Applied sciences

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

Content

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 3

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Abstract

The required important properties of cold work tool steels are hardness, wear resistance, suitable toughness and in many cases corrosion resistance. For cold work tool steels, hardness can be well controlled by heat treatment, but steels of the same hardness do not necessarily have similar wear, corrosion resistance or even toughness. These properties are influenced by the chemical composition of the steels and their manufacturing processes. The study is performed on Böhler K390 PM produced by powder metallurgy (PM) process, Böhler K360 ESR made by electro-slag remelting (ESR) methods and Böhler K110 produced conventionally (C). The specimens were heat treated to obtain the same hardness of 61 HRC. It was made a comparative test of the abrasive wear resistance, corrosion resistance and toughness of the heat-treated cold work tool steel test specimens. The comparative test results show that the Böhler K110 steel has the best corrosion resistance against the 20% acetic acid, and the Böhler K390 PM steel has the best wear resistance and toughness. The goal of the research was to find the optimal cold work tool steel quality for special applications (as a function of wear resistance, corrosion resistance and toughness). The K390 reached the best wear resistance which is two times better than the K360 and about ten times better than the K110. About the corrosion test results, it can be concluded that K110 showed the lowest weight loss after the corrosion test, and the K390 and K360 showed higher weight loss and lower corrosion resistance. Impact energy values from the Charpy impact test were the highest in the case of K390 followed by the K360 and the K110. The results were confirmed by the microscopic analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

L. Tóth
1
ORCID: ORCID
R.E. Fábián
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Pinke
1
ORCID: ORCID
T.A. Kovács
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nabiałek
2
ORCID: ORCID
A.V. Sandu
3 4 5
ORCID: ORCID
P. Vizureanu
3 6
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Bánki Donát Faculty of Mechanical and Safety Engineering, Óbuda University, 1081 Budapest Népszínház u. 8. Hungay
  2. Częstochowa University of Technology, Department of Physics, 42-214 Częstochowa
  3. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Technologies and Equipements for Materials Processing, Bdul. Mangeron, No.51 700050 Iasi, Romania
  4. Romanian Inventors Forum, 3 Sf. Petru Movila St., L11, 3-3, 700089 Iasi, Romania
  5. Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei St., Sect. 5, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
  6. Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, Dacia Blvd 26, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
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Abstract

Experimental studies of arc burning have been carried out with a view to use it for wire arc additive manufacturing processes. The values of the welding arc current and voltage were recorded and the records were analyzed. The average duration of the short circuits and its root mean square deviation and normalized root mean square deviation were determined. Investigation of the macro- and microstructure of the 3D printed sample show that it is uniform along its entire height.
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Authors and Affiliations

V. Petkov
1
P. Tashev
1
V. Dyakova
1

  1. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Metal Science, Equipment and Technologies with Center for Hydro- and Aerodynamics “Acad. A. Balevski”, 67 Shipchenski Prohod Blvd, 1574, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Abstract

Functionally graded material is a type of material characterized by gradual variations in the chemical composition and structure over volume. Dilution is a major concern in producing such materials produced using welding techniques. In this paper, the effects of the number and thickness of weld overlay layers on the dilution were systematically investigated for two common wire arc additive manufacturing processes. Gas metal arc welding and flux-cored arc welding processes were used to clad plain carbon steel substrate by 410 stainless steel and Stellite 6, respectively. Welding speed was varied to create weld layers with a thickness of 2 mm to 8 mm. The results showed that the weld thickness had the main effect on the dilution. Regarding the number and arrangement of the thin or thick weld layers, no direct effects on the dilution were observed. Consequently, by controlling the thickness of the weld overlay, the changes in the chemical composition in each weld layer could be justified.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Emami
1
ORCID: ORCID
S.H. Elahi
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Bonab, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Bonab, Iran
  2. Arak University of Technology, Department of Mechanical engineering, Arak, Iran
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Abstract

