Applied sciences

Archives of Electrical Engineering

Content

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2023 | vol. 72 | No 2

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Abstract

In the last decade, there has been a substantial surge in the advancement of research into the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. The MPPT approaches, on the other hand, continue to be in high demand due to the ease and simplicity with which tracking techniques can be implemented on the maximum power point (MPP). Diverse MPPT approaches and their modifications from various literature are categorized and thoroughly explored in this work, which is divided into two sections. The discussions are centered on the primary goal of attaining the most extraordinary feasible MPPT technique that produces the best results at the lowest possible expense. In order to determine which MPPT approaches to use, evaluations from earlier literature are used to guide the decision. In this section, we will examine the evaluation of the MPPT technique in two sections. Previously, in Part I, we explored the MPPT techniques based on constant parameters and trial-and- error. Part II of this article will examine the MPPT technique, which is based on mathematical computation, measurement, and comparison, and the algorithm development that has occurred in recent years. Furthermore, this section’s assessment for selecting MPPT approaches is based on previous literature reviews. To aid with this selection, the following criteria for the MPPT approach are proposed: sensors and analog/digital requirements, costeffectiveness, simplicity, stability, efficiency, and tracking speed. This enables the reader to select the MPPT technique that is most appropriate for their application.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tole Sutikno
1
ORCID: ORCID
Arsyad Cahya Subrata
1
ORCID: ORCID
Giovanni Pau
2
ORCID: ORCID
Awang Jusoh
3
ORCID: ORCID
Kashif Ishaque
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  2. Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kore University of Enna, Italy
  3. School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
  4. Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Abstract

The article presents selected issues related to the development and testing of the diagnostics systems dedicated for superconducting electromagnets. The systems were constructed to assess the production quality of superconducting electromagnets of the SIS100 synchrotron, a new accelerator being built as part of the Facility of Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR). One of the systems is used for automatic checking of electrical connection parameters and the continuity of electric circuits. The role of the second device is to assess the quality of winding insulation and to estimate circuit parameters of electromagnet coils using the capacitor discharge method. The work presents measurements and analysis of current and voltage waveforms acquired during discharges on a magnet coil simulator and on the SIS100 main dipole electromagnet.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Michna
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Wilk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Wołoszyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Ziółko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stanisław Galla
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Szwangruber
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gabriela Narutowicza str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
  2. GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
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Abstract

This paper presents an analysis of electric vehicle charging station operation based on a dual active bridge topology. Two cases are considered: one with the use of a medium frequency planar transformer, the other with a conventional Litz winding transformer. An analysiswas performed using both solutions in order to compare the performance characteristics of the system for both cases and to present the differences between each transformer solution. The analysis was based on tests carried out on the full-scale model of an electric vehicle charging station, which is the result of the project "Electric vehicle charging system integrated with lighting infrastructure" realized by the Department of Drives and Electrical Machines, Lublin University of Technology. The results presented in the paper show that the conventional transformer used in the research achieved better results than the planar transformer. Based on the results obtained, the validity of using both solutions in electric vehicle charging stations was considered.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Rudawski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Karol Fatyga
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kwaśny
1

  1. Lublin University of Technology, ul. Nadbystrzycka 38d, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

This study presents a method to directly calculate the stator current Fourier spectra in double-cage induction motors to diagnose faults in rotor cages. A circuit model is developed for this purpose, allowing the modelling of any asymmetry in the outer and inner rotor cages. The model extends the conventional model of a cage motor by considering the higher space harmonics generated by the stator windings. The asymmetry of the cages is modelled by growing the resistance of any of the rotor bars. This results in various model equations, to be solved by looking for diagnostic signals. Motor current signature analysis is typically used to diagnose cage motors based on the Fourier spectra of the stator currents during steady-state operation. This study determines these spectra for double cage motors using the harmonic balance method, omitting the transient calculations. The calculation results confirmed the sensitivity of the stator current Fourier spectra as a diagnostic signal to distinguish faults in the outer and inner cages.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Tulicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tadeusz Jan Sobczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Sułowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska str., 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

