springer Nature Singapore. pp 105-166.

Zhang B, Pan C, Feng C, Yan C, Yu Y, Chen Z, Guo C, Wang X (2022) Role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in homeostasis regulation. Redox Report 27: 45-52.

Ablondi M, Johnsson M, Eriksson S, Sabbioni A, Viklund ÅG, Mikko S (2022) Performance of Swedish Warmblood fragile foal syndrome carriers and breeding prospects. Genet Sel Evol 54: 4.

Aurich C, Müller-Herbst S, Reineking W, Müller E, Wohlsein P, Gunreben B, Aurich J (2019) Characterization of abortion, stillbirth and non-viable foals homozygous for the Warmblood Fragile Foal Syndrome. Anim Reprod Sci 211: 106202.

Ayad A, Besseboua O, Aissanou S, Stefaniuk-Szmukier M, Piórkowska K, Musiał AD, Długosz B, Kozłowska A, Ropka-Molik K (2022) Profiling of genetic markers useful for breeding decision in Selle Francais horse. J Equine Vet Sci 116:104059

Bellone RR, Ocampo NR, Hughes SS, Le V, Arthur R, Finno CJ, Penedo MC (2020) Warmblood fragile foal syndrome type 1 mutation (PLOD1 c. 2032G> A) is not associated with catastrophic breakdown and has a low allele frequency in the Thoroughbred breed. Equine Vet J 52: 411-414.

Flanagan S, Rowe Á, Duggan V, Markle E, O’Brien M, Barry G (2021) Development of a real-time PCR assay to detect the single nucleotide polymorphism causing Warmblood Fragile Foal Syndrome. PLoS One 16: e0259316. 

Grillos AS, Roach JM, de Mestre AM, Foote AK, Kinglsey NB, Mienaltowski MJ, Bellone RR (2022) First reported case of fragile foal syndrome type 1 in the Thoroughbred caused by PLOD1 c. 2032G> A. Equine Vet J 54: 1086-1093.

Kehlbeck A, Blanco M, Venner M, Freise F, Gunreben B, Sieme H (2025) Warmblood fragile foal syndrome: Pregnancy loss in Warmblood mares. Equine Vet J 57: 915-923. 

Lindgren G, Naboulsi R, Frey R, Solé M (2020) Genetics of skin disease in horses. Vet Clin: Equine Pract 36: 323-339.

Metzger J, Kreft O, Sieme H, Martinsson G, Reineking W, Hewicker-Trautwein M, Distl O (2021) Hanoverian F/W-line contributes to segregation of Warmblood fragile foal syndrome type 1 variant PLOD1:c.2032G>A in Warmblood horses. Equine Vet J 53: 51-59. 

Monthoux C, de Brot S, Jackson M, Bleul U, Walter J (2015) Skin malformations in a neonatal foal tested homozygous positive for Warmblood Fragile Foal Syndrome. BMC Vet Res 11: 12.

Reiter S, Wallner B, Brem G, Haring E, Hoelzle L, Stefaniuk-Szmukier M, Długosz B, Piórkowska K, Ropka-Molik K, Malvick J, Penedo MC, Bellone RR (2020) Distribution of the Warmblood Fragile Foal Syndrome Type 1 Mutation (PLOD1 c.2032G>A) in Different Horse Breeds from Europe and the United States. Genes (Basel) 11: 1518. 

Rowe Á, Flanagan S, Barry G, Katz LM, Lane EA, Duggan V (2021) Warmblood fragile foal syndrome causative single nucleotide polymorphism frequency in horses in Ireland. Ir Vet J 74: 27. 

Untergasser A, Cutcutache I, Koressaar T, Ye J, Faircloth BC, Remm M, Rozen SG (2012) Primer3 – new capabilities and interfaces. Nucleic Acids Res 40: e115.

Wobbe M, Reinhardt F, Reents R, Tetens J, Stock KF (2022) Quantifying the effect of Warmblood Fragile Foal Syndrome on foaling rates in the German riding horse population. PLoS One 17: e0267975. 

Brewster S, Curtis L, Poole R (2017) Urine versus blood ketones. Practical Diabetes 34: 13-15.

Delport PC, Fourie LJ (2005) Katkor cat litter, a non-invasive method of collecting cat urine for phosphate determination. J S Afr Vet Assoc 76: 233-234.

Devillé WL, Yzermans JC, Van Duijn NP, Bezemer PD, Van Der Windt DA, Bouter LM (2004) The urine dipstick test useful to rule out infections. A meta-analysis of the accuracy. BMC Urol 4: 1-14.

Kennils JM, Maunder CL, Costa MT (2022) The effect of non-absorbent hydrophobic sand litter on the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio in feline urine. Vet Clin Pathol 51: 385-390.

Kouri TT, Hofmann W, Falbo R, Oyaert M, Schubert S, Gertsen JB, Merens A, Pestel-Caron M (2024) The EFLM European Urinalysis Guideline 2023. Clin Chem Lab Med 62: 1653-1786.