This study investigated the sustainability aspect of the fly ash (FA)-based one-part geopolymers (OPGs) with various combinations and amount of alkali activators (AA). The three groups of OPG were: the M-OPG activated with solely sodium metasilicate-anhydrous (Na2SiO3), the MH-OPG with Na2SiO3 and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and the MC-OPG with Na2SiO3 and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). The compressive strength, embodied carbon, embodied carbon index, embodied energy and embodied energy index were identified. Test result shows that the M-OPG and MC-OPG with the AA/FA ratio of 0.20 attained 83 MPa and 75 MPa of compressive strengths, respectively. The MH-OPG with AA/FA ratio of 0.15 attained 72 MPa of compressive strength. The embodied carbon and embodied energy of the OPGs were mainly contributed by the Na2SiO3-anhydrous. The values were lowered when the Na2SiO3-anhydrous were partially substituted with NaOH or Na2CO3. Increasing the AA content increased the embodied carbon and energy. The embodied carbon index (3.80 kg CO2/m3/MPa) and embodied energy index (14.72 MJ/m3/MPa) of the MC-OPG with AA/FA ratio of 0.20 were the lowest. The outcome of this study supports the utilisation of Na2CO3 to partially substitute Na2SiO3 for the development of OPGs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ooi Wan-En
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Liew Yun-Ming
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Ong Shee-Ween
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Hang Yong-Jie
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Tee Hoe-Woon
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Lim Jia Ni
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer and Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
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Abstract

This paper presents four parameters in 3D Printing Concrete (3DPC) in the fresh state. Flowability, extrudability, open time, and buildability. In addition, this paper also introduces a new method to obtain the green strength of fresh concrete. The high-strength concrete mixture was used as a base mix design. The water to binder ratio and admixture were tuned to obtain the 3DPC that satisfied those four parameters. The 3DPC mix design used cement, silica fume, and reactive powder as a binder with a ratio of 3:1:1. The ratio of sand and binder was 0.9. The water to binder ratio (w/b) was 0.14 with the addition of a superplasticizer and accelerator. To increase the buildability, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber was added by 0.2% of concrete volume. It had a 30 mm slump, 110 mm flow, 1.1 SRF, 85 minutes of open time, and 7 KPa green strength in 75 minutes. This mix design was able to be printed into 40 layers of 100×400 mm cylinder.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Shahib Al Bari
1
ORCID: ORCID
Januarti J. Ekaputri
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Planning and Geo Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
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Abstract

The oxynitride coating was fabricated on the surface of Ti6Al4V alloy via double glow plasma alloy technology to enhance the wear resistance. The protective coating is dense and homogeneous and has a multilayer structure (outermost oxygen-rich layer, middle nitrogen-rich layer, innermost nitrogen diffusion layer). The acoustic emission curve suggests that the critical load is 53.1 N, the bonding strength between oxynitride coating and substrate is adequate to the application due to the diffusion layer. The oxynitride coating has a maximum hardness about 1020 HV, which is significant harder than Ti6Al4V alloy (370 HV). Tribological behaviors of oxynitride coating were investigated at three loads. The results indicated that the friction coefficient of oxynitride coating is lower than that of substrate at the same conditions. The wear mechanism of oxynitride coating is mainly fatigue wear, which converts to adhesive wear and fatigue wear with increasing load. The protective layer can decrease the actual contact areas obviously during the wear tests, which attributed to the higher hardness and stability of oxynitride layer.
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Authors and Affiliations

Z. Yang
1
W. Liang
2
L. Hu
2 3
H. Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Anyang Institute of Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, West section of Yellow River Avenue, Anyang 455000, China
  2. Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, School of Materials Science and Technology, 29 General Avenue, Nanjing 211100, China
  3. Nanjing Iron and Steel Co. LTD, Special Steel Division, xiejiadian, Liuhe District, Nanjing 211100, China
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Abstract