This elaboration presents the concept of a unidirectional DC–DC switchedcapacitor converter operating as a voltage tripler. The system consists of two resonant cells with switched capacitors and chokes. This proposed converter topology achieves low voltages on semiconductor switches (diodes and transistors) compared to the classic SC series-parallel converter or the boost topology. The output voltage on the capacitors is reduced in the proposed converter because it is divided into two series-connected capacitors with asymmetric distribution. The presented results describe the analytical description of the system operation and the analytical equation for semiconductor currents. A simulation and experimental results have been performed. The system efficiency and three voltage gain values were measured in the experimental setup. The efficiency measured was also compared with the analytical determination curve for loss analysis and further converter optimization.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Chojowski
1
Robert Sosnowski
1
Marcin Baszyński
1

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
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Abstract

This paper describes results of tensile mechanical strength testing of two types of composite suspension line insulators from two manufacturers. In order to take into account the operation of composite insulators in overhead transmission lines with high-temperature low-sag (HTLS) conductors, the testing of their static and fatigue strength was performed at both ambient and elevated temperatures. The results showed that the static mechanical strength of composite insulators decreased with an increase in the temperature of the lower end fitting of the insulator, and proved that it followed a third-degree polynomial function. Calculations performed demonstrated that a significant cause of reduction in strength was the increase in the radial stress following the temperature increase in the crimped glassepoxy resin core of the insulator. The results of the fatigue strength testing demonstrated that the increase in the temperature of the lower end fitting of the insulator up to 85°C degree had a little effect on the fatigue strength of the tested composite insulators.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Bielecki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Kotowski
2
Jacek Wańkowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Power Engineering, ul. Mory 8, 01-330 Warsaw, Poland
  2. 2Wroclaw University of Technology, ul. Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

Rare-earth permanent magnets are coated in order to avoid corrosion. When considering the rated geometrical properties of a sample, the coating thickness has to be known precisely as it wrongly enlarges the magnetically active volume which in turn affects the accuracy of the measured magnetic properties. In this work, the sensitivity of hard magnetic material property measurements regarding the consideration of different coating thicknesses is evaluated. Moreover, the impact of eddy current effects on the magnetic properties is studied when measuring in an open circuit. Additionally, an outlook for a measurement-based determination of the electric conductivity of permanent magnet samples is given.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alexander Kern
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nora Leuning
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kay Hameyer
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Electrical Machines (IEM), RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstr. 4, D-52062 Aachen, Germany
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Abstract

This paper investigates the possibilities for developing a pole-changing winding with a pole ratio of 3:4 with improved electromagnetic properties. Such a winding can be used in two-speed induction motors for turbo mechanisms. The scheme of the new winding was obtained by using a discretely-specified spatial function method developed at the Tashkent State Technical University. A comparison of the parameters obtained for a similar winding received by the pole amplitude modulation method has been presented. Design of a new motor with a new winding is developed based on the standard induction motor. The paper presents results of laboratory tests, too.
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Authors and Affiliations

Makhsud Bobojanov
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Tashkent State Technical University, 2 University str., 100095, Uzbekistan
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Abstract

For a solar photovoltaic power system on a university campus, the electricity generated by the system meets the campus load, and the extra electricity is delivered to the grid. Generally, the price of the photovoltaic system is cheaper than that of the utility power system. The full use of solar electricity can reduce the electricity cost of the school. The deep belief network is used to predict solar photovoltaic generation and electricity load, and the gap is found. According to the gap, the power loads on the campus are adjusted to improve the utilization rate of solar power generation. Through the practical application of Changqing Campus of Qilu University of Technology in China, it is found that the utilization rate of solar photovoltaic power generation effectively improved from 91.24% in 2017 to 98.16% in 2019, and the annual electricity is saved by 68 610 yuan (in 2019).
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Authors and Affiliations

