Applied sciences

Archives of Electrical Engineering

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Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 3

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Abstract

Lightning is one of the causes of transmission disorders and natural phenomena that cannot be avoided. The South Sulawesi region is located close to the equator and has a high lightning density. This condition results in lightning susceptibility of disturbances to electrical system lines, especially in high-voltage airlines and substations. An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) will show the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) based on the membership function type. This journal is to predict the value of the transmission tower lightning density using the ANFIS method. The value of the lightning strike density index can later be determined based on ANFIS predictions. Analysis of the value calculation system of structural lightning strikes in the South Sulawesi region of the Sungguminasa-Tallasa route can be categorized as three characteristics lightning density (Nd). The calculation system results for the value of structural lightning struck in the South Sulawesi region and validated between manual calculations and ANFIS with an average percentage of 0.0554%.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Sri Mawar Said
1
Muhammad Bachtiar Nappu
1
Andarini Asri
2
Bayu Tri Utomo
1

  1. Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
  2. Ujung Pandang State Polytechnic, Indonesia
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Abstract

This paper focuses on the invariance of the reachability and observability for fractional order positive linear electrical circuits with delays and their checking methods. By derivation and comparison, it shows that conditions and checking methods of reachability and observability for integer and fractional order positive linear electrical circuits with delays are invariant. An illustrative example is presented at the end of the paper.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tong Yuan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hongli Yang
1

  1. Shandong University of Science and Technology, China
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Abstract

A smart control based on neural networks for multicellular converters has been developed and implemented. The approach is based on a behavioral description of the different converter operating modes. Each operating mode represents a well-defined configuration for which an operating zone satisfying given invariance conditions, depending on the capacitors’ voltages and the load current of the converter, is assigned. A control vector, whose components are the control signals to be applied to the converter switches is generated for each mode. Therefore, generating the control signals becomes a classification task of the different operating zones. For this purpose, a neural approach has been developed and implemented to control a 2-cell converter then extended to a 3-cell converter. The developed approach has been compared to super-twisting sliding mode algorithm. The obtained results demonstrate the approach effectiveness to provide an efficient and robust control of the load current and ensure the balancing of the capacitors voltages.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kamel Laidi
1
Ouahid Bouchhida
1
Mokhtar Nibouche
2
Khelifa Benmansour
1

  1. University of Medea, Algeria
  2. University of the West of England, United Kingdom
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Abstract

The axial-radial flux type permanent magnet synchronous machine (ARFTPMSM) can adjust the main magnetic field by controlling the axial flux, so it can overcome the problem that the flux of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is difficult to adjust. Due to the existence of the axial device in the ARFTPMSM, the finite element method (FEM) is used to establish a three-dimensional model for analysis. By analyzing the magnetic density distribution of the rotor, it is found that there is a serious magnetic leakage phenomenon at both ends of the tangential permanent magnet. The rotor material at the end of the tangent permanent magnet is replaced by non-ferromagnetic material to reduce the magnetic leakage. On this basis, the influence of the width of the non-ferromagnetic material on the performance of the motor is compared. By Fourier decomposition of the back-EMF waveform, the total harmonic distortion (THD) rate of the back-EMF under different axial magnetomotive force (MMF) was calculated. Finally, the eddy current distribution and the eddy current loss of the rotor are analyzed, and the variation law of the eddy current loss is summarized. The conclusion can provide reference for the optimal design of the ARFTPMSM.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hongbo Qiu
1
Shubo Zhang
1

  1. Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, China
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Abstract

This paper presents the optimal PID tuning study to improve the dynamic performance of an automatic voltage regulation (AVR) system. The system under study consists of a synchronous generator whose reference voltage changes in a step function and tries to overcome the transient behavior of its terminal voltage smoothly. To optimally control the performance, different optimization techniques are applied to tune the controller gains to obtain the minimum steady state error (main objective) and better dynamic characteristics (rise time, settling time, max overshoot, etc.). Then the AVR system responses with a PID controller based on different optimization techniques are compared to find out which is the best technique.
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Authors and Affiliations

Haya Hesham
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Ezzat
1
Rania A. Swief
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 1 Elsarayat St., Abbaseya, 11517 Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract

