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Significance of a New Preliminary Treatment Method of the Pen206_18 Borehole Penetrometer’s Pressure Readouts for a Reliable Analysis of Rock Stress-Strain Parameters

Rafał Pierszalik
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 159-178 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2022.140708
Keywords rock stress strain analysis penetrometer jack
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Abstract

This article describes some selected aspects of a preliminary treatment of measurement cycle results obtained by a new Pen206_18 type hydraulic borehole penetrometer (a borehole jack type), a tool of an in situ determining of mechanical properties of rocks. The pre-treatment of the measurement cycle results is a necessary step to prepare the data for a following appropriate analysis of stress-strain parameters of rocks. Aforementioned aspects are focused mainly on a pre-treatment of hydraulic pressure readouts.
The Pen206_18 type penetrometer is a modified version of a standard Pen206 type penetrometer. The standard version, based on a digital measurement of a critical hydraulic pressure, has been in use in polish hard coal mines for almost 15 years to determine various rock strength parameters. In contrary, the Pen206_18 type penetrometer now provides simultaneous recording of two main measurement cycle parameters (hydraulic pressure and a head pin stroke) during the whole measurement cycle duration. A recent modification of the penetrometer has given an opportunity to look closer at various factors having an influence on the measurement cycle data readouts and, as a consequence, to lay a foundation for a development a new penetrometric method of determining stress-strain parameters of rocks.
In this article it was shown that just before a main stage of the measurement cycle, a transitional stage could occur. It complicates a determination of the beginning of an useful set of measurement cycle data. This problem is widely known also in other static in situ methods of determining stress-strain parameters. Unfortunately, none of various known workouts of this problem were sufficiently adequate to the pre-treatment of the penetrometric measurement cycle results. Hence, a new method of determining the beginning of the useful set of pressure readouts has been developed. The proposed method takes into account an influence of an operational characteristics of the measuring device. This method is an essential part of a new pre-treatment procedure of the Pen206_18 measurement cycle’s pressure readouts.
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Bibliography

[1] A . Kidybiński, J. Gwiazda, Z. Hładysz, Ocena mechanicznych własności skał oraz stateczności górotworu hydraulicznym penetrometrem otworowym. Prace Głównego Instytutu Górnictwa, Seria Dodatkowa. Katowice (1976).
[2] R.E. Goodman, T.K. Van, F.E. Heuze, Measurement of Rock Deformability in Boreholes. In: Proceedings of the 10th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 523-555 (1970).
[3] AS TM D4971-02, Standard Test Method for Determining the In situ Modulus of Deformation of Rock Using the Diametrically Loaded 76-mm (3-in.) Borehole Jack. AS TM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (2002). DOI : https://doi.org/10.1520/D4971-16
[4] R. Pierszalik, S. Rajwa, A. Walentek, K. Bier, 2020. A Pen206 borehole jack suitability assessment for rock mass deformability determination. Arch. Min. Sci. 65 (3), 639-660 (2020). DOI : https://doi.org/10.24425/ams.2020.134135
[5] P.H.V. Nguyen, M. Rotkegel, H.D. Van, Analysis of Behaviour of the Steel Arch Support in the Geological and Mining Conditions of the Cam Pha Coal Basin, Vietnam. Arch. Min. Sci. 65 (3), 551-567 (2020). DOI : https://doi.org/10.24425/ams.2020.134134
[6] A . Walentek, T. Janoszek, S. Prusek, A. Wrana, Influence of longwall gateroad convergence on the process of mine ventilation network-model tests. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 29, 585-590 (2019). DOI : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2019.06.013
[7] I RB Ogrodzieniec. Penetrometr otworowy typu Pen206. Dokumentacja techniczno-ruchowa + Załącznik A – pulpit Pen206E (2008).
[8] A . Nierobisz, Oznaczanie własności mechanicznych skał za pomocą hydraulicznego penetrometru otworowego nowej generacji. Górnictwo i Geoinżynieria 34 (2), 491-500 (2010).
[9] A . Nierobisz, J. Gawryś, K. Bier, Analiza konstrukcji hydraulicznego penetrometru otworowego i jego modernizacja dla zwiększenia zakresu pomiarowego. Przegląd Górniczy 72 (6), 1-15 (2016).
[10] F .E. Heuze, Estimating the Deformability and Strength of Rock Masses – In-Situ Tests, and Related Procedures. In: STRATCOM Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD), Albuquerque (2003). DOI : https://doi.org/10.2172/15005085
[11] M. Rezaei, M. Ghafoori, R. Ajalloeian, Comparison between the In situ Tests’ Data and Empirical Equations for Estimation of Deformation Modulus of Rock Mass. Geosciences Research 1 (1), 47-59 (2016). DOI : https://doi.org/10.22606/gr.2016.11005
[12] A . Palmström, R. Singh, The deformation modulus of rock masses – comparisons between in situ tests and indirect estimates. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 16 (3), 115-131 (2001). DOI : https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00038-4
[13] M. Bukowska, A. Kidybiński, Wpływ czynników naturalnych masywu skalnego na jego wytrzymałość określaną metodami penetrometryczną i laboratoryjną. Prace Naukowe Głównego Instytutu Górnictwa, Research reports mining and environment 1, 35-46 (2002).
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Pierszalik
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Central Mining Institute (GIG ), 1 Gwarków Sq., 40-166 Katowice, Poland