Guozheng Han
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shujuan Tan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zihan Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Information and Automation Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501, Daxue Road, Changqing District, Jinan 250353 Shandong Province, PR China
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Abstract

The low frequency ripple of the input side current of the single-phase inverter will reduce the efficiency of the power generation system and affect the overall performance of the system. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes a two-modal modulation method and its MPC multi-loop composite control strategy on the circuit topology of a single-stage boost inverter with a buffer unit. The control strategy achieves the balance of active power on both sides of AC and DC by controlling the stable average value of the buffer capacitor voltage, and provides a current reference for inductance current of the DC input side. At the same time, the MPC controller uses the minimum inductor current error as the cost function to control inductor current to track its reference to achieve low frequency ripple suppression of the input current. In principle, it is expounded that the inverter using the proposed control strategy has better low frequency ripple suppression effect than the multi-loop PI control strategy, and the conclusion is proved by the simulation data. Finally, an experimental device of a single-stage boost inverter using MPC multi-loop composite control strategy is designed and fabricated, and the experimental results show that the proposed research scheme has good low frequency ripple suppression effect and strong adaptability to different types of loads.
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Authors and Affiliations

Haiyang Liu
1
Yiwen Chen
1
Sixu Luo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jiahui Jiang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Haojun Jian
3

  1. Fujian Key Laboratory of New Energy Generation and Power Conversion, Fuzhou University, China
  2. College of Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, China
  3. State Grid Fujian Electric Power Co., Ltd. China
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Abstract

As the capacity and scale of distribution networks continue to expand, and distributed generation technology is increasingly mature, the traditional fault location is no longer applicable to an active distribution network and "two-way" power flow structure. In this paper, a fault location method based on Karrenbauer transform and support vector machine regression (SVR) is proposed. Firstly, according to the influence of Karrenbauer transformation on phase angle difference before and after section fault in a low-voltage active distribution network, the fault regions and types are inferred preliminarily. Then, in the feature extraction stage, combined with the characteristics of distribution network fault mechanism, the fault feature sample set is established by using the phase angle difference of the Karrenbauer current. Finally, the fault category prediction model based on SVR was established to solve the problem of a single-phase mode transformation modulus and the indistinct identification of two-phase short circuits, then more accurate fault segments and categories were obtained. The proposed fault location method is simulated and verified by building a distribution network system model. The results show that compared with other methods in the field of fault detection, the fault location accuracy of the proposed method can reach 98.56%, which can enhance the robustness of rapid fault location.
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Authors and Affiliations

Siming Wang
1
Zhao Kaikai
1

  1. School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China
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Abstract

In this work we discussed the safety of the electric field environment in the No.3 carriage where the pantograph is located. DSA380 pantograph, CRH5 EMU carriage and passengers’ models were established to study the electric field exposure of passengers at different positions. The results showed that Emax in the carriage without passengers is 1.173 x 10 6 mV/m. Then we set the passengers’ positions according to the electric field distribution in the carriage without passengers and obtained that Emax in the carriage with passengers is 3.195 x 10 6 mV/m. It can be seen that the maximum induced electric field intensity of passengers at different positions appears on the soles of shoes, the maximum value is 3.028 x 105 mV/m, the maximum induced current density occurs at the ankle, its maximum value is 3.476 x 10 -5 A/m 2. It can be concluded that the maximum induced electric field intensity of passenger’s head appears in the cerebrospinal fluid area, with a maximum value of 202.817 mV/m, and the maximum induced electric field intensity of passenger’s head at the door is larger than that in the middle of the carriage. The maximum values of the induced electric field intensity in all tissues of passengers are much smaller than the basic limits of electromagnetic exposure to the public set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). This study indicated that the pantograph has little influence on the electric field environment in the carriage under working state, and will not cause any health hazard to the passengers in this working frequency electric field environment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rui Tian
1
Jia-qi Zhang
1
Mai Lu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Gansu Province, China
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Abstract