Mitchell R, Thomas SD, Langlois NE (2013) How sensitive and specific is urinalysis “dipstick” testing for detection of hyperglycaemia and ketosis? An audit of findings from coronial autopsies. Pathology 45: 587-590.

Mortier F, Daminet S, Duchateau L, Marynissen SJ, Paepe D (2023) Comparison of cystocentesis versus home sampling to determine urinary protein: Creatinine ratio and urine specific gravity in cats. J Vet Intern Med 37: 1401-1408.

National Research Council (US) Committee on Toxicology (1984) Emergency and Continuous Exposure Limits for Selected Airborne Contaminants. National Academies Press, pp 5-26.

Parikh PC, Souza SD, Obeid W (2025) Changes in the composition of urine over six hours using urine dipstick analysis and automated microscopy. BMC Nephrol 26: 11.

Pelligand L, Lees P, Elliott J (2011) Development and validation of a timed urinary collection system for use in the cat. Lab Anim 45: 196-203.

Piech TL, Wycislo KL (2019) Importance of Urinalysis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 49: 233-245.

Piyarungsri K, Tangtrongsup S, Thitaram N, Lekklar P, Kittinuntasilp A (2020) Prevalence and risk factors of feline lower urinary tract disease in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Scientific Reports 2020 10: 1-8.

Reppas G, Foster SF (2016) Practical urinalysis in the cat: 1: Urine macroscopic examination ‘tips and traps.’ J Feline Med Surg 18: 190.

Tomasik P Sztefko K Pietrzyk JA (2012) Test paskowy jako wstęp do diagnostyki klinicznej chorób nerek u dzieci. Klin. Pediatr 20: 243-248.

Yadav SN, Ahmed N, Nath AJ, Mahanta D, Kalita MK (2020) Urinalysis in dog and cat: A review. Vet World 13: 2133-2141.

Barański W, Zduńczyk S, Janowski T, De Kruif A, Opsomer G, Dewulf J (2005) Dairy herd health-care program. [in Polish], Med. Weter 61: 14-18.

Bogucki M, Sawa A, Neja W (2007) Differences in fertility parameters of dairy cows due to increasing lactation yield. Acta Sci Pol Zootechnica 6: 3-10.

Borkowska D, Piątek D, Januś E, Mucha J (2012) Fertility indices of cows in a high-yielding herd. Rocz Nauk PTZ 8: 21-29. 

Butler WR (1998) Review: effect of protein nutrition on ovarian and uterine physiology in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 81: 2533-2539.

Crowe MA, Histens M, Opsomer G (2018) Reproductive management in dairy cows - the future. Ir Vet J 71: 1. 

De Kruif A, Leroy J, Opsomer G (2008) Reproductive performance in high producing dairy cows: practical implications. Tierärztl Prax 36 (Suppl 1): S29-S33.

Dobson H, Smith R, Royal M, Knight C, Sheldon I (2007) The high-producing dairy cow and its reproductive performance. Reprod Domest Anim 42 (Suppl 2): 17-23. 

Grummer RR (2007) Strategies to improve fertility of high yielding dairy farms: management of the dry period. Theriogenology 68 (Suppl 1): S281-S288.

Jayawardana JM, Lopez-Villalobos N, McNaughton LR, Hickson RE (2023) Heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations for milk production and fertility traits of spring-calved once-daily or twice-daily milking cows in New Zealand. J Dairy Sci 106: 1910-1924

Januś E, Borkowska D (2006) Selected indices of fertility of cows of different milk production. [in Polish], Ann Univ Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sec. EE, 24: 33-37.

Krzyżewski J, Strzałkowska N, Reklewski Z, Dymnicki E, Ryniewicz Z (2004) Influence of calving interval length in HF cows on milk yield, its composition and some reproduction traits. Med Weter 60: 76-79.

LeBlanc SJ (2013) Is a high level of milk production compatible with good reproductive performance in dairy cows? Anim Front 3: 84-91.

Lucy MC (2001) Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle: where will it end? J Dairy Sci 84: 1277-1293. 

Mee JF (2004) Temporal trends in reproductive performance in Irish dairy herds and associated risk factors. Ir Vet J 57: 58-166. 

Neja W, Jankowska M, Sawa A, Bogucki M (2013) Analysis of milk and reproductive performance of the active population of cows in Poland. J Cent Eur Agr 14: 91-101.

Polish Federation of Cattle Breeders and Dairy Farmers (2024). Evaluation and breeding of dairy cattle. 2023 Data [in Polish]. PFHBiPM, Warsaw, https://pfhb.pl/publikacje

Roche JF (2006) The effect of nutritional management of the dairy cow on reproductive efficiency. Anim Reprod Sci 96: 282-296.

Sawa A, Bogucki M (2010) Effect of extended lactations of primiparas on their lifetime production efficiency. [in Polish], Rocz Nauk PTZ 6: 165-173. 

Siatka K, Sawa, A, Piwczyński D, Bogucki, M, Krezel-Czopek S (2018) Factors affecting first insemination success in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. Anim Sci Pap Rep 36: 275-285.

Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland. [in Polish] (2004), GUS, Warsaw, https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/
 roczniki-statystyczne/roczniki-statystyczne/rocznikstatystyczny-rzeczypospolitej-polskiej-2004,2,12.html

Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland. [in Polish] (2024), GUS, Warsaw, https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/
 roczniki-statystyczne/roczniki-statystyczne/rocznikstatystyczny-rzeczypospolitej-polskiej-2024,2,24.html

Tiezzi F, Maltecca C, Cecchinato A, Penasa M, Bittante G (2012) Genetic parameters for fertility of dairy heifers and cows at different parities and relationships with production traits in first lactation. J Dairy Sci 95: 7355-7362.

Walsh SW, Williams EJ, Evans AC (2011) A review of the causes of poor fertility in high milk producing dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 123: 127-138.

Wiltbank M, Lopez H, Sartori R, Sangsritavong S, Gümen A (2006) Changes in reproductive physiology of lactating dairy cows due to elevated steroid metabolism. Theriogenology 65: 17-29.

Dudek A, Sienkiewicz W, Lepiarczyk E, Kaleczyc J (2024) Immunohistochemical properties of motoneurons supplying the porcine trapezius muscle. Pol J Vet Sci 27: 75-84.

Evans HE, Sack WO (1973) Prenatal development of domestic and laboratory mammals: growth curves, external features and selected references. Zentralbl Veterinarmed C 2: 11-45.

Franke-Radowiecka A (2020) Paracervical ganglion in the female pig during prenatal development: morphology and immunohistochemical characteristics. Histol Histopathol 35: 1363-1377.

Franke-Radowiecka A, Demus NV, Bossowska A (2024) Innervation of the female internal genital organs in 12-week-old porcine foetuses. Pol J Vet Sci 27: 645-649.

Franke-Radowiecka A, Prozorowska E, Zalecki M, Jackowiak H, Kaleczyc J (2019) Innervation of internal female genital organs in the pig during prenatal development. J Anat 235: 1007-1017.

Kruepunga N, Hikspoors JP, Hülsman CJ, Mommen GM, Köhler SE, Lamers WH (2021) Development of the sympathetic trunk in human embryos. J Anat 239: 32-45.

Patten BM (1948) Embryology of the pig, 3rd ed., Home Farm Books Publication.

Pejsak Z, Kaźmierczak P, Butkiewicz AF, Wojciechowski J, Woźniakowski G (2023) Alternatives to zinc oxide in pig production. Pol J Vet Sci 26: 319-330.

Pospieszny N, Brużewicz S (1998) Morphology and development of the post-diaphragmatic part of the sympathetic trunk in the pig (Sus scrofa L.) during its prenatal period. Ann Anat 180: 261-267.

Young HM, Cane KN, Anderson CR (2011) Development of the autonomic nervous system: A comparative view. Auton Neurosci 165: 10-27.

Amonsin A, Payungporn S, Theamboonlers A, Thanawongnuwech R, Suradhat S, Pariyothorn N, Tantilertcharoen R, Damrongwantanapokin S, Buranathai C, Chaisingh A, Songserm T, Poovorawan Y (2006) Genetic characterization of H5N1 influenza A viruses isolated from zoo tigers in Thailand. Virology 344: 480-491.

Briand FX, Souchaud F, Pierre I, Beven V, Hirchaud E,Hérault F, Planel R, Rigaudeau A, Bernard-Stoecklin S,Van der Werf S, Lina B, Gerbier G, Eterradossi N,Schmitz A, Niqueux E, Grasland B (2023) Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus indomestic cat, France, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis 29: 1696-1698.

Domańska-Blicharz K, Świętoń E, Świątalska A, Monne I,Fusaro A, Tarasiuk K, Wyrostek K, Styś-Fijoł N, Giza A, Pietruk M, Zecchin B, Pastori A, Adaszek Ł, Pomorska-Mól M, Tomczyk G, Terregino C, Winiarczyk S (2023) Outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus in cats, Poland, June to July 2023. Euro Surveill 28: 2300366.

European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Adlhoch C, Fusaro A, Gonzales JL, Kuiken T, Marangon S, Mirinaviciute G, Niqueux É, Stahl K, Staubach C, Terregino C, Broglia A, Baldinelli F (2023) Avian influenza overview December 2022 – March 2023. EFSA J 21: e07917.

Govorkova EA, Ilyushina NA, Boltz DA, Douglas A, Yilmaz N, Webster RG (2007) Efficacy of oseltamivir therapy in ferrets inoculated with different clades of H5N1 influenzavirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 1414-1424.

Harder TC, Vahlenkamp TW (2010) Influenza virus infections in dogs and cats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 134: 54-60.

Hinshaw VS, Webster RG, Easterday BC, Bean WJ Jr (1981) Replication of avian influenza A viruses in mammals. Infect Immun 34: 354-361.

Keawcharoen J, Oraveerakul K, Kuiken T, Fouchier RA,Amonsin A, Payungporn S, Noppornpanth S, Wattanodorn S, Theambooniers A, Tantilertcharoen R, Pattanarangsan R, Arya N, Ratanakorn P, Osterhaus DM, Poovorawan Y (2004) Avian influenza H5N1 in tigers and leopards. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 2189–2191.