Experimental Study on the Joint Application of Innovative Techniques for the Improved Drivage of Roadways at Depths Over 1 Km: A Case Study

Wei Zhang Jia-Jia Tang Dong-Sheng Zhang Lei Zhang Yuyan Sun Wei-Sheng Zhang
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2020 | vol. 65 | No 1 | 159-178 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2020.132713
Keywords roadways at depth over 1 km in-situ stress measurements efficient drivage rapid drilling and blasting deformation control of SRR industrial test
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Abstract

Finding effective ways to efficiently drive roadways at depths over 1 km has become a hotspot research issue in the field of mining engineering. In this study, based on the local geological conditions in the Xinwen Mining Area (XMA) of China, in-situ stress measurements were conducted in 15 representative deep roadways, which revealed the overall tectonic stress field pattern, with the domination of the horizontal principal stresses. The latter values reached as high as 42.19 MPa, posing a significant challenge to the drivage work. Given this, a comprehensive set of innovative techniques for efficiently driving roadways at depths over 1 km was developed, including (i) controlled blasting with bidirectional energy focusing for directional fracturing, (ii) controlled blasting with multidirectional energy distribution for efficient rock fragmentation, (iii) wedge-cylinder duplex cuts centered on double empty holes, and (iv) high-strength supports for deep roadways. The proposed set of techniques was successfully implemented in the –1010 west rock roadway (WRR) drivage at the Huafeng Coal Mine (HCM). The improved drivage efficiency was characterized by the average and maximum monthly advances of 125 and 151 m, respectively. The roadway cross-sectional shape accuracy was also significantly improved, with the overbreak and underbreak zones being less than 50 mm. The deformation in the surrounding rock of roadway (SRR) was adequately controlled, thus avoiding repeated maintenance and repair. The relevant research results can provide technical guidance for efficient drivage of roadways at depths over 1 km in other mining areas in China and worldwide.

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Authors and Affiliations

Wei Zhang
ORCID: ORCID
Jia-Jia Tang
Dong-Sheng Zhang
Lei Zhang
Yuyan Sun
Wei-Sheng Zhang

Beyond the Norm of Monogamy – Consensual Non-monogamy as an Example of a ‘Post-modern’ Relationship?

Magdalena Lipnicka
Studia Socjologiczne | 2023 | No 3 | 159-178 | DOI: 10.24425/sts.2023.147165
Keywords consensual non-monogamy postmodernity semantics of love relational anarchy
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Abstract

Postmodern society is a society in the process of changing value systems and norms, increasing diversity, and individualisation, also in the area of intimate relationships. Contemporary consensual non-monogamy seems to be one example of this changing outlook. The article seeks to answer the questions as to how non-monogamous people identify themselves, what the motivations for entering such relationships they have, and what features of a new approach to relationships this type of relationship demonstrates. The theoretical framework of the article is based, among others, on Giddens’ and Prandini’s theoretical proposals as well as on Luhmann’s ‘semantics of love’. The text presents the results of the qualitative research consisting of 15 in-depth interviews. Its key findings are that in motivating their commitment to such relationships, respondents very often refer to self-discovery and to the choice to be consciously ‘non-normative’. They also demonstrate many features of a new approach to relationships, specifically, relational anarchy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Lipnicka
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II

State of Maintenance and Structure of Chosen Shrub Phytocoenoses on The Area of Silesian Upland Against the Background of Changes in the Land Usage

Gabriela Turula Stanislaw Wika
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2003 | vol. 29 | No 3 | 159-178
Keywords shrub communities initial developmental stage permanent research plots Silesia n Upland
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Abstract

The preliminary results of" the research on the transformation dynamics of shrub communities in their initial developmental stage obtained from 15 permanent research plots are presented. Observations were carried out during the years 1997-99. They constitute the first phase of a long-term research aiming at the recognition or the shrub phytocoenoscs' structure. Iloristic composition, and local differentiation in various succcssi ve stages. The analysis showed that a significant increase in the volumes of shrubs was followed by a decrease in the richness or a vegetation patch. Furthermore, the role of both the taxa from the Artcmisietca class ancl, transitionally. of the meadow species becomes more visible. At the same time the plants or xcrothcrmic grasslands and thermophilous saum-communities disappear. Additionally. a significant inllucnce of the surroundings on the course of shrub colonisation was observed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Gabriela Turula
Stanislaw Wika

Włocławek water barrage

Wojciech Majewski
Nauka | 2022 | No 3 | 159-178 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2022.142914
Keywords Włocławek water barrage Vistula river flooding water resources retention rate
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Abstract

The paper describes the design and construction of the Włocławek water barrage operating on Vistula River for more than 50 years. The construction of the barrage and the damming up of the Vistula River caused changes in the hydraulic and thermal regime of a fifty-kilometre long stretch of the Vistula River, resulting in some ecological changes as well. Some ecologists consider these changes as eminently unfavourable and call for the dismantling of the barrage, but not all experts are of the same opinion as the construction may be regarded as a important technical, economic and social achievement, primarily because of the electricity produced, which is renewable and ecologically clean.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Majewski
1
  1. Instytut Budownictwa Wodnego PAN w Gdańsku

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