This study is about the electrodeposition of Ni-SiC composite coatings at various ultrasonic agitation temperatures (50, 55, and 60°C). The coatings were characterised by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Vickers microhardness test and immersion test were used to determine the hardness and corrosion behaviour of the composite coating respectively. The immersion test was conducted in 0.5M sulphuric acid to analyse the coating corrosion rate. The results demonstrate that increasing the ultrasonic agitation temperature increase the corrosion resistance of the composite coating. Furthermore, the hardness of the Ni-SiC shows higher hardness values at the highest agitation temperature, 60°C. This shows that Ni-SiC composite coating sample S.60 had the best hardness and corrosion behaviour.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Loganathan
1
Z. Kamdi
1 2
A.R. Ainuddin
1 2
R. Husin
3 2
A. Ibrahim
3 2
M.A.A.M. Salleh
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Batu Pahat, 86400, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Nanostructure and Surfac e Modification, Faculty of Mechanical and Manufac turing Engineering, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, , Malaysia
  3. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Hab Pendidikan Tinggi Pagoh, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Panchor, Johor, , Malaysia
  4. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), School of Materials Engineering, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGtech), P.O. Box 77, D/A Pejabat Pos Besar, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, , Malaysia
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Abstract

In the present study corrosion behaviour of three coated steel sheets in different corrosive environments was evaluated using various characterisation techniques. Multiple types of corrosion tests, like salt spray test, 100% relative humidity test and chemical resistance test, were performed to report the corrosion resistance of samples in different corrosive environments. Enhanced corrosion resistance properties of the colour-coated samples were obtained from all the studies, followed by galvalume and galvanised samples. Cyclic voltammetry reveals a slightly higher pitting for the galvalume sample. SEM, EDS, XRD and Raman analyses for the salt spray tested and 100% humidity tested galvanised samples shows various corrosion products with their morphologies. XRD analysis reveals Zn5(OH)8Cl2H2O (simonkolleite), ZnO (zinc oxide), β-Zn (OH)2, Zn (OH)2 (zinc hydroxide) and Zn (ClO4)2 for salt spray tested samples whereas for the 100% relative humidity tested samples, main corrosion products are ZnO (zinc oxide), β-Zn (OH)2, Zn (OH)2 (zinc hydroxide), Fe and Zn. Raman spectroscopy reveals the presence of ZnO, β-FeOOH, white rust, green rust, FeCl2, Fe3O4, FeOH, Fe2O3 and δ-FeOH for salt spray tested samples, but for 100% humidity test, only ZnO is revealed.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Yadav
1
J.K. Saha
2
S.K. Ghosh
1

  1. Epartment Of Metallurgy And Materials Engineering, Indian Institute Of Engineering Science And Technology, Shibpur, Howrah -711103, India
  2. S J Engineers & Consult Ants, 35D, Charu Avenue, Kolkata – 700033, India
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Abstract

The wear tests of aluminum based automotive alloys with different Si content in 3.5% NaCl, seawater and dry sliding environment are carried out. A conventional pin-on-disc wear apparatus is used at 2.55 MPa pressure and 0.51 m/s speed for a sliding distance of 923.2 m. The results show that the wear rate and friction coefficient of the alloy decreases with the increase of silicon content up to the eutectic point in all sliding environments. Among the different Si-rich intermetallics formed, especially Mg2Si strengthens the alloys. It is more prominent in the case of a corrosive environment through creating MgO plus SiO2 layers, which protect the corrosive wear and reduce the friction coefficient. Wear test surfaces have shown that Si addition makes the alloys wear-resistant with smooth abrasive grooves covered with oxides.
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Authors and Affiliations

A.A. Khan
1
M.S. Kaiser
2

  1. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Deprtment of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
  2. International University Of Business Agriculture And Technology, Innovation Centre, Dhaka-1230, Bangladesh
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Abstract