Klopfleisch R, Wolf PU, Uhl W, Gerst S, Harder T, Starick E, Vahlenkamp TW, Mettenleiter TC, Teifke JP (2007a)Distribution of lesions and antigen of highly pathogenicavian influenza virus A/Swan/Germany/R65/06 (H5N1) in domestic cats after presumptive infection by wild birds. Vet Pathol 44: 261-268.

Klopfleisch R, Wolf PU, Wolf C, Harder T, Starick E,Niebuhr M, Mettenleiter TC, Teifke JP (2007b) Encephalitis in a stone marten (Martes foina) after natural infectionwith highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1. J Com Pathol 137: 155-159.

Kuiken T, Rimmelzwaan G, van Riel D, van Amerongen G, Baars M, Fouchier R, Osterhaus A (2004) Avian H5N1influenza in cats. Science 306: 241.

Leneva IA, Roberts N, Govorkova EA, Goloubeva OG,Websteret RG (2000) The neuraminidase inhibitor GS4104 (oseltamivir phosphate) is efficacious against A/Hong Kong/156/97 (H5N1) and A/Hong Kong/1074/99 (H9N2) influenza viruses. Antiviral Res 48: 101-115.

Leschnik M, Weikel J, Möstl K, Revilla-Fernández S, Wodak E, Bagó Z, Vanek E, Benetka V, Hess M, Thalhammer JG (2007) Subclinical infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in cats. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 243-247.

Li KS, Guan Y, Wang J, Smith GJ, Xu KM, Duan L,Rahardjo AP, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen TD, Estoepangestie AT, Chaisingh A, Auewarakul P, Long HT, Hanh NT, Webby RJ, Poon LL, Chen H, Shortridge KF, Yuen KY, Webster RG, Peiris JS (2004) Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia. Nature 430: 209-213.

Mackenzie D (2007) Deadly H5N1 may be brewing in cats. New Sci 193: 6-7.

Marschall J, Hartmann K (2008) Avian influenza A H5N1 infections in cats. J Feline Med Surg 10: 359-365.

Paniker CK, Nair CM (1970) Infection with A2 Hong Konginfluenza virus in domestic cats. Bull World Health Organ 43: 859-862.

Paniker CK, Nair CM (1972) Experimental infection of animals with influenza virus types A and B. Bull World HealthOrgan 47: 461-463.

Rabalski L, Milewska A, Pohlmann A, Gackowska K,Lepionka T, Szczepaniak K, Swiatalska A, Sieminska I,Arent Z, Beer M, Koopmans M, Grzybek M, Pyrc K (2023) Emergence and potential transmission route of avianinfluenza A (H5N1) virus in domestic cats in Poland, June 2023. Euro Surveill 28: 2300390.

Rimmelzwaan GF, van Riel D, Baars M, Bestebroer TM, van Amerongen G, Fouchier RA, Osterhaus AD, Kuiken T (2006) Influenza A virus (H5N1) infection in cats causes systemic disease with potential novel routes of virus spread within and between hosts. Am J Pathol 168: 176-183.

Schunemann HJ, Hill SR, Kakad M, Bellamy R, Uyeki TM, Hayden FG, Yazdanpanah Y, Beigel J, Chotpitayasunondh T, Del Mar C, Farrar J, Tran TH, Ozbay B, Sugaya N,Fukuda K, Shindo N, Stockman L, Vist GE, Croisier A, Nagjdaliyev A, Roth C, Thomson G, Zucker H, Oxman AD, WHO Rapid Advice Guideline Panel on Avian Influenza (2007) WHO Rapid Advice Guidelines for pharmacological management of sporadic human infection with avianinfluenza A (H5N1) virus. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 21-31.

Songserm T, Amonsin A, Jam-on R, Sae-Heng N, Meemak N, Pariyothorn N, Payungporn S, Theamboonlers A,Poovorawan Y (2006) Avian influenza H5N1 in naturally infected domestic cat. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 681-683.

Thanawongnuwech R, Amonsin A, Tantilertcharoen R,Damrongwatanapokin S, Theamboonlers A, Payungporn S, Nanthapornphiphat K, Ratanamungklanon S, Tunak E, Songserm T, Vivatthanavanich V, Lekdumrongsak T,Kesdangsakonwut S, Tunhikorn S, Poovorawan Y (2005) Probable tiger-to-tiger transmission of avian influenza H5N1. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 699-701.

Thiry E, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Hosie MJ,Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Truyen U, Horzinek MC (2009) H5N1 avian influenzain cats. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management.J Feline Med Surg 11: 615-618.

Vahlenkamp TW, Harder TC (2006) Influenza virus infectionsin mammals. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 119: 123-131. 

van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E, Rimmelzwaan GF,Fouchier RA, Osterhaus AD, Kuiken T (2006) H5N1 virus attachment to lower respiratory tract. Science 312: 399.

Weber S, Harder T, Starick E, Beer M, Werner O, Hoffmann B, Mettenleiter TC, Mundt E (2007) Molecular analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of subtype H5N1 isolated from wild birds and mammals in northern Germany. J Gen Virol 88: 554-558.