The degradation process of wind turbines is greatly affected by external factors. Wind turbine maintenance costs are high. The regular maintenance of wind turbines can easily lead to over and insufficient maintenance. To solve the above problems, a stochastic degradation model (SDE, stochastic differential equation) is proposed to simulate the change of the state of the wind turbine. First, the average degradation trend is obtained by analyzing the properties of the stochastic degradation model. Then the average degradation model is used to describe the predictive degradation model. Then analyze the change trend between the actual degradation state and the predicted state of the wind turbine. Secondly, according to the update process theory, the effect of maintenance on the state of wind turbines is comprehensively analyzed to obtain the availability. Then based on the average degradation process, the optimal maintenance period of the wind turbine is obtained. The optimal maintenance time of wind turbines is obtained by optimizing the maintenance cycle through availability constraints. Finally, an onshore wind turbine is used as an example to verification. Based on the historical fault data of wind turbines, the optimized maintenance decision is obtained by analyzing the reliability and maintenance cost of wind turbines under periodic and non-equal cycle conditions. The research results show that maintenance based on this model can effectively improve the performance of wind turbines and reduce maintenance costs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hongsheng Su
1
Xuping Duan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dantong Wang
1

  1. Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China
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Abstract

The article presents the analysis results of the effectiveness limitation of the step voltage by forming an electric field on the ground surface. For shaping the electric field, a method consisting of screens placed around the point of the earth current flow was used. The analysis was performed using an example of an MV/LV substation grounding system. This research was conducted applying a mathematical model of the grounding system and screens by means of the finite element method. The influence of metal, insulating screens and surface material on the step/touch voltage values for the considered grounding system was estimated. Most of the methods described can be applied in practice. In the opinion of the authors, the method of using screens made of insulating and conductive materials has not been sufficiently described in the literature. Moreover, in the available literature there is no in-depth analysis of the described electric field shaping methods.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Sikora
1
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Markiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowski str. 18/22, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Abstract

The deviation from the ideal waveform causes disturbances and failure of end-user load equipment. Power traveling a long distance from the generation plant to the end-user leads to deterioration of its quality, and the intensive utilization of power leads to serious issues in the grid resulting in power quality problems. To make the system effective and able to meet modern requirements, flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices should be installed into the grid. The interline power flow controller (IPFC) is the latest FACTS device, which compensates for both active and reactive power among multi-line systems. The converters used in the IPFC are crucial as they can be adjusted to regulate the power flow among the lines. This paper proposes a cascaded IPFC with hysteresis and proportional resonant voltage controllers. Some main drawbacks of controllers like steady-state errors and reference tracking of converters can be easily achieved by the PR controller, which makes the system efficient and can be used for a wide range of grid applications. Hysteresis and PR controllers are explained in detail in the following sections. A comparative analysis is carried out among control algorithms to choose the suitable controller which maintains stability in the system.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sridhar Babu Gurijala
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Ravi Kishore
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ramchandra Nittala
2
ORCID: ORCID
Rohith Reddy Godala
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India
  2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, St. Martin’s Engineering College, Dhulapally, near Kompally, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
  3. Faculty of Power and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
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Abstract

Food processing technologies for food preservation have been in constant development over a few decades in order to meet current consumer’s demands. Healthy competitive improvements are observed in both thermal and non-thermal food processing technology since past two decades due to technical revolution. Among these novel technologies, pulsed electric field food processing technology has shown to be a potential non-thermal treatment capable of preserving liquid foods. The high-voltage pulse generators specifically find their applications in pulsed electric field technology. So, this paper proposes a new structure of a high-voltage pulse generator with a cascaded boost converter topology. The choice of a cascaded boost converter helps in selecting low DC input voltage and hence the size and space requirement of the high-voltage pulse generator is minimized. The proposed circuit is capable of producing high-voltage pulses with flexibility of an adjusting duty ratio and frequency. The designed circuit generates a maximum peak voltage of 1 kV in the frequency range of 7.5–20 kHz and the pulse width range of 0.8–1.8 μs. Also, the impedance matching between the cascaded boost converter and the high-voltage pulse generator is found simple without further additional components. The efficiency can be improved in the circuit by avoiding low frequency transformers.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Krishnaveni
1
ORCID: ORCID
V. Rajini
1