The miсrоstruсture, hаrdnеss, аnd elесtrical соnductivity of the alloys from tеrnаry systеms bаsed on Bi and Gе hаve nоt been studied so fаr. This pаper prеsents the rеsults of experimental and anаlytical investigation of Bi-Cu-Gе, Bi-Ga-Gе, and Bi-Gе-Zn ternary systems. Following experimental techniques were applied: optical microscopy (LOM), scаnning еlесtron miсrosсоpy (SEM) with enеrgy dispersivе spесtrometry (EDS), X-rаy diffrасtometric anаlysis (XRD), Brinеll hаrdness measurements and electrical conductivity mеаsurements. Among the analytical methods, the Cаlphаd mеthod and the software Pandаt ver. 8.1 were used. In all three investigated ternary systems an isothermal section at 25°C was selected for experimental testing. Based on the optimized thermodynamic parameters for the constitutive binary systems, the calculation was performed. The experimentally obtained results were compared with the results of thermodynamic calculations and gооd agreement wаs noticed. Also, in all three tested systems hardness and electrical conductivity were measured and using appropriate mathematical models these properties were guided in the entire range of the composition. The obtained results include determination of isothermal sections, identification of co-existing phases, electrical conductivity and hardness measurements and development of mathematical models for prediction of electrical conductivity and hardness.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Djordjević
1
M. Zečević
1
D. Minić
1
M. Kolarević
2
D. Manasijević
3
V. Ristić
4

  1. University of Prishtina in Kosovska Mitrovica , Faculty of Technical Science, Department of Technological Engineering, Serbia
  2. University of Kragujevac , Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Kraljevo, Serbia
  3. University of Belgrade, Technical Faculty in Bor, Bor, Serbia
  4. University Union-Nikola Tesla, Faculty of Engineering Management, Belgrade, Serbia
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Abstract

Fabrication of aluminium (Al) composites by stir casting process is an effective method for fabrication of better quality of Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs). Stir casting technique is one of the most commonly accepted techniques. In this research work, Al7075 / SiC+CeO2 hybrid MMCs have been fabricated with varying wt.% of SiC (2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) particulates and constant 5% of CeO2 particulates. The ascast alloy and hybrid composite were hot rolled at a temperature of 500°C. Whereas, both the ascast and hot rolled hybrid composite was subjected to micro-structural, mechanical and wear tests. Optical microscope analysis revealed uniform dispersal of hard particles with in the base matrix in case of both of ascast and hot rolled composites. Hot rolled MMCs showed enhancement of 22.64% of hardness when compared with ascast alloy with increasing reinforcement of 0-6 wt.% of SiC content. Tensile strength increases by 28.24% for hot rolled composites when compared to the as cast and other hybrid composites. Reduction of wear loss by 54.38% for hot rolled composites when compared to the as cast and other hybrid composites. A tensile and wear fractography result shows the internal fractured structure which was analysed using a SEM analysis
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Ravikumar
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Naik
2
ORCID: ORCID
R. Suresh
3
ORCID: ORCID
K.Y. Chethana
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. B M S College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
  2. B M S College of Engineering, Bangalore, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karnataka, India
  3. M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Bangalore-560058, Karnataka, India
  4. B M S College of Engineering, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Abstract

The production and characterization of UNS C65620 (CuZn3Fe2Si3) and UNS C87800 (CuZn15Si4) coded alloys were investigated. The alloys poured into the gravity die casting method were hot forged with a ram, followed by stress relief annealing heat treatment. While the formation of Cu4Si, Cu0.83Si0.17 and Cu5Zn8 phases were detected in the structure of the UNS C65620 coded alloy, Cu12.75SiZn2.92 and Cu3Zn intermetallics with the phases given above were observed in the structure of the alloy containing more Zn and Si. The formation of phases containing more Si and Zn resulted in an increase in both the hardness and strength of the UNS C87800 coded alloy, while the decrease in the % reduction of area and the observation of dynamic deformation aging caused the increase in both the wear rate and deformation hardening rate, which led to embrittlement of the alloy. The deterioration of the corrosion resistance of the UNS C87800 coded alloy can be attributed to the formation of Zn-rich corrosion products on the surface during corrosion.
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Authors and Affiliations

