Nauki Techniczne

Archives of Electrical Engineering

Zawartość

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2025 | vol. 74

Abstrakt

Canned Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (CPMSMs) are essential components in vacuum pump systems. The stator can of CPMSMs is susceptible to deformation due to thermal stress and high-frequency harmonic electromagnetic force, leading to potential failure. When the CPMSMs are powered by an inverter power supply, it introduces time harmonic current, exacerbating the thermal stress and harmonic electromagnetic force of the system. Thus, this paper analyzes the effects of low-order current harmonics on the electromagnetic force and forced vibration of the stator can. The analytical formulation for the radial electromagnetic force of the CPMSM is obtained, taking into account the influence of harmonic current. Afterwards, the finite element model was established to investigate the space and time harmonic characteristics of the magnetic field and electromagnetic force of the stator can, and its validity was confirmed through testing on a motor test platform. Finally, modal analysis of the stator can under rated conditions and investigation of mechanical deformation induced by electromagnetic force are carried out through harmonic response analysis. This establishes a theoretical basis for improving the reliability and sealing performance of CPMSMs used in pumps.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Shuhao Zhou
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ming Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rong Wang
1
Shuxian Lun
1

  1. School of Control Science and Engineering, Bohai University No.19, Keji Road, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China

Abstrakt

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) frequently encounter various external disturbances during flight. After experiencing such disturbances, the UAV’s power supply must quickly respond and maintain stable output. To address this problem, this paper proposes an improved active disturbance rejection control (IADRC) scheme combined with peak current mode control (PCMC) based on a six-phase interleaved parallel synchronous buck converter. Modal analysis was conducted on the synchronous buck converter, and small-signal modeling was performed under current control mode to analyze closed-loop stability. The dynamic response speed was improved by utilizing a peak current inner loop, enabling precise current sharing. The system’s disturbance rejection capability was enhanced by employing an improved extended state observer for real-time estimation of disturbances. This approach offers advantages such as high dynamics, strong disturbance rejection, and good current sharing. Finally, an experimental prototype with a rated power of 1000 W, maximum efficiency of 96.9%, and power density of 12.9 W/cm2 was constructed. Comparing three different control schemes, the response waveforms of the prototype verify the feasibility and advancement of the scheme in this paper.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mingyu Yuan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Chuanyu Zhang
2
Mingkang Zhang
2
Fenghuang Cai
1

  1. College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, China
  2. College of Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, China

Abstrakt

The real-time management of the Production-Transport-Consumption system reveals the need for information on the state of the network and the means of action on it at all times. This need is met through the use of telecontrol systems. These operate mainly on substations, complex installations that ensure the interconnection of lines and the transformation of voltage levels. In this work, we are interested in the propagation of Power Line Carrier (PLC) communication technology in power cables, both on a single cable and on a Y topology. We will analyze respectively the effect and the influence of several factors on the transfer function such as: effect of the end loads, the length of cable, the junction between two sections of cables in order to deduce the frequency channel of most favorable transmission. The results of the transfer function predictions obtained by the analytical formulation are compared and validated with full-field simulations using the CST software.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Hakim Azizi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammed Chebout
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammed Charif Kihal
3
ORCID: ORCID
Daoud Sekki
4
ORCID: ORCID
Hocine Moulai
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Renewable Energy Systems Applications Laboratory, Ziane Achour University Djelfa, 17000, Algeria
  2. Applied Automation and industrial Diagnostic Laboratory, Ziane Achour University Djelfa, 17000, Algeria
  3. Department of Electrical Engineering, Mohamed Seddik Ben Yahia University Jijel, 18000, Algeria
  4. Mohamed Cherif Messaadia University Souk Ahras, 41000, Algeria
  5. Laboratory of Characterization and Diagnosis of Power Equipments (LCDEP) University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene Algiers,16311, Algeria