WHO/OIE/FAO H5 Working Group (2015) Evolution of theinfluenza A(H5) haemagglutinin: WHO/OIE/FAO H5 Working Group reports a new clade designated 2.3.4.4. 2015. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/evolution-of-the-influenza-a(h5)-haemagglutinin-who-oie-fao-h5-working-group-reports-a-new-clade-designated-2.3.4.4. Accessed 12 January 2015.

Xu XY, Subbarao K, Cox NJ, Guo Y (1999) Genetic characterization of the pathogenic influenza A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus: similarity of its hemagglutinin gene to those of H5N1 viruses from the 1997 outbreaks in Hong Kong. Virology 261: 15-19.

Yingst SL, Saad MD, Felt SA (2006) Qinghai-like H5N1 from domestic cats, northern Iraq. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1295-1297.

Yuen KY, Wong SSY (2005) Human infection by avian influenza A H5N1. Hong Kong Med J 11: 189-199.

Abenavoli L, Scarpellini E, Colica C, Boccuto L, Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad J, Aiello V, Romano B, De Lorenzo A, Izzo AA, Capasso R (2019) Gut Microbiota and Obesity: A Role for Probiotics. Nutrients 11: 2690. 

Alang N, Kelly CR (2015) Weight gain after fecal microbiota transplantation. Open Forum Infect Dis 2: ofv004. 

Allenspach K, Mochel JP (2022) Current diagnostics for chronic enteropathies in dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 50 (Suppl 1): 18-28. 

Alves JC, Santos A, Jorge P, Pitães  (2023) Faecal microbiome transplantation improves clinical signs of chronic idiopathic large bowel diarrhoea in working dogs. Vet Rec 193: e3052.

Amabebe E, Robert FO, Agbalalah T, Orubu ES (2020) Microbial dysbiosis-induced obesity: role of gut microbiota in homoeostasis of energy metabolism. Br J Nutr 128: 1127-1137.

Baxter M, Ahmad T, Colville A, Sheridan R (2015) Fatal aspiration pneumonia as a complication of fecal microbiota transplant. Clin Infect Dis 61: 136-137.

Berlanda M, Innocente G, Simionati B, Di Camillo B, Facchin S, Giron MC, Savarino E, Sebastiani F, Fiorio F, Patuzzi I (2021) Faecal Microbiome Transplantation as a Solution to Chronic Enteropathies in Dogs: A Case Study of Beneficial Microbial Evolution. Animals (Basel) 11: 1433.

Bonovas S, Fiorino G, Lytras T, Nikolopoulos G, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S (2017) Systematic review with meta-analysis: use of 5-aminosalicylates and risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 45: 1179-1192.

Borody TJ, Eslick GD, Clancy RL (2019) Fecal microbiota transplantation as a new therapy: from Clostridioides difficile infection to inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and colon cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol 49: 43-51.

Bottero E, Benvenuti E, Ruggiero P (2017) Faecal microbiota transplantation in 16 dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Veterinaria 31: 1-12.

Brandt LJ, Aroniadis OC (2013) An overview of fecal microbiota transplantation: techniques, indications, and outcomes. Gastrointest Endosc 78: 240-249. 

Bryan CE, Cade JC, Mackin AJ, Sullivant AM (2019) Evaluation of a structured individualised protocol as a potential cost-effective diagnostic and therapeutic approach to chronic diarrhoea in the dog. Vet Med Sci 5: 210-221. 

Burton EN, O’Connor E, Ericsson AC, Franklin CL (2016) Evaluation of fecal microbiota transfer as treatment for postweaning diarrhea in research-colony puppies. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 55: 582-587.

Cammarota G, Ianiro G, Tilg H, Rajilić-Stojanović M, Kump P, Satokari R, Sokol H, Arkkila P, Pintus C, Hart A, Segal J, Aloi M, Masucci L, Molinaro A, Scaldaferri F, Gasbarrini G, Lopez-Sanroman A, Link A, de Groot P, de Vos WM, Högenauer C, Malfertheiner P, Mattila E, Milosavljević T, Nieuwdorp M, Sanguinetti M, Simren M, Gasbarrini A European FMT Working Group (2017) European consensus conference on faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice. Gut 66: 569-580.

Chaitman J, Gaschen F (2021) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 51: 219-233.

Chaitman J, Jergens AE, Gaschen F, Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Marks SL, Marroquin-Cardona AG, Richter K, Rossi G, Suchodolski JS, Weese JS (2016) Commentary on key aspects of fecal microbiota transplantation in small animal practice. Vet Med 7: 71-74.

Chaitman J, Ziese AL, Pilla R, Minamoto Y, Blake AB, Guard BC, Isaiah A, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Unterer S, Suchodolski JS (2020) Fecal Microbial and Metabolic Profiles in Dogs With Acute Diarrhea Receiving Either Fecal Microbiota Transplantation or Oral Metronidazole. Front Vet Sci 7: 192. 