H. Taze
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Ahlatcı
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Yaşın
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Ergin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Y. Türen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Z. Özeşer
2
ORCID: ORCID
F. Birol
2
ORCID: ORCID
S. Tozkoparan
2
ORCID: ORCID
T. Çitrak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Karabuk, Department of Metallurgic al and Materials Engineering, Karabuk, Turkey
  2. Sağlam Metal Industry and Trade Inc., Kocaeli, Turkey
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Abstract

Dual-phase (DP) steels with their dual phase microstructures (hard martensite and soft ferrite) are used in many industrial applications, especially in the automotive industry, thanks to their desired mechanical properties and formability. These properties are directly related to their phase distribution in microstructure obtained as a result of the production conditions. The most important step of the production of cold rolled DP steels is the annealing process. In this study, the effect of boron alloying with line scale heat treatment cycle on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cold rolled DP steel was investigated. For this purpose, mechanical test, formability and weldability tests were carried out. The materials were characterized by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EBSD) studies. According to the results, alloying with boron delays the formation of ferrite and pearlite/bainite during the cooling process and increases the martensite formation rate. Boron alloyed cold rolled DP steel shows improved yield and tensile strength without significant loss of elongation. On the other hand, alloying with boron does not have a detrimental effect on the weld properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.B. Özyi̇ği̇t
1 2
F. Hayat
2
Y. Kiliç
1
O. Gündüz
1

  1. Eregli Iron and Steel Works Co., R&D Center of ERDEMIR , Zonguldak/Turkey
  2. Karabuk University, Metallurgical and Material Science Engineering, Karabük/Turkey
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Abstract

For improving heat transfer in the thermal energy storage system (TES), cast aluminum cellular structures were designed, optimized, and produced by investment casting. The pattern was 3D printed from polylactide (PLA) polymer and then subjected to molding and heat treatment. Selected casting parameters, i.e. temperature of the mold and poured metal, as well as low pressure (vacuum), allowed to production of a complex, thin-walled casting. To evaluate the effectiveness of the structures (enhancers), a lab-scale heat accumulator was constructed and filled with phase change material (PCM) composed of KNO3 and NaNO3 salts. Thermal cycling, including charging and discharging of the accumulator, was analyzed and compared between systems with pure PCM bed and the one equipped with the produced enhancer. To protect aluminum casting against corrosion with molten salts, nickel plating was applied. Process parameters, such as plating process time and nickel subcoating application time, were determined. Microscopic observations confirmed high-quality, continuous coating on aluminum casting surfaces with characteristic microgrooves remaining after the printed pattern.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Naplocha
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Grzęda
1
ORCID: ORCID
O. Trzaska
1
ORCID: ORCID
N. M. Raźny
ORCID: ORCID
A. Dmitruk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technolog y, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Lightweight Elements Engineering , Foundry, and Automation , 27 Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego Str., 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

First-principles density functional formulation was used to explore the electronic and optical properties of magnesium chalcogenides sulfides, MgXS3 (X = Ti and Zr), which compose of magnesium titanium sulfide, MgTiS3, and magnesium zirconium sulfide, MgZrS3. The lattice parameter calculations for MgZrS3 yielded 9.19 Å, a bulk modulus of 170.6 GPa, and an equilibrium volume of 423.03 Å3. In contrast, MgTiS3 yielded 9.27 Å, a bulk modulus of 251.3 GPa, and an equilibrium volume of 117.06 3 Å3. The computation gave a direct bandgap value for MgTiS3 and MgZrS3 of 1.1 eV and 1.3 eV, respectively. The dielectric constants of 38 and 32 were observed for the imaginary and real values for energy equivalents of 0.7 eV and 1.35 eV. The determined dielectric constants and energy values of the perovskite compounds were 70 and 1.35 eV respectively with their point of intersection also at this bandgap value. The efficiency of the compounds was calculated using the spectroscopic limited maximum efficiency (SLME) in order to ascertain their output as absorber materials. The findings show that MgZrS3 had a higher efficiency value of 32.54% and MgTiS3 with 29.45%. These compounds’ computed properties point to the possibility of creating inexpensive, non-toxic absorber layer materials for use in solar cell development and other electronic applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.A. Olopade
1
O.O. Oyebola
1
R.O. Balogun
1 2
A.D. Adewoyin
3
A.B. Adegboyega
1