Abstrakt

Brushless DC motors (BLDC) present several technical advantages with respect to conventional permanent magnets synchronous motors. These advantages include higher rotational speeds, reduced construction complexity and simpler control strategies. This paper discusses a cost-effective control strategy for BLDC motors characterized by low stator inductance. The proposed technique is based on an LC filter inserted between the inverter output and the motor. The filter capacitors are controlled such that three DC voltages are applied to the stator terminals. An active damping approach is used to control stator currents and prevents voltage oscillations. Compared with existing solutions, this technique simplifies the hardware implementation of such a drive system and offers a notable reduction in the switching frequency with minimal values of the magnetic elements. In addition, high frequency torque ripples are significantly reduced. The design procedure of this controller is presented in this paper and the performances are compared with the conventional control technique.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Allagui Mehdi
1
Abbes Mohamed
1

  1. Laboratory LaTICE, Université de Tunis, ENSIT Av Taha Hussein, Montfleury, 1008, Tunisia

Abstrakt

This paper proposes a novel improved hybrid permanent magnet Vernier machine (IHPMVM), which is characterized by less-rare-earth (LRE) and high torque-density. The proposed machine features a hybrid magnet arrangement, which adopts both rare earth (RE) and LRE magnets in one magnetic pole simultaneously. The proposed improved design can reduce the consumptions of RE materials by employing low-cost LRE magnets in place of RE magnets. Besides, the hybrid magnet arrangement design has a good magnetic flux-concentrated effect, resulting in high torque density. Particularly, dummy slots are introduced to achieve a flux modulation effect. This unique design effectively reduces the inevitable leakage flux, thereby further improving the utilization of PMs and torque density. Firstly, the machine configuration and its improved design are introduced and investigated. Then, a multi-objective optimization is carried out to obtain the optimal design of the proposed machine considering comprehensive performance. Furthermore, the preliminary electromagnetic characteristics of the proposed machine are compared and analyzed using finite element (FE) methods, which verifies the effectiveness of the optimization. Finally, the demagnetization risk of the LRE magnets is evaluated. This paper is expected to provide a technical reference for designing LRE machines.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Hui Li
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Materials Engineering Gannan University of Science and Technology 156 Hakjia Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China

Abstrakt

In this paper, the performance of a super twisting sliding mode controller (STSMC) is investigated for a multifunctional single-stage inverter that connects a photovoltaic (PV) system to the three-phase utility grid supplying the non-linear load. In this work, the single-stage inverter is controlled to improve power quality by compensating the current harmonics of nonlinear load and to inject maximum power from the PV system to the grid with ST-SMC controller. In this way, the ST-SMC controller is implemented to adjust the DC bus voltage to the value determined by the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, as well as to the single-stage inverter current control using the synchronous reference frame theory. According to the simulation results, the ST-SMC controller provides high robustness and better performance in transient and steady state conditions. The results show that the total harmonics distortion (THD) of the grid current is reduced to 1.75% and the DC bus voltage reaches its set-point at 0.08 second with a small amount, approximately 0.05%, of the overshoot. In addition, the superiority and accuracy of the proposed scheme is verified by replacing conventional SMC and PI controllers with super twisting sliding mode controllers. Evaluate the suggested scheme’s performance is done using theMATLAB/Simulink software.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mahla Dehghani
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammad Mardaneh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammad Hossein Shafiei
1
ORCID: ORCID
Saeed Hasanvand
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology Shiraz, I.R. Iran
  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, Firouzabad Higher Education Center Shiraz University of Technology Shiraz, I.R. Iran

Abstrakt

The coaxial parallel magnetic circuit dual-rotor hybrid excitation structure generator exhibits several advantages, including high output performance, a wide adjustment range, and excellent stability. This study introduces a topology for a parallel magnetic circuit hybrid excitation generator (PMC-HEG) that utilizes a combination of permanent magnet and electrical excitation. It features salient pole rotors and claw pole rotors, with the latter embedded with permanent magnets, sharing a common stator. The analysis of the rotor magnetic field is conducted using both the equivalent magnetic circuit method and the subdomain method. Through an examination of the generator’s electromagnetic performance, key rotor parameters related to optimization objectives are identified. Finite element simulation analysis is performed on the rotor parameters, employing various optimization algorithms to enhance the salient pole and claw pole rotors, focusing on the amplitude of the induced electromotive force and the distortion rate of the induced electromotive force as optimization targets. The final optimized parameter values are obtained. A prototype is fabricated and tested, with experimental results confirming the reliability of the optimization method. The optimized parallel magnetic circuit hybrid excitation generator demonstrates an increase in the amplitude of the induced electromotive force, an improvement in the fundamental wave of the induced electromotive force, a reduction in harmonic distortion rate, and a significant enhancement in overall output performance.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Tingjun Sun
1
Wenjing Hu
2
Fanxi Meng
1
Jinke Wu
1
Yixin Liu
2
Huihui Geng
2
Weitao Liu
2
Wei Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Shandong Remote Bento New Energy Vehicle Co Taian 271200, China
  2. School of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000, China