This paper proposes a new fault location method in radial medium voltage distribution networks. The proposed method only uses the measurement data at the feeder beginning to approximate the characteristic equation showing the dependence between the positive-sequence voltage and phase angle at the monitoring point with the distance to the fault location for each fault type on each line segment. To determine these characteristic equation coefficients, the entire distribution network will be modeled and simulated by four types of faults at different locations along the lines to build the initial database. Based on this database, the mathematical functions in MATLAB software are applied to approximate these coefficients corresponding to each type of fault for each line segment in the network. Then, from the current and voltage measurement data at the feeder beginning, the algorithms of global search, comparison, and fault ranking are used to find out where the fault occurs on the distribution network. Two types of distribution network with and without branches are studied and simulated in this paper to verify and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Truong Ngoc-Hung
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of I.T., FPT University – Quy Nhon A.I Campus, Dong Da ward, Quy Nhon city, Viet Nam
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Abstract

Electromagnetic forces generated by the short circuit current and leakage flux in low- and high-voltage windings of distribution transformers as well as amorphous core transformers will cause the translation, destruction, and explosion of the windings. Thus, the investigation of these forces plays a significant role for researchers and manufacturers. Many authors have recently used the finite element method to analyze electromagnetic forces. In this paper, an analytic model is first developed for magnetic vector potential formulations to compute the electromagnetic forces (i.e., axial and radial forces) acting on the low- and high-voltage windings of an amorphous core transformer. The finite element technique is then presented to validate the results obtained from the analytical model. The developed model is applied to an actual problem.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bao Doan Thanh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Doan Duc Tung
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tuan-Ho Le
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Quy Nhon University, Binh Dinh province, Vietnam
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Abstract

In this publication the effect of the operating temperature on the effective inductance of a controllable inductor is analysed. The main difference compared to a coil with a simple single core lies in the current-controlled inductance-value. This is achieved by a second core implemented perpendicular upon the load-toroid affecting the saturation within a limited shared volume. Corresponding to the presented analysis, the dependencies on the core temperatures are investigated by measurements.
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Authors and Affiliations

Guido Schierle
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michael Meissner
1
Klaus F. Hoffmann
1

  1. Helmut Schmidt University, Germany
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Abstract

Indium gallium zinc oxide (In–Ga–Zn–O) thin films, which are transparent conductive films for liquid crystals and electroluminescent displays, were fabricated via singlestep sputter deposition using one target containing different proportions of indium oxide, gallium oxide, and zinc oxide powders. Experimental results suggest that the In–Ga–Zn–O thin films can be prepared using the method of single-step radio frequency (RF) sputter deposition, applying a powder target containing indium oxide, gallium oxide, and zinc oxide. The In–Ga–Zn–O thin films were prepared on Si substrates, and the deposition rate depended on the target composition. In these plasma processes, electron density and temperature were essentially independent of target composition. The prepared films were very smooth with a root-mean-square roughness of less than 10 nm. The crystallinity of the ZnO peak was observed in all the films; whereas the In and Ga peaks were not observed in the films prepared. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the films also revealed that the elemental concentration ratio of In–Ga–Zn–O thin films could be prepared using one target, and that can be easily controlled by ratios in the In 2O 3/Ga 2O 3/ZnO composition in the powder target. The transmittances were > 75% at 800 nm for all the target mixtures, and increased with increasing In 2O 3 in the powder target.
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Authors and Affiliations

Takahiko Satake
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hiroharu Kawasaki
2
Shin-Ichi Aoqiu
1

  1. Graduate School of Engineering Sojo University, Ikeda Nishi-ku Kumamoto City, Japan
  2. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Sasebo College, Okishin-machi, Sasebo City, Nagasaki Pref., Japan

Instructions for authors

ARCHIVES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (AEE) (previously Archiwum Elektrotechniki), quarterly journal of the Polish Academy of Sciences is OpenAccess, publishing original scientific articles and short communiques from all branches of Electrical Power Engineering exclusively in English. The main fields of interest are related to the theory & engineering of the components of an electrical power system: switching devices, arresters, reactors, conductors, etc. together with basic questions of their insulation, ampacity, switching capability etc.; electrical machines and transformers; modelling & calculation of circuits; electrical & magnetic fields problems; electromagnetic compatibility; control problems; power electronics; electrical power engineering; nondestructive testing & nondestructive evaluation.