Schaubeck M, Clavel T, Calasan J, Lagkouvardos I, Haange SB, Jehmlich N, Basic M, Dupont A, Hornef M, von Bergen M, Bleich A, Haller D (2016) Dysbiotic gut microbiota causes transmissible Crohn’s disease-like ileitis independent of failure in antimicrobial defence. Gut 65: 225-237.

Chun JL, Ji SY, Lee SD, Lee YK, Kim B, Kim KH (2020) Difference of gut microbiota composition based on the body condition scores in dogs. J Anim Sci Technol 62: 239-246. 

Collier AJ, Gomez DE, Monteith G, Plattner BL, Verbrugghe A, Webb J, Weese JS, Blois SL (2022) Investigating fecal microbial transplant as a novel therapy in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease: A preliminary study. PLoS One 17: e0276295.

Dai YX, Shi CB, Cui BT, Wang M, Ji GZ, Zhang FM (2014) Fecal microbiota transplantation and prednisone for severe eosinophilic gastroenteritis. World J Gastroenterol 20: 16368-16371.

Dailey FE, Turse EP, Daglilar E, Tahan V (2019) The dirty aspects of fecal microbiota transplantation: a review of its adverse effects and complications. Curr Opin Pharmacol 49: 29-33.

De Clercq NC, Frissen MN, Davids M, Groen AK, Nieuwdorp M (2019) Weight Gain after Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in a Patient with Recurrent Underweight following Clinical Recovery from Anorexia Nervosa. Psychother Psychosom 88: 58-60.

DePeters EJ, George LW (2014) Rumen transfaunation. Immunol Lett 162: 69-76.

Eiseman B, Silen W, Bascom GS, Kauvar AJ (1958) Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Surgery 44: 854-859.

Gal A, Barko PC, Biggs PJ, Gedye KR, Midwinter AC, Williams DA, Burchell RK, Pazzi P (2021) One dog’s waste is another dog’s wealth: A pilot study of fecal microbiota transplantation in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome. PLoS One 19: e0250344.

Ganz HH, Jospin G, Rojas CA, Martin AL, Dahlhausen K, Kingsbury DD, Osborne CX, Entrolezo Z, Redner S, Ramirez B, Eisen JA, Leahy M, Keaton C, Wong J, Gardy J, Jarett JK (2022) The Kitty Microbiome Project: Defining the Healthy Fecal “Core Microbiome” in Pet Domestic Cats. Vet Sci 9: 635.

Gerbec Z (2016) Evaluation of therapeutic potential of restoring gastrointestinal homeostasis by fecal microbiota transplant in dogs. Thesis. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/evaluation-oftherapeutic-potential-of-restoring-by-ljubljani-farmacijo/
 80793d51d8748651683c53de1406870d9ba73d6a.

Gliński Z, Żmuda A (2024) The Role of the Canine Microbiome in Health and Disease. Życie Weterynaryjne 99: 108-115.

Hanifeh M, Scarsella E, Rojas CA, Ganz HH, Huhtinen M, Laine T, Spillmann T (2024) Oral Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Dogs with Tylosin-Responsive Enteropathy-A Proof-of-Concept Study. Vet Sci 11: 439.

Hart BL, Hart LA, Thigpen AP, Tran A, Bain MJ (2018) The paradox of canine conspecific coprophagy. Vet Med Sci 4: 106-114.

Honneffer JB, Minamoto Y, Suchodolski JS (2014) Microbiota alterations in acute and chronic gastrointestinal inflammation of cats and dogs. World J Gastroenterol 20: 16489-16497.

Huang C, Huang Z, Ding L, Fu Y, Fan J, Mei Q, Lou L, Wang J, Yin N, Lu Y, Guo S, Zeng Y (2022) Fecal microbiota transplantation versus glucocorticoids for the induction of remission in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. J Transl Med 20: 354.

Jergens AE, Heilmann RM (2022) Canine chronic enteropathy-Current state-of-the-art and emerging concepts. Front Vet Sci 9: 923013. 

Jurkowska G, Kostrzewska M, Świdnicka Siergiejko A (2014) Clostridium difficile infection – diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterologia Praktyczna 3: 61-74.

Kao D, Roach B, Silva M, Beck P, Rioux K, Kaplan GG, Chang HJ, Coward S, Goodman KJ, Xu H, Madsen K, Mason A, Wong GK, Jovel J, Patterson J, Louie T (2017) Effect of Oral Capsule- vs Colonoscopy-Delivered Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 318: 1985-1993.

Kelly CR, Kahn S, Kashyap P, Laine L, Rubin D, Atreja A, Moore T, Wu G. (2015) Update on fecal microbiota transplantation 2015: indications, methodologies, mechanisms, and outlook. Gastroenterology 149: 223-237.

Kiecka A, Szczepanik M (2023) Proton pump inhibitor-induced gut dysbiosis and immunomodulation: current knowledge and potential restoration by probiotics. Pharmacol Rep 75: 791-804. 

Klein W, Muller R (1941) The protein minimum, the zymogenic symbiosis, and the production of microbial protein in the rumen from nitrogen compounds of a non-protein nature (in Deutch). Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie 48: 255-76.