Abstrakt

This paper presents a coil-based model for a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) with single-tooth windings to analyze the voltage distribution along its stator winding. The model encompasses considerations for the skin effect, the proximity effect of the winding, and parasitic capacitance within the machine. The model is parameterized using impedance measurement results. Subsequently, it undergoes validation in both the frequency and time domains. In the frequency domain, validation is carried out by comparing the measured and simulated impedance spectra. In the time domain, voltage and current signals are recorded from an operating machine on the test bench. The modeled and measured voltage and current signals during switching processes of power electronic devices are compared for validation in the time domain.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Hujun Peng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yue Yu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Svetomir Stevic
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sebastian Mönninghoff
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kay Hameyer
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Electrical Machines, RWTH Aachen University Schinkelstr. 4, 52062 Aachen, German

Abstrakt

The integration of photovoltaic and the energy storage system into traction power supply systems under railway power conditioner (RPC) or voltage source converter (VSC) access structures changes the original pure AC system into a hybrid AC/DC system. At the same time, which access structure of photovoltaic and the energy storage system has higher system stability and which has better adaptability are rarely mentioned in the stability analysis of traction power supply systems with photovoltaic and the energy storage system. Firstly, in this paper, impedance models for the two types of access structures of photovoltaic and energy storage systems are established, and the port impedance characteristics and stability influencing factors are analyzed from the aspects of system parameters and controller parameters. Second, combining the two typical working conditions of PV and the ESS access traction power system, from the perspective of stability, the robustness of the two access structures under the influence of negative impedance characteristics and the adaptability of access are compared. Compared to traditional stability analysis methods, the GMPM (Gain Margin and Phase Margin) criterion employed in this paper integrates both the dynamic characteristics and frequency response of the system, making it particularly suitable for small-signal stability analysis. Keeping the rest of the conditions the same under two typical working conditions, the RPC access structure has higher system stability when the two access structures input and output 35kWof active power, respectively. Finally, the simulation results in the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform also confirm the better adaptability of the RPC access structure.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Chunyu Wei
1
Xin Li
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of New Energy and Power Engineering Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China

Abstrakt

To optimize the parameter setting of the support vector machine and improve the classification performance and computational efficiency of power transformer fault diagnosis, this study proposes an improved grey wolf optimization algorithm. By optimizing the global search and local optimization capabilities of the greywolf algorithm and combining them with stacked denoising autoencoders, a new power transformer fault warning model is constructed. Firstly, the grey wolf optimization algorithm is optimized through four strategies: elite reverse learning, nonlinear control parameters, Lévy flight, and particle swarm optimization, which improve its global search and local optimization capabilities. Secondly, the stacked denoising autoencoder is utilized to extract high-level features of fault data, and the improved GWO algorithm and SVM are combined to complete fault classification. The results indicated that the proposed diagnostic model achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 0.979, a recall rate of 0.986, and an F1 value of 0.983 in benchmark performance testing. In practical applications, the average fault diagnosis accuracy of this model could reach up to 99.21%, and the average diagnosis time was only 0.08 s. The developed power transformer fault warning model can provide an efficient and reliable technical solution for fault diagnosis in the power system.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Shuzong Zhao
1
Norasage Pattanadech
1

