Deep excavation walls can be analyzed and calculated by using classical methods (currently rarely in use due to their many simplifications) or numerical methods. Among the numerical methods we can distinguish a simplified approach, in which the interaction between soil and a wall structure is modelled by a system of elasto-plastic supports, and the finite-element method (FEM) in which the soil is modelled with mesh of elements. It is a common view that if we want to analyze only wall constructions, the first, simplified method of calculation is sufficient. The second method, FEM, is required if we want to further analyze the stress and strain states in the soil and the influence of the excavation on the surrounding area. However, as it is demonstrated in the paper, important differences may appear in the calculation results of both methods. Thus, the safety design of a deep excavation structure depends very much on the choice of calculating method.
This paper presents an evaluation of the Hypoplastic Clay constitutive model for finite element analysis of deep excavations and displacements induced by excavations in the influence zone. A detailed description and formulation of the Hypoplastic Clay soil model is included. A parametric case study of a deep excavation executed in Pliocene clays is presented. FE analysis was performed using several soil models (Mohr-Coulomb, Modified Mohr-Coulomb, Drucker-Prager, Modified Cam-Clay, Hypoplastic Clay) and the results were compared to in-situ displacements measurements taken during construction. Final conclusions concerning the suitability of the Hypoplastic Clay model for deep excavation modelling in terms of accurate determination of horizontal displacements of the excavation wall, the uplift of the bottom of excavation, and, most importantly,vertical displacements of the terrain in the vicinity of the excavation are presented.
Automation of earth moving machineries is a widely studied problem. This paper focusses on one of the main challenges in automation of the earth moving industry, estimation of loading torque acting on the machinery. Loading torque acting on the excavation machinery is a very significant aspect in terms of both machine and operator safety. In this study, a disturbance observer-assisted control system for the estimation of loading torque acting on a robotic backhoe during excavation process is presented. The proposed observer does not use any acceleration measurements, rather, is proposed as a function of joint velocity. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme in tracking the reaction torques for a given dig cycle. Co-simulation experiments demonstrate robust performance and accurate tracking of the proposed control in both disturbance torque and position tracking. Further, the performance and sensitivity of the proposed control are also analyzed through the help of performance error quantifiers, the root-mean-square (RMS) values of the position and disturbance tracking errors.
In the longwall exploitation system, the main gates are subject of the most intensive movements of the rock mass, where the proximity of the excavation front is a key factor. The paper presents the results of a research on the constants mb and s of Hoek-Brown failure criterion for the rocks surrounding the gallery: shale, sandy shale, coal and medium-grained sandstone, in relation to the distance to longwall face. The research comprised numerical modeling based on convergence monitoring records. The convergence measurements were carried out on three stations in a selected maingate in a coal mine from Upper Silesia Coal Basin near Jastrzębie-Zdrój, concurrently with changing distance to the longwall face. The measured were the width, the height and the heave of the floor of the gate. The measurements showed that the convergence at the longwall-maingate crossing was 1.5-3 times greater than in the locations much further from the longwall face. It was demonstrated that this effect was due to continuously changing properties of the rock-mass surrounding the gallery that can be expressed as decreasing empirical parameters mb i s of Hoek-Brown’s criterion. These parameters are decreasing exponentially together with the distance to the longwall face The consistency between the theoretical and factual curve varies between 70% to 98%. The change of each of the parameters can be described by general equation P = a· exp(–b·d), where a, b are constants, and d is the distance to the excavation face. The authors highlight that during the measurements period the horizontal stress was 1.45 to 1.61 times greater than the concurrent vertical stress. The so high horizontal stress causes heave of unsupported gallery floor which is commonly observed in the mines in Silesia.
Zawały w wyrobiskach korytarzowych są niebezpiecznymi zdarzeniami powodującymi zagrożenie dla zdrowia i życia ludzi, utrudnienia technologiczne (transportowe, wentylacyjne itp.) oraz straty ekonomiczne. Wśród przyczyn zawałów występujących w ostatnim okresie w wyrobiskach korytarzowych podziemnych kopalń węgla kamiennego wymienia się błędy projektowania, błędy wykonawcze, błędy użytkowania oraz przyczyny losowe. Na przykładach zaistniałych w ostatnim okresie zawałów w wyrobiskach korytarzowych w kopalniach węgla kamiennego wskazano, że jedną z głównych przyczyn zaistniałej sytuacji była utrata podporności obudowy oraz zużycie techniczne odrzwi spowodowane korozją kształtownika. W praktyce zawały występujące wskutek zużycia technicznego obudowy powstają głównie z przełamania łuku w części stropnicowej, utraty stateczności jednego z ociosów wyrobiska oraz całkowitego zawału wyrobiska. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy zaistniałych przypadków zaproponowano wskazówki postępowania dla poprawy bezpiecznego użytkowania wyrobiska. Poprawę stateczności skorodowanej obudowy można uzyskać przez zastosowanie dodatkowej obudowy stabilizującej jej konstrukcję, przykotwienie odrzwi do górotworu lub wykonanie wzmacniającej powłoki z fibrobetonu połączone z iniekcją górotworu. Przedstawiono również przykłady zawałów występujących w wyrobiskach przygotowawczych, dla których dobór obudowy nie odpowiadał warunkom geologiczno-górniczym. W podsumowaniu wskazano na znaczenie diagnostyki obudowy wyrobisk w bezpiecznym i efektywnym prowadzeniu eksploatacji górniczej, którą należy objąć przepisami ruchowymi, a jej zakres i częstotliwość powinny być dostosowane do stopnia występujących zagrożeń oraz konstrukcji obudowy.