  1. Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, India
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Abstract

Economic dispatch (ED) is an essential part of any power system network. ED is howto schedule the real power outputs from the available generators to get the minimum cost while satisfying all constraints of the network. Moreover, it may be explained as allocating generation among the committed units with the most effective minimum way in accordance with all constraints of the system. There are many traditional methods for solving ED, e.g., Newton-Raphson method Lambda-Iterative technique, Gaussian-Seidel method, etc. All these traditional methods need the generators’ incremental fuel cost curves to be increasing linearly. But practically the input-output characteristics of a generator are highly non-linear. This causes a challenging non-convex optimization problem. Recent techniques like genetic algorithms, artificial intelligence, dynamic programming and particle swarm optimization solve nonconvex optimization problems in a powerful way and obtain a rapid and near global optimum solution. In addition, renewable energy resources as wind and solar are a promising option due to the environmental concerns as the fossil fuels reserves are being consumed and fuel price increases rapidly and emissions are getting higher. Therefore, the world tends to replace the old power stations into renewable ones or hybrid stations. In this paper, it is attempted to enhance the operation of electrical power system networks via economic dispatch. An ED problem is solved using various techniques, e.g., Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique and Sine-Cosine Algorithm (SCA). Afterwards, the results are compared. Moreover, case studies are executed using a photovoltaic-based distributed generator with constant penetration level on the IEEE 14 bus system and results are observed. All the analyses are performed on MATLAB software.
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Authors and Affiliations

Abrar Mohamed Hafiz
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Ezzat Abdelrahman
1
Hesham Temraz
1

  1. Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Egypt
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Abstract

In this paper an attempt has been made towards the design and evaluation of a solar parabolic trough collector (PTC) system integrated with a conventional oil boiler (COB) to increase the energy utilization effectiveness and reduce the environmental emission of the existing conventional oil boiler in the Kombolcha textile factory, in Ethiopia. The factory uses 8500 ton/annum of heavy fuel oil to generate 26 ton/hour of pressurized hot water at 140°C temperature which causes an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, so the solar parabolic trough collector hot water generation system will be an appropriate solution for this application. Based on the available annual solar radiation, estimates of the solar fraction, solar energy unit price and system pay-back period have been carried out. The proposed system has the potential to save 1055.9 ton/year of fuel oil. The unit cost of PTC solar energy is estimated to be 0.0088 $/kWh and the payback period of the plant is five years. Since the unit price of oil energy (0.0424 $/kWh) is much greater than the unit price of solar energy by a substantial margin (0.033 $/kWh) in Ethiopia, therefore the water heating system by
a solar parabolic trough collector is a feasible alternative to heating by a conventional oil boiler.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mustefa Jibril Taha
1
Fiseha Bogale Kibret
2
Venkata Ramayya
3
Balewgize Amare Zeru
4

  1. Control Engineering, Dire Dawa University, Ethiopia
  2. Sustainable Energy Engineering, Kombolcha Institue of Technology (KIoT), Wollo University, P.O.Box 208, Kombolcha, Ethiopia
  3. Sustainable Energy Engineering, Jimma Institue of Technology (JiT), Jimma University, Ethiopia
  4. Thermal Engineering, Jimma Institue of Technology (JiT), Jimma University, Ethiopia
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Abstract

It is not easy to make the insulators of the railway catenary for the dry and cold environment of the icy Qinghai-Tibet plateau, without causing serious ice-related flashover accidents. To study the operating status of catenary icing insulators, a two-dimensional icing model of catenary cantilever insulators was established based on the winter environmental characteristics of the Golmud station on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Compared different directions of ice growth, the spatial electric field distribution, and surface temperature distribution characteristics of icing insulatorswere analyzed by multi-physical field coupling simulation. The results show that as the thickness of the ice layer increases and the length of the icicle increases, the field intensity of the insulator gradually increases, and the surface temperature continues to rise. When the ice edge grows vertically downward, the electric field intensity of the insulator is the smallest, and the electric field intensity is the largest when the ice edge grows horizontally. Although the surface temperature of the insulator will rise with the increase of icing degree, it is lower than the freezing point and will not have a great impact on insulation performance. Secondly, when the cantilever insulator is arranged obliquely, the increase in the inclination angle will cause the electric field to increase and the temperature to rise slightly, so the inclination angle of the oblique cantilever should be reduced as much as possible during installation. Finally, the insulator with better insulation performance is obtained by optimizing the structure of the flat cantilever insulator.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sihua Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Junjun Wang
1
Lijun Zhou
1
Long Chen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lei Zhao
1