  1. Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Bangkok 10520, Thailand

Abstrakt

Since the operation of the high-voltage line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor (HVLSPMSM) does not need the control circuit and is directly powered by the grid, its operating stability is easily affected by the three-phase voltage unbalance. Thus, a 10 kV, 630 kW motor is taken as an example to study the impact of voltage unbalance on its electromagnetic performance and vibration. First, the effect of voltage unbalance on the torque performance of the motor is investigated using the finite element method (FEM), and the variation rules of torque ripple and torque harmonic frequency with voltage unbalance degree are obtained. Then, the analytical expressions of radial electromagnetic force (REF) under normal and unbalanced voltage conditions are derived, and the rules of electromagnetic force variation of different orders and frequencies under rated load and unbalanced voltage conditions are determined, and the analytical results are verified by finite element results. Finally, the motor vibration response characteristics caused by three-phase voltage unbalance are obtained by using modal analysis and vibration harmonic response analysis. The results indicate that the vibration performance of the motor is significantly affected by the threephase voltage unbalance. When the voltage unbalance degree is 6%, a vibration acceleration amplitude of 800 Hz and 900 Hz increases by 18.03% and 78.57%, respectively.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Cunxiang Yang
1
Jichao Jia
1
Jianing Liang
1
Zhenjiang Wang
1
Hongbo Qiu
2

  1. College of Building Environment Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou city, Henan, China
  2. College of Electric and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou city, Henan, China

Abstrakt

This paper presents an original method for defining the magnetization characteristics of a 50% iron-nickel alloy as functions of ambient temperature. The presented method, based on Jiles–Atherton theory, reduces the cost and time needed to build a multifactor theoretical model of a ferromagnetic material in relation to temperature. The determination of the J-A equation parameters, which are crucial to obtain theoretical magnetization characteristics that are consistent with the real ones, is always challenging due to the imperfection of the J-A model. The authors focused on determining the temperature dependent magnetization characteristics DC in the range of low magnetic field strength. Based on the results of the experiment, the relationships between temperature and parameters of the basic J-Amodelwere determined and discussed. The study was carried out for a wide temperature range often specified for high-performance electrical or electromechanical devices. The data presented and the method described can be successfully used to build Multiphysics models of magnetic phenomena.

Based on the available knowledge, material data for the 50% Fe–Ni alloy, treated without a H2 reducing atmosphere, has not yet been published in the universal form presented by the authors.

The presented data and relationships between physical quantities were verified and confirmed experimentally. The presented measurement method is consistent with the industry standard IEC 60404-4.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Wojciech Plucinski
1 2
Ziemowit Malecha
1
Krzysztof Tomczuk
1

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology Departament of Cryogenics and Aerospace Engineering, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
  2. Collins Aerospace, Bierutowska 65-86, 51-317 Wrocław, Poland

Abstrakt

This paper introduces a novel approach to identifying critical lines in power systems during cascading failures, addressing significant limitations in previous methodologies such as computational inefficiency and limited effectiveness. The proposed methodology is inspired by social network analysis techniques for evaluating the importance of nodes and determining core roles within a network. By adopting these techniques, multiple centrality metrics – degree, ego-betweenness centrality, and eigenvector centrality – are applied to assess the importance and role of lines in interaction graphs of cascading failures. The methodology can be applied to any type of interaction graph of cascading failures and involves selecting centrality metrics with strong correlations to outline the particularity of critical lines. The importance of each line is evaluated as the normalized sum of its three metrics. Critical lines are identified based on their deviation from the statistical correlation of the overall interaction graph, analogous to the role determination process in social networks. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through extensive testing on IEEE 39-bus and 118-bus systems. The identified critical lines are validated with a method from the literature and by analysing the effects of upgrading the critical lines, demonstrating the accuracy and reliability of the proposed methodology. By leveraging interaction graphs and simulation data, our approach provides a robust framework for mitigating cascading failures. The results indicate that this methodology not only improves computational efficiency but also enhances the precision of critical line identification, making it highly suitable for real-time applications in power system stability and reliability.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Francisco Rivas-Dávalos
1
ORCID: ORCID
Daniel Toledo-Adame
1
Eduardo A. Martínez-Ceseña
2

  1. Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia Av. Tecnológico 1500, Col. Lomas de Santiaguito, Morelia, Michoacán, México
  2. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester Manchester, M13 9PL, UK