Lee CH, Steiner T, Petrof EO, Smieja M, Roscoe D, Nematallah A, Weese JS, Collins S, Moayyedi P, Crowther M, Ropeleski MJ, Jayaratne P, Higgins D, Li Y, Rau NV, Kim PT (2016) Frozen vs Fresh Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Clinical Resolution of Diarrhea in Patients With Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 315: 142-149. 

Lee MA, Questa M, Wanakumjorn P, Kol A, McLaughlin B, Weimer BC, Buono A, Suchodolski JS, Marsilio S (2024) Safety profile and effects on the peripheral immune response of fecal microbiota transplantation in clinically healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 38: 1425-1436.

Limdi JK, O’Neill C, McLaughlin J (2006) Do probiotics have a therapeutic role in gastroenterology? World J Gastroenterol 12: 5447-5457.

Malewska K, Rychlik A, Nieradka R, Kander M (2011) Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs and cats. Pol J Vet Sci 14: 165-171.

Marrs T, Walter J (2021) Pros and cons: Is faecal microbiota transplantation a safe and efficient treatment option for gut dysbiosis? Allergy 76: 2312-2317.

Merrick B, Allen L, Masirah M Zain N, Forbes B, Shawcross DL, Goldenberg SD (2020) Regulation, risk and safety of Faecal Microbiota Transplant. Infect Prev Pract 2: 100069.

Min-Ok Ryu, Soh-Yeon Lee, Se-Hoon Kim, Hwa-Young Youn, Kyoung-Won SeJ (2024) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Commercial Oral Capsules for Chronic Enteropathies in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin 41: 150-156

Mosquera FE, Lizcano Martinez S, Liscano Y (2024) Effectiveness of Psychobiotics in the Treatment of Psychiatric and Cognitive Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. Nutrients 16: 1352.

Naito Y, Kashiwagi K, Takagi T, Andoh A, Inoue R (2018) Intestinal Dysbiosis Secondary to Proton-Pump Inhibitor Use. Digestion 97: 195-204. 

Niina A, Kibe R, Suzuki R, Yuchi Y, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Kataoka Y, Koyama H (2021) Fecal microbiota transplantation as a new treatment for canine inflammatory bowel disease. Biosci Microbiota Food Health 40: 98-104.

Park SY, Seo GS (2021) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Is It Safe? Clin Endosc 54: 157-160.

Pereira GQ, Gomes LA, Santos IS, Alfieri AF, Weese JS, Costa MC (2018) Fecal microbiota transplantation in puppies with canine parvovirus infection. J Vet Intern Med 32: 707-711. 

Pérez-Accino J, Salavati M, Glendinning L, Salavati Schmitz S (2025) Effect of a single rectal fecal microbiota transplantation on clinical severity and fecal microbial communities in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 39: e17264.

Pilla R, Gaschen FP, Barr JW, Olson E, Honneffer J, Guard BC, Blake AB, Villanueva D, Khattab MR, AlShawaqfeh MK, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM., Suchodolski JS (2020) Effects of metronidazole on the fecal microbiome and metabolome in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 34: 1853-1866.

Quraishi MN, Shaheen W, Oo YH, Iqbal TH (2020) Immunological mechanisms underpinning faecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol 199: 24-38.

Ramai D, Zakhia K, Fields PJ, Ofosu A, Patel G, Shahnazarian V, Lai JK, Dhaliwal A, Reddy M, Chang S (2021) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) with Colonoscopy Is Superior to Enema and Nasogastric Tube While Comparable to Capsule for the Treatment of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis Sci 66: 369-380.

Rojas CA, Entrolezo Z, Jarett JK, Jospin G, Kingsbury DD, Martin A, Eisen JA, Ganz HH (2023) Microbiome Responses to Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Cats with Chronic Digestive Issues. Vet Sci 10: 561.

Rosenbaum JT (2019) Just another crappy commentary: the future of fecal microbiota transplantation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 15: 987-989.

Rychlik A., Kaczmar E. (2020) Endoscopic Biopsies and Histopathological Findings in Diagnosing Chronic Gastrointestinal Disorders in Dogs and Cats. Vet Med Int 2020:8827538. 

Schmitz SS (2022) Observational Study of Small Animal Practitioners’ Awareness, Clinical Practice and Experience With Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Dogs. Top Comp Anim Med 47: 100630.

Schmitz S, Suchodolski J (2016) Understanding the canine intestinal microbiota and its modification by pro‐, pre‐ and synbiotics – what is the evidence? Vet Med Sci 2: 71-94

Shi YC, Yang YS (2018) Fecal microbiota transplantation: Current status and challenges in China. JGH Open 30: 114-116.

Silva R, Dinis L, Peris A, Novais, Calhau C, Pestana D, Marques C (2023) Fecal microbiota transplantation – could stool donors’ and receptors’ diet be the key to future success? Front. Gastroenterol 2: 1270899.

Soave O, Brand CD (1991) Coprophagy in animals: a review. Cornell Vet 81: 357–364.

Suchodolski JS, Markel ME, Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Unterer S, Heilmann RM, Dowd SE, Kachroo P, Ivanov I, Minamoto Y, Dillman EM, Steiner JM, Cook AK, Toresson L (2012) The fecal microbiome in dogs with acute diarrhea and idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 7: e51907.