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Submission of paper to the Archives of Electrical Engineering is understood to imply that the article is original, unpublished and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. All articles will be reviewed. Since 2013, Authors wishing to use the facility of colour printing should consult the editors.

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Each paper submitted for publication in Archives of Electrical Engineering is subjected to the following review procedure:

a) the paper is reviewed by the editor in chief or guest editor for general suitability for publication in AEE

b) if it is judged suitable two reviewers are selected and a double blind peer review process takes place

c) based on the recommendations of the reviewers, the editor then decides whether the paper should be accepted in its present form, revised or rejected

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Examples of the ways in which references should be cited are given below:

Journal manuscript

[1] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of paper, Title of periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[1] Steentjes S., von Pfingsten G., Hombitzer M., Hameyer K., Iron-loss model with consideration of minor loops applied to FE-simulations of electrical machines, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 3945-3948 (2013).

[2] Idziak P., Computer Investigation of Diagnostic Signals in Dynamic Torque of Damaged Induction Motor, Electrical Review (in Polish), to be published.

[3] Cardwell W., Finite element analysis of transient electromagnetic-thermal phenomena in a squirrel cage motor, submitted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

Conference manuscript

[4] Author A., Title of conference paper, Unabbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf., Country of Conf., pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[4] Popescu M., Staton D.A., Thermal aspects in power traction motors with permanent magnets, Proceedings of XXIII Symposium Electromagnetic Phenomena in Nonlinear Circuits, Pilsen, Czech Republic, pp. 35-36 (2016).

Book, book chapter and manual

[5] Author1 A., Author2 A.B., Title of book, Name of the publisher (YEAR).

example

[5] Zienkiewicz O., Taylor R.L., Finite Element method, McGraw-Hill Book Company (2000).

Patent

[6] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of patent, European Patent, EP xxx xxx (YEAR).

example

[6] Piech Z., Szelag W., Elevator brake with magneto-rheological fluid, European Patent, EP 2 197 774 B1 (2011).

Thesis

[7] Author A., Title of thesis, PhD Thesis, Department, University, City of Univ. (YEAR).

example

[7] Driesen J., Coupled electromagnetic-thermal problems in electrical energy transducers, PhD Thesis, Faculty of Applied Science, K.U. Leuven, Leuven (2000).

For on electronic forms

[8] Author A., Title of article, in Title of Conference, record as it appears on the copyright page], © [applicable copyright holder of the Conference Record] (copyright year), doi: [DOI number].

example

[8] Kubo M., Yamamoto Y., Kondo T., Rajashekara K., Zhu B., Zero-sequence current suppression for open-end winding induction motor drive with resonant controller,in IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), © APEC (2016), doi: 10.1109/APEC.2016.7468259

Website

[9] http://www.aee.put.poznan.pl, accessed April 2010.

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Authors will receive proofs for correction, which should be returned promptly. All joint contributions must indicate the name and address of the authors to whom proofs should be sent.

Fees for printing the papers in Archives of Electrical Engineering:

AEE is published in Open Access, which means that all articles are available on the internet to all users immediately upon publication free of charge for the readers. Authors will be asked to a declaration that they are ready to cover the costs of printing their article.

The publication cost in the AEE journal is estimated at 2 000 PLN, (approx. €500 Euro) up to 20 pages of the journal format and mandatory over-length charges of 120PLN (approx. 40EUR) per page. The publication cost does not include bank transfer costs.

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Preparation of manuscript for Archives of Electrical Engineering (AEE)

AEE License to publish

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