Abstrakt

The paper is focused on improvements of the conventional speed controller based on Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) applied for a two-mass electric drive system. The described ADRC structure is based on load-side speed measurement. The paper compares conventional structure dynamics with overall system behavior in the case plant parameters are changed. The proposed ADRC algorithm extension performs soft controller parameters adjustment to improve the dynamics and plant response. The presented approach accomplishes adaptation capabilities with the use of a Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN). The article presents the dynamic response of the plant controlled by the conventional ADRC algorithm and the designed neural adaptation extension. The results are based on the performed experimental tests.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Grzegorz Kaczmarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Radoslaw Stanislawski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Kaminski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kacper Kasprzak
2
Danton Diego Ferreira
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
  2. Poznan University of Technology, Poland
  3. Federal University of Lavras, Brazil

Abstrakt

The authors of the paper analyse and carry out simulation studies on a cylindrical linear “excitation coil – permanent magnet” module, which is an elementary component of many electromagnetic devices and linear permanent magnet (PM) electric motors. The geometric dimensions of the module and the winding data of the excitation coil correspond to the constructed prototype. The most important result of the work is demonstrating that it is possible to approximate the discrete function of the electromagnetic force acting on the runner, the flux linked with the excitation coil and the electromotive force of motion induced in the excitation coil using a modified Kloss function. The consequence of these approximations is conversion of the classical field-circuit model with Lookup Tables into a purely analytical model. Using this model, simulation studies of the oscillatory motion of the runner were carried out in the MATLAB Simulink environment, confirming the usefulness of the developed analytical model in the numerical analysis of dynamic states.

The next part is dedicated to the experimental verification of the proposed analytical mathematical model. A laboratory setup with a high-speed camera was designed and built.

A comparative analysis of the time curves obtained from measurement studies and simulation studies was conducted using the example of the damped oscillatory motion of the runner. The root mean square errors (RMSEs) were determined for various time intervals, relevant from the perspective of implementing the developed analytical mathematical model in control systems of different linear electromagnetic devices with permanent magnets.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Sebastian Jan Bartel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Kluszczynski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland

Instrukcja dla autorów

ARCHIVES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (AEE) (previously Archiwum Elektrotechniki), quarterly journal of the Polish Academy of Sciences is OpenAccess, publishing original scientific articles and short communiques from all branches of Electrical Power Engineering exclusively in English. The main fields of interest are related to the theory & engineering of the components of an electrical power system: switching devices, arresters, reactors, conductors, etc. together with basic questions of their insulation, ampacity, switching capability etc.; electrical machines and transformers; modelling & calculation of circuits; electrical & magnetic fields problems; electromagnetic compatibility; control problems; power electronics; electrical power engineering; nondestructive testing & nondestructive evaluation.

Manuscript submission:

All manuscripts should be submitted electronically on Editorial System.

Submission of paper to the Archives of Electrical Engineering is understood to imply that the article is original, unpublished and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. All articles will be reviewed. Since 2013, Authors wishing to use the facility of colour printing should consult the editors.

Template:

Microsoft Word is recommended as a standard word processor to prepare the paper to the AEE journal. If you use the LaTex format, please transfer your document to Microsoft Word and then use Template AEE.

While editing your paper, make sure that all the mathematical characters (symbols, identifiers, variables, vectors, axis marks, etc.) have the required shape, thickness, and slant kept throughout the whole article. The same appearance of a given mathematic character must be retained regardless of its place (text, equations, tables or figures).

The articles that don’t conform to the above will not be processed and published.

The reviewing process:

Each paper submitted for publication in Archives of Electrical Engineering is subjected to the following review procedure:

a) the paper is reviewed by the editor in chief or guest editor for general suitability for publication in AEE

b) if it is judged suitable two reviewers are selected and a double blind peer review process takes place

c) based on the recommendations of the reviewers, the editor then decides whether the paper should be accepted in its present form, revised or rejected

d) the author(s) is(are) informed by e-mail on the results of the reviewing procedure.

The papers are published on average within 3 months after acceptance.

