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Phase space analysis of semiconductor laser dynamics

Paweł Grześ Maria Michalska Jacek Świderski
Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 3 | e150607 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2024.150607
Keywords semiconductor laser laser dynamics phase space analysis rate equations
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Abstract

The dynamics of semiconductor lasers are modelled in the time domain using a pair of differential equations known as rate equations. The analysis, based on temporal solutions of these equations, yields practical results utilised in various applications. Alternatively, an analysis employing the phase space method, a well-established analytical tool in applied mathematics, provides a more comprehensive perspective on semiconductor laser dynamics. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed and intuitive introduction to phase space analysis in the context of semiconductor laser dynamics. The goal is to offer an easily comprehensible description of the mentioned method, placing emphasis on the graphical representation and physical interpretation of the results. The method effectiveness is shown through its application to selected practical problems. Furthermore, semiconductor laser dynamics can be treated as an illustrative example, showcasing the applicability of the method, which can be readily extended to other types of lasers or even more advanced dynamic systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Grześ
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maria Michalska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Świderski
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, ul. gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908, Warsaw, Poland

The use of Selected Lean Management Tools for Analyzing Defects in Pistons for Internal Combustion Engines

J. Piątkowski M Łent-Trepczyńska A. Krępa M. Ferdyn
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 44-49 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149270
Keywords Lean Management Ishikawa diagram Pareto-Lorenz chart Casting defects Engine pistons
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Abstract

The article presents the most significant material defects found in pistons for internal combustion engines, along with a graphical method of categorization using a Pareto-Lorenz chart. For the top three defects (constituting approximately 80% of all issues), a slightly different Ishikawa chart was employed to identify the causes behind their occurrence. Remedial actions were proposed, to be implemented primarily within the interoperative quality control of piston casting. It was concluded that it is crucial to prevent the excessive iron content in the alloy used for alfin inserts (AS9 alloy), particularly for cast iron ring carriers. The research was conducted in collaboration with Federal-Mogul company in Gorzyce (F-MG), one of the largest piston foundries in Poland.
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[13] Piątkowski, J. & Czerepak, M. (2020). The crystallization of AlSi9 alloy designed for the alfin processing of ring supports in the engine pistons. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(2), 65-70. DOI:10.24425/afe.2020.131304.

[14] Piątkowski, J. & Krępa, A. (2023). Casting pistons for combustion engines from aluminum alloys over 50 years of experience Federal-Mogul Gorzyce. Foundry Journal. 73(3/4), 84-85. (in Polish).

[15] Piątkowski J., Czerepak M. (2023). Improving the quality of bimetalic connection between the ring insert and the engine piston. In METAL 2023: 32nd International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, 17-19 May 2023 (40-41), Brno, Czech Republic. Ostrava: Tanger.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Piątkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
M Łent-Trepczyńska
A. Krępa
2
M. Ferdyn
3
  1. Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Poland
  2. Federal-Mogul Gorzyce, Poland
  3. Magna Casting Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the EN AC-AlSi12CuNiMg Alloy and AlSi Composite Reinforced with SiC Particles

G.G. Sirata K. Wacławiak A.J. Dolata
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 50-59 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149271
Keywords Metal matrix composites (MMCs) Mechanical properties SiC particle reinforcement Microstructure analysis Fractography
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Abstract

There is growing interest in developing more advanced materials, as conventional materials are unable to meet the demands of the automotive, aerospace, and military industries. To meet the needs of these sectors, the use of advanced materials with superior properties, such as metal matrix composites, is essential. This paper discusses the evaluation of microstructural and mechanical properties of conventional eutectic EN AC-AlSi12CuNiMg aluminum alloy (AlSi12) and advanced composite based on EN AC-AlSi12CuNiMg alloy matrix with 10 wt% SiC particle reinforcement (AlSi12/10SiCp). The microstructure of these materials was investigated with the help of metallographic techniques, specifically using a light microscope (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of the microstructural analysis show that the SiC particles are uniformly distributed in the matrix. The results of the mechanical tests indicate that the tensile properties and hardness of the AlSi12/10SiCp composite are significantly higher than those of the unreinforced eutectic alloy. For AlSi12/10SiCp composite, the tensile strength is 21% higher, the yield strength is 16% higher, the modulus of elasticity is 20% higher, and the hardness is 11% higher than unreinforced matrix alloy. However, the unreinforced AlSi12 alloy has a percentage elongation that is 16% higher than the composite material. This shows that the AlSi12/10SiCp composite has a lower ductility than the unreinforced AlSi12 alloy. The tensile specimens of the tested composite broke apart in a brittle manner with no discernible neck development, in contrast to the matrix specimens, which broke apart in a ductile manner with very little discernible neck formation.
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Authors and Affiliations

G.G. Sirata
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Wacławiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.J. Dolata
1
  1. Department of Materials Technologies, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Aluminum Composites: A Compo-Casting Approach with ZrO2 , Al2O3 , and SiC