Rock excavation is a basic technological operation during tunnelling and drilling roadways in underground mines. Tunnels and roadways in underground mines are driven into a rock mass, which in the particular case of sedimentary rocks, often have a layered structure and complicated tectonics. For this reason, rock strata often have highly differentiated mechanical properties, diverse deposition patterns and varied thicknesses in the cross sections of such headings. In the field of roadheader technology applied to drilling headings, the structure of a rock mass is highly relevant when selecting the appropriate cutting method for the heading face. Decidedly differentiated values of the parameters which describe the mechanical properties of a particular rock layer deposited in the cross section of the drilled tunnel heading will influence the value and character of the load on the cutting system, generated by the cutting process, power demand, efficiency and energy consumption of the cutting process. The article presents a mathematical modelling process for cutting a layered structure rock mass with the transverse head of a boom-type roadheader. The assumption was made that the rock mass being cut consists of a certain number of rock layers with predefined mechanical properties, a specific thickness and deposition pattern. The mathematical model created was executed through a computer programme. It was used for analysing the impact deposition patterns of rock layers with varied mechanical properties, have on the amount of cutting power consumed and load placed on a roadheader cutting system. The article presents an example of the results attained from computer simulations. They indicate that variations in the properties of the rock cut – as cutting heads are moving along the surface of the heading face – may have, apart from multiple other factors, a significant impact on the value of the power consumed by the cutting process.
This study attempts to evaluate the field performance of various mining equipment used at the development galleries of coal mines. These are hand-held and jumbo rock drills, and a roadheader used in mechanical excavation. For this purpose, the penetration rates of rock drills were monitored and measured in the field. The physical, mechanical, and drillability properties were determined through the collected samples in order to understand the complex interactions between the rock and bit/pick. The abrasive mineral content was also analyzed with XRD analysis to examine the wear on the cutting/drilling tools. Besides, the specific energy of the equipment was calculated relying on the operational parameters. A comparison of the monthly advance and production rates of the drilling rigs and roadheader was made. The relations among operating power, specific energy, and design of buttons/picks were investigated. It has been found that the average advance and production rates of the mining equipment are consistent with the penetration rate. The results verified that the roadheader used in mechanical excavation and the jumbo drill used in drilling and blasting technique are the machines maximizing the advance and production rates.
W procesie wydobycia i wzbogacania urobku węglowego powstają znaczne ilości materiałów odpadowych, głównie skała płonna oraz muły węglowe, uznawane za odpad lub surowiec. Podstawowe kierunki zagospodarowania skały płonnej oraz odpadów wydobywczych to produkcja kruszyw, produkcja pełnowartościowych produktów energetycznych oraz roboty likwidacyjne w kopalniach węgla kamiennego i podsadzanie wyrobisk. W pracy przedstawiono propozycję poszerzenia tych działań dla lepszego wykorzystania materiałów odpadowych. Rozpoznano możliwość wykorzystania kruszyw lub odpadów do wypełniania wyrobisk odkrywkowych, również na obszarach będących w zasięgu zbiorników wód podziemnych, możliwość budowy warstw izolujących z materiału odpadowego (muły węglowe) oraz wytwarzanie mieszanek mułów węglowych z osadami ściekowymi celem produkcji materiałów o dobrych właściwościach energetycznych. Analizę przeprowadzono na podstawie badań własnych i danych literaturowych, dotyczących szeregu wybranych parametrów materiałów odpadowych. Wykonano i przedstawiono wstępne badania wielkości ciepła spalania oraz wartości opałowej mułów węglowych w połączeniu z innym materiałem odpadowym, jakim są osady ściekowe. Zaproponowane sposoby i działania wpisują się w dotychczasowe kierunki zagospodarowania, jednak pozwalają na rozszerzenie zakresu stosowania zarówno odpadów wydobywczych, jak i produktów wytwarzanych na bazie skały płonnej czy mułów węglowych. Jednak ze względu na częsty brak stabilnego składu tych materiałów, każdorazowo przed próbą ich zastosowania należy dokonać oceny ich aktualnych właściwości. Wnioskuje się, że istotne jest kontynuowanie badań celem promowania wykorzystania gospodarczego już istniejących metod oraz poszukiwania nowych rozwiązań dla zagospodarowania odpadów wydobywczych.
This article describes stability issues of main excavations in deep copper mines in Poland, from the perspective of mining work safety. To protect main transportation and ventilation routes, parts of rock are left untaken to form so-called protective pillars. The problem was to determine the size of main excavations protective pillars in deep underground copper mines in which provide stability of main excavations. The results of numerical simulations of the stability of protective pillars under specific geological and mining conditions are presented, covering: underground depth and width of protective pillar, number, size and layout geometry of protected excavations, as well as the impact of parameters of surrounding gob areas. Problem was solved applying numerical simulations based on the finite element method which were performed in a plane state of strain by means of Phase2 v. 8.0 software. The behavior of the rock mass under load was described by an elastic-plastic model. The Mohr-Coulomb criterion was used to assess the stability of the rock mass. The results of numerical modeling have practical applications in the designing of protective pillars primarily in determining their width. These results were used to prepare new guidelines for protective pillars in Polish copper mines in the Legnica-Glogow Copper District.