  1. Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China
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Abstract

The in-wheel motor is installed in wheels, and road excitation acts on the in-wheel motor directly through a wheel, which affects the flow field characteristics of the motor’s liquid cooling system, and affects the thermal field characteristics of the in-wheel motor. Aiming at this problem, the in-wheel motor drive system is taken as the research object in this paper. Firstly, the heat flow coupling analysis model of the in-wheel motor drive system is established by using the heat flow coupling theory. Then the vibration response of in-wheel motor stator and shell under different road excitation obtained from the previous study is taken as the load. Finally, thermal field characteristics of the water-cooled the in-wheel motor under different working conditions are studied, and the influence law of different speed and road grades on the thermal field characteristics is obtained. The results show that under the road excitation, the maximum temperature of each component of the in-wheel motor decreases due to the vibration effect of road excitation on the flow field of the cooling system, and the decrease of the stator and winding is the most obvious. Additionally, the higher the speed, the greater the road roughness coefficient, the greater the temperature drop of each component of the in-wheel motor. However, the thermal field distribution of local parts of the motor is relatively uneven under road excitation, which leads to greater thermal stress of the local parts and increases the risk of motor damage.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jie Feng
1
Di Tan
1
Meng Yuan
1

  1. Shandong University of Technology, School of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, 266 Xincun West Road, Zhangdian District, Shandong Province, Zibo, China
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Abstract

The paper presents a series of designed microstrip antennas with different gain and width radiation characteristics and intended for use in Wi-Fi systems. These antennas in a multilayer system were analyzed with the use of computer programs, and then the parameters and characteristics of these antennas were measured. At the same time, to check the correctness of work, additional measurements of the temperature of the radiators were used with a thermal imaging camera. The obtained results were compared with the results of calculations and measurements. They show high compliance with both calculations and measurements. At the same time, thermovision measurements show the weaknesses of the designed power lines.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marian Wnuk
1

  1. Military University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

Production deviations have a remarkable effect on the radiated sound of electrical machines, introducing additional signal components besides the fundamental field waves which significantly change and enrich the subjectively perceived sound characteristic. In literature these harmonics are mainly traced back to dynamic eccentricity, which modulates the fundamental fieldwaves. In this paper a thorough mechanic and electromagnetic analysis of a modern, well-constructed traction drive (permanent magnet synchronous machine) is performed to showthat for this typical rotor configuration dynamic eccentricity is negligible. Instead, deviations in the rotor magnetization are shown to be the dominant cause for vibration harmonics.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Markus Jaeger
1
Pascal Drichel
2
Michael Schröder
1
Joerg Berroth
2
Georg Jacobs
2
Kay Hameyer
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Electrical Machines (IEM), RWTH Aachen University, Germany
  2. Institute of Systems Engineering and Machine Elements (MSE), RWTH Aachen University, Germany

Authors and Affiliations

Marian Łukaniszyn
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Demenko
2

  1. Technical University of Opole, 76 Prószkowska Street, 45–276 Opole, Poland
  2. Poznan University of Technology 3A Piotrowo Street, 60–965 Poznan, Poland

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[2] Idziak P., Computer Investigation of Diagnostic Signals in Dynamic Torque of Damaged Induction Motor, Electrical Review (in Polish), to be published.

[3] Cardwell W., Finite element analysis of transient electromagnetic-thermal phenomena in a squirrel cage motor, submitted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

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[8] Kubo M., Yamamoto Y., Kondo T., Rajashekara K., Zhu B., Zero-sequence current suppression for open-end winding induction motor drive with resonant controller,in IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), © APEC (2016), doi: 10.1109/APEC.2016.7468259

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[9] http://www.aee.put.poznan.pl, accessed April 2010.

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