  1. University of Lagos, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
  2. School of Science and Technology, Pa n-Atlantic University, Ibeju-Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria
  3. University of Lagos, Distance Learning Institute, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
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Abstract

This paper is based on a 2D numerical study of crack initiation and growth in ceramic/metal functionally graded materials (FGMs) under mixed mode condition. The finite element method is used for modeling the crack growth trajectory. Two types of ceramic/metal FGMs are considered to explore the effect of the material gradation on the fracture trajectory. The variation of the material properties is declared in a program by defining the material parameters at the center of the elements. After a numerical evaluation of the fracture parameters, the Maximum Tangential Stress (MTS) criterion is used for the prediction of crack propagation direction with respect to the crack axis. The difference in the crack growth trajectory can be related to the influence of the material gradient. In addition, it was found that the easiest way for the crack propagation is when the crack is perpendicular to the material gradation. A crack located on the rigid side of the specimen deviates less compared to the one on the soft side.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.A. Bouchelarm
1
M. Chafi
1
A. Boulenouar
1
N. Benseddiq
2

  1. Djillali Liabes University of Sidi Bel-Abbes- 22000- Sidi Bel-Abbes. Laboratoire de Matériauxet Systèmes Réactifs- LMSR, Algeria
  2. University of Lille, Unité de Mécanique de Lille, EA 7512 UML 59000 Lille, France
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Abstract

Cadmium-bearing zinc ferrite (CBZF) is an unavoidable product in zinc smelting industry during the roasting stage for high cadmium-containing zinc concentrate. In this work, the influences of temperature, initial sulfuric acid concentration and partial pressure of sulfur dioxide on cadmium leaching were investigated. The results showed that an increase of temperature, sulfuric acid concentration and partial pressure of sulfur dioxide significantly enhanced the cadmium leaching efficiency. The maximum leaching efficiency of cadmium reached 99.2% at the temperature of 85°C, the initial sulfuric acid concentration of 80 g/L and the partial pressure of sulfur dioxide of 200 kPa. H+ played a key role during the reductive decomposition process of CBZF. The probable reaction mechanisms and the diagrammatic sketch were presented.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ch. Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Y. Deng
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Hunan City University, School of Municipal and Mapping Engineering, 413000, Yiyang Hunan, China
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Abstract

Characteristic strain is a key parameter connecting the hardness and flow stress for indentation experiments. However, there are significant difference between the characteristic strains obtained from previous models. In this work, the indentation characteristic strain is determined based on continuum damage mechanics for Al 5052. Combined indentation tests with the repeated loading-unloading tensile experiments, the indentation characteristic strain is deduced from the reduced Young’s modulus. The relationship between indentation characteristic strain and indent depth is established, and the limitation of indentation characteristic strain is determined as 0.12703. From the simulation study, average equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) is calculated, which also is a function of indent depth. The limitation of average PEEQ is 0.11168, which well agrees with Tekkaya’s result (0.112). Furthermore, the relationship between indentation characteristic strain and average PEEQ is deduced.
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Authors and Affiliations

H. Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Z. Guo
2
ORCID: ORCID
Z. Yuan
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710064, China
  2. Yihuang Gas Project Department of Petrochina Changqing Oilfield Company, Yan’an, Shaanxi 716200, China
  3. Chang’an University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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Abstract