S. Farahany M.K. Hamdani M.R. Salehloo M. Krol E. Cheraghali
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 88-97 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149274
Keywords Hybrid composite Aluminum Compo-casting Wear Bismuth
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Abstract

The present study evaluates the microstructural features, mechanical properties, and wear characteristics of the newly developed hybrid composite of A356/ZrO2/Al2O3/SiC produced by compo-casting at 605±5 °C, 600 rpm for 15 minutes with less than 30% solid fraction in which Bi and Sn were added separately to the matrix before introducing reinforcements. FESEM micrographs and corresponding EDS illustrated the successful incorporation of particles in the matrix. Fine particles of ZrO2 were observed close to the coarse Al2O3, and SiC particles, along with Bi and Sn elements, were detected at the eutectic evolution region. The A356+Bi/Al2O3+ZrO2+SiC hybrid composite exhibited the lowest specific wear rate (1.642 ×10-7cm3/Nm) and friction coefficient (0.31) under applied loads of 5, 10, and 20 N, in line with the highest hardness (73.4 HBN). Analysis of the worn surfaces revealed that the wear mechanism is mostly adhesive in all synthesized composites, which changed to the combination of adhesive and abrasive mode in the case containing Bi and SiC. Inserting Bi not only leads to the refinement of eutectic Si but also enhances the adhesion between the matrix/particles and improves lubricity. This, in turn, reduces the wear rate and coefficient of friction, ultimately improving the performance of the hybrid composite.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Farahany
1
M.K. Hamdani
2
M.R. Salehloo
2
M. Krol
2
E. Cheraghali
3
  1. Buein Zahra Technical University, Iran
  2. Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran
  3. Silesian University of Technology

Properties of Casting Al-Cu Alloy Modified by Mixed Rare Earth (La, Ce) and its Mechanism Analyzed

Xin Li Medetbek Uulu Nurtilek Ziqi Zhang Lixia Wang Quan Wu Peixuan Mao Rong Li
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 69-87 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149273
Keywords Cast aluminum alloy Mechanical properties RE modification Simulation calculations Mechanism analysis
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Abstract

To improve the mechanical properties of casting aluminum-copper alloy, the mixed rare earth (RE) was added to ZL206 and its properties and the enhanced mechanism of alloy were researched. The results showed that the strength and hardness of the composite were improved by 10.2% and 6.2%, respectively. After adding mixed RE, which was led by the heterogeneous enrichment area blocking the growth of the α-Al phase and making grain refinement during the solidification process. The simulation results of RE surface adsorption models by first principles also showed that the elastic constant calculation improved the bulk modulus, shear modulus, and Young's modulus of the material. The addition of mixed RE enhances the strength and hardness, although it adversely affects toughness and reduces the machining index. Also, the work function decreased, and the Fermi level increased, reflecting that the electron locality on each band was strong and the bonding state of the alloy system was covalent, which showed that the corrosion resistance was enhanced after adding mixed RE. It provides a new method for the mechanism of RE-modified aluminum-copper alloys and expands the direction of cast aluminum-copper alloy modification.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xin Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Medetbek Uulu Nurtilek
1
Ziqi Zhang
1
Lixia Wang
1
Quan Wu
1
Peixuan Mao
1
Rong Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, China

Calculations of Non-Metallic Particles Removal from Liquid Aluminium to Top Slag

P.L. Żak K. Kuglin M. Szucki D. Kalisz N. Mrówka E. Dand
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 60-68 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149272
Keywords Numerical simulation Liquid aluminium Particle motion Inclusions
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Abstract

In the paper, the results of a numerical analysis of KCl and KF particles present in liquid aluminium assimilation to the slag are presented. The authors analysed particle movement in the slag model, which is based on buoyant, capillary, viscosity, Newton and repulsion forces, interfacial tensions at the interface of phases and surface energy during the particle movement through phases boundary. On the basis of the mathematical model, a computer programme was written to make simulations under different conditions. The results of particle position in the slag are presented for different particle radiuses: 1, 5, 10, 20 μm, and constant viscosity of the slag including velocity evolution of the velocity. Another approach was used to indicate the influence of slag viscosity on particle and slag penetration depth. During computations, selected viscosities of slag of 0.0012, 0.0015, 0.0018 [kg/m·s] were taken into account. Different comparisons were made for the chosen particle sizes. Each examination takes into account the impact of the particle type. The results clearly show that for larger particles the penetration depth is greater and viscosity of the slag has an impact on the velocity evolution during assimilation process.
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Authors and Affiliations

P.L. Żak
1
K. Kuglin
2
M. Szucki
3
ORCID: ORCID
D. Kalisz
1
ORCID: ORCID
N. Mrówka
E. Dand
  1. AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
  2. NPA Skawina Sp. z o. o., Poland
  3. Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany

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