Requirements for preparation of manuscripts:

The manuscript submitted for publication should have no less than 12 pages and no more than 16 pages. In the case of the manuscript longer than 16 pages, please contact the AEE Editorial Board before submitting your paper. The manuscripts, written in UK English, should be typed using Template AEE according to the following instructions and should include: a title page with the title of a manuscript, a short title; abstract; key words, text; list of references. A DOI number as well as received and revised data will be completed by Editor. When you open Template.doc, select "Print Layout" from the "View" menu in the menu bar (View > Print Layout). Then type over sections of Template.doc or cut and paste from another document and then use markup styles (Home > Styles). For example, the style at this point in the document is "main text").

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The manuscripts are published on average within 3 months after their acceptance.

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Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.

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Tables are numbered with Arabic numerals. Use 9 point Times New Roman for the title of the table and 9 point Times New Roman for the filling of the table (9 in the case of symbols with subscripts).

AEE journal allows an author to publish color figures in e-version at no charge, and automatically convert them to grayscale for print versions. Authors wishing to use the facility of color printing should consult the editors.

Conclusions:

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References:

References in text must be numbered consecutively by Arabic numerals placed in square brackets. Please make sure that you use full names of journals i.e. Archives of Electrical Engineering. Please ensure that all references in the Reference list are cited in the text and vice versa.

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You can use the rules presented on the site: IEEE standard.

Examples of the ways in which references should be cited are given below:

Journal manuscript

[1] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of paper, Title of periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[1] Steentjes S., von Pfingsten G., Hombitzer M., Hameyer K., Iron-loss model with consideration of minor loops applied to FE-simulations of electrical machines, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 3945-3948 (2013).

[2] Idziak P., Computer Investigation of Diagnostic Signals in Dynamic Torque of Damaged Induction Motor, Electrical Review (in Polish), to be published.

[3] Cardwell W., Finite element analysis of transient electromagnetic-thermal phenomena in a squirrel cage motor, submitted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

Conference manuscript

[4] Author A., Title of conference paper, Unabbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf., Country of Conf., pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[4] Popescu M., Staton D.A., Thermal aspects in power traction motors with permanent magnets, Proceedings of XXIII Symposium Electromagnetic Phenomena in Nonlinear Circuits, Pilsen, Czech Republic, pp. 35-36 (2016).

Book, book chapter and manual

[5] Author1 A., Author2 A.B., Title of book, Name of the publisher (YEAR).

example

[5] Zienkiewicz O., Taylor R.L., Finite Element method, McGraw-Hill Book Company (2000).

Patent

[6] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of patent, European Patent, EP xxx xxx (YEAR).

example

[6] Piech Z., Szelag W., Elevator brake with magneto-rheological fluid, European Patent, EP 2 197 774 B1 (2011).

Thesis

[7] Author A., Title of thesis, PhD Thesis, Department, University, City of Univ. (YEAR).

example

[7] Driesen J., Coupled electromagnetic-thermal problems in electrical energy transducers, PhD Thesis, Faculty of Applied Science, K.U. Leuven, Leuven (2000).

For on electronic forms

[8] Author A., Title of article, in Title of Conference, record as it appears on the copyright page], © [applicable copyright holder of the Conference Record] (copyright year), doi: [DOI number].

example

[8] Kubo M., Yamamoto Y., Kondo T., Rajashekara K., Zhu B., Zero-sequence current suppression for open-end winding induction motor drive with resonant controller,in IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), © APEC (2016), doi: 10.1109/APEC.2016.7468259

Website

[9] http://www.aee.put.poznan.pl, accessed April 2010.

Proofs:

Authors will receive proofs for correction, which should be returned promptly. All joint contributions must indicate the name and address of the authors to whom proofs should be sent.

Fees for printing the papers in Archives of Electrical Engineering:

AEE is published in Open Access, which means that all articles are available on the internet to all users immediately upon publication free of charge for the readers. Authors will be asked to a declaration that they are ready to cover the costs of printing their article.

The publication cost in the AEE journal is estimated at 2 000 PLN, (approx. €500 Euro) up to 20 pages of the journal format and mandatory over-length charges of 120PLN (approx. 40EUR) per page. The publication cost does not include bank transfer costs.

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