Palm Oil Mill Effluent Materials (POME) are significantly more contaminated than municipal sewage due to their high chemical and biological oxygen demand (BOD and COD). This study examines the properties of POME wastewater under typical physical settings to track the growth conditions of microalgae, namely Botryococcus sp., in various volumes at varying POME dilutions. Begin with analyzing POME’s water quality measurements and conclude the growing conditions of microalgae. Botryococcus sp. microalgae could not flourish in diluted raw POME. However, it was well propagated in diluted anaerobic POME under adequate light and oxygen conditions. The finding shows that diluted anaerobic POME 70% is the ideal dilution for microalgae Botryococcus sp. to proliferate. Raw POME is physically described as a thick, brownish liquid with a high total solids and turbidity concentration that is contained in water. The study explores the use of Botryococcus sp. culture and propagation in POME materials for sustainable bioenergy production, highlighting the potential of microalgae for future economic benefits.
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Authors and Affiliations

L. Abdullah
1
N.M. Apandi
1
ORCID: ORCID
N.M. Sunar
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
S.N.H. Arifin
2
M. Haron
1
R. Nagarajah
1
K. Cheong
1
C. Heng
3
C.F. Soon
4
M. Nabiałek
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Pagoh Education Hub, 84600 Pagoh, Muar, Johor, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Research Centre for Soft Soil (RECESS), Institute of Integrated Engineering, Parit Raja, 86400 Bat u Pa hat , Johor, Malaysia
  3. Green Innovation and Energy Sdn Bhd., No. 159A, Jalan Sri Pelangi, Taman Pelangi, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Microelectronics & Nanotechnology-Shamsuddin Research Centre (MiNT-SRC), Parit Raja, 86400 Batu Pahat , Johor, Malaysia
  5. Czestochowa University of Technology, Fa ult y of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Physics, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
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Abstract

In this study, dip coating technique is used to deposit titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silver (Ag)–doped–TiO2 nanocomposite thin films on glass substrates. The obtained films are typified using different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV–Vis-NIR spectroscopy. Films are also tested for environmental applications related to color degradation (methylene blue). The XRD analysis confirms that the prepared nanostructures are the anatase phase of titania. The crystal sizes of annealed Ag–TiO2 as well as TiO2 thin films have been summarized across the XRD pattern and are approximately 29±1 and 23±1 nm, respectively. Additionally, the energy bandgaps of the photocatalysts (Pure–TiO2 and Ag–TiO2) are found to be around 3.3 and 3.02 eV, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 and Ag-doped TiO2 nanocomposite thin films is tested in the same initial concentrations of methylene blue in water (3×10−5 M). The photodegradation behavior of Ag–TiO2 (3% by weight) shows a good improvement against pure TiO2 for the concentrations of methylene blue in the pseudo-first order Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) model of the kinetics reaction. The global pseudo-first order reaction constant, k, for these concentrations goes from less than 1.4×10−3 min−1 for TiO2 films to 5.4×10−3 min−1,/p> for Ag–TiO2 films. This improvement is due to the incorporation of Ag, which increases the lifetime of the electrons and the separated holes, that decreases the rate of recombination (electron-hole) and which also generates reactive oxygen species. These features open the route to future applications for photocatalytic wastewater treatment and environmental remediation under solar irradiation.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Alharbi
1
H. Althubyani
2
E. Alarfaj
1
D. Dastan
3
A. Timoumi
2
L. Tao
4
H. Albetran
5
Ş. Ţălu
6
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Qassim University, Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Buraydah Almolaydah, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
  2. Umm AL-Qura University, Faculty of Applied Science, Physics Department, Makkah, P.O. Box 715, Saudi Arabia
  3. Cornell University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
  4. University of Science and Technology Liaoning, School of Chemical Engineering, Anshan 114051, China
  5. Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Department of Physics, College of Science, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
  6. Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, The Directorate of Research, Development and Innovation Management (DMCDI), Constantin Daicoviciu St., no. 15, Cluj-Napoca, 400020, Cluj county, Romania
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Abstract