Suchodolski JS, Xenoulis PG, Paddock CG, Steiner JM, Jergens AE (2010) Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in duodenal biopsies from dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Vet Microbiol 142: 394-400.

Sugita K, Shima A, Takahashi K, Matsuda Y, Miyajima M, Hirokawa M, Kondo H, Kimura J, Ishihara G, Ohmori K (2021) Successful outcome after a single endoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation in a Shiba dog with non-responsive enteropathy during the treatment with chlorambucil. J Vet Med Sci 83: 984-989.

Sung CH, Marsilio S, Chow B, Zornow KA, Slovak JE, Pilla R, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Park SY, Hong MP, Hill SL, Suchodolski JS (2022) Dysbiosis index to evaluate the fecal microbiota in healthy cats and cats with chronic enteropathies. J Feline Med Surg 24: e1-e12.

Tariq R, Saha S, Solanky D, Pardi DS, Khanna S (2021) Predictors and Management of Failed Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection. J Clin Gastroenterol 55: 542-547.

Toresson L, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS (2021) Cholestyramine treatment in two dogs with presumptive bile acid diarrhoea: a case report. Canine Med Genet 8: 1. 

Toresson L, Spillmann T, Pilla R, Ludvigsson U, Hellgren J, Olmedal G, Suchodolski JS (2023) Clinical Effects of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation as Adjunctive Therapy in Dogs with Chronic Enteropathies-A Retrospective Case Series of 41 Dogs. Vet Sci 10: 271.

Tuniyazi M, Hu X, Fu Y, Zhang N (2022) Canine Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Current Application and Possible Mechanisms. Vet Sci 9: 396 

Vecchiato CG, Sabetti MC, Sung CH, Sportelli F, Delsante C, Pinna C, Alonzo M, Erba D, Suchodolski JS, Pilla R, Pietra M, Biagi G, Procoli F (2025) Effect of faecal microbial transplantation on clinical outcome, faecal microbiota and metabolome in dogs with chronic enteropathy refractory to diet. Sci Rep 15: 11957

Vendrik KE, Ooijevaar RE, de Jong PRC, Laman JD, van Oosten BW, van Hilten JJ, Ducarmon QR, Keller JJ, Kuijper EJ, Contarino MF (2020) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 24: 10:98.

Wang S, Xu M, Wang W, Cao X, Piao M, Khan S, Yan F, Cao H, Wang B (2016) Systematic Review: Adverse Events of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation. PLoS One 11: e0161174.

Weese JS, Costa MC, Webb JA (2013) Preliminary clinical and microbiome assessment of stool transplantation in the dog and cat. Vet Intern Med. 27: 705.

Wei X, Hu J, Wen D (2024) The risk prediction of intergenerational transmission of overweight and obesity between mothers and infants during pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 24: 74.

Werner M, Suchodolski JS, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Hartmann K, Unterer S (2021) Diagnostic value of fecal cultures in dogs with chronic diarrhea. J Vet Intern Med. 35: 199-208.

Werner M, Suchodolski JS, Straubinger RK, Wolf G, Steiner JM, Lidbury JA, Neuerer F, Hartmann K, Unterer S (2020) Effect of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid on clinical scores, intestinal microbiome, and amoxicillin-resistant Escherichia coli in dogs with uncomplicated acute diarrhea. J Vet Intern Med 34: 1166-1176.

Winston JA, Suchodolski J, Gaschen FP, Busch KB, Marsilio S, Costa MC, Chaitman J, Coffey EF, Dandrieux J, Gal A, Hill T, Pilla R, Procoli F, Salavati S, Toresson L, Unterer S, Valverde-Altamirano E, Verocai GG, Weese JS, Werner M, Ziese AL (2024) Clinical Guidelines for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Companion Animals. Adv Small Anim Care 5: 79-107. 

Xenoulis PG, Palculict B, Allenspach K, Steiner JM, Van House AM, Suchodolski JS (2008) Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial communities imbalances in the small intestine of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 66: 579-589.

Xia J, Cui Y, Guo Y, Liu Y, Deng B, Han S (2024) The Function of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Canine Intestinal Health and Their Evaluation Criteria. Microorganisms 12: 1248.

Youngster I, Russell GH, Pindar C, Ziv-Baran T, Sauk J, Hohmann EL (2014) Oral, capsulized, frozen fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing Clostridium difficile infection. JAMA 312: 1772-1778. 

Zhang Z, Mocanu V, Cai C, Dang J, Slater L, Deehan EC, Walter J, Madsen KL (2019) Impact of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome-A Systematic Review. Nutrients 11: 2291.

Ziese AL, Suchodolski JS, Hartmann K, Busch K, Anderson A, Sarwar F, Sindern N, Unterer S (2018) Effect of probiotic treatment on the clinical course, intestinal microbiome, and toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea. PLoS One 13: e0204691. 

Zikou E, Koliaki C, Makrilakis K (2024) The Role of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) in the Management of Metabolic Diseases in Humans: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 12: 1871.