Although several studies have been conducted on the evaluation of work hardening behavior of dual-phase steels with the Hollomon equation, few studies have investigated the factors affecting the number of work hardening stages and the changes of work hardening exponent. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide a deeper understanding of the deformation micro-mechanisms affecting the work hardening exponent and work hardening behavior in terms of Hollomon equation. For this purpose, samples with microstructures of ferrite-cementite, ferrite-cementite-martensite and ferrite-martensite were produced using appropriate thermomechanical treatments and then subjected to tensile tests. The changes in the work hardening exponent of different microstructures were explained by using the results obtained from the microstructure based modeling of the deformation behavior of the samples. The rate of storage of dislocation loops around particles was suggested as the most important factor influencing the changes in work hardening exponent.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.S. Mohsenzadeh
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Gonabad, Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Gonabad, Iran
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Abstract

Gas-atomized Ni-based powder tends to agglomerate, directly impacting the spreadability of printing process. In this paper, three technical methods are applied to restore the powder flowability, including regulating particle size distribution, lubricant modification, and heating treatment. As particle size increases, powder regains flowability. However, the average particle size of GH3536 powders with flowability is greater than 46 μm, which cannot meet the demand for 3D printing (15-53 μm). The flowability of GH3536 powder can be restored by adding zinc stearate lubricant. After lubricant modification, the printed samples display a 16% increase in elongation, along with a little improvement in tensile strength. This paper also investigates the flow properties change of raw powder heated at 100°C, 200°C, 300°C, and 400°C. When the temperature rises beyond 400°C, powder flowability fully returns, along with oxygen content increasing. Overall, the lubricant modification technique is appropriate in actual manufacturing, but the flow rate value of powders is typically high, exceeding 70 s/50 g. Increasing particle size and heat treatment can improve powder flowability and the flow rate of powder is less than 20 s/50 g.
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Authors and Affiliations

H. Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
N. Zhang
1
M. Wang
1
F. Yang
2

  1. China Machinery Institute of Advanced Materials (Zhengzh ou) Co., Ltd , Zhengzhou 450001, China
  2. University of Science and Technology Beijing, Institute for Advanced Material s and Technology, Beijing 100083, China & University of Science and Technology Beijing, Shunde Innovation School, Guangzhou 528399, China
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Abstract

The primary goal of this research is to develop hybrid non-ferrous material composites with high flexural and impact strengths by testing the mechanical, thermal, and corrosion properties of AA 6061 wheel rims with various silicon carbide (SiC) and zirconium sulphide (ZrSO4) compositions. This produces an alloy with high strength and perceptible hardenability that is used in a variety of marine space industries. Because of its exceptional strength-to-density ratio, it is a highly sought-after metal matrix composite in the automobile industry. This innovative composite material offers lower weight and higher impact strength when compared to the current wheel rim alloy. Designs of experiments based recommendations and results of simulations in order to prolong the life of the wheel rim.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Kamatchisankaran
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Bovas Herbert Bejaxhin
2
ORCID: ORCID
K. Ramkumar
3
ORCID: ORCID
N. Ramanan
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering College. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chennai, India
  2. Saveetha School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering SIMAT S, Chennai, India
  3. Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan University, School of Engineering and Technology, Trichy, India
  4. PSN Engineering College, Tirunelveli. India
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Abstract

The hybrid composite is fabricated by powder metallurgy technique. The addition of ceramic reinforcements to the matrix phase helps in attaining tribological properties. Initially, the metal powders are prepared by atomization and reduction process. To reduce oxidation of pure metals, electrolytic process is carried out. The crushing, milling and sintering process are carried after atomization to obtain fine grain sized particles; these are then characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD). The obtained particles are then blended and compacted to attain better hardness and wear resistant of the materials. The hybrid composites prepared for the analysis by reinforcing 15%Ni-8%Sn-4%B4C to the matrix phase Cu. The pin-on-disc method is incorporated to study the wear rate, hardness and co-efficient of friction. By varying the contribution parameters such as load 10 N-25 N, sliding distance 400 mm-1000 mm and sliding speed, the matrix phase materials exhibited rigorous wear, whereas the reinforced hybrid composite (Cu-15%Ni-8%Sn-4%B4C) provide good strength and wear resistant and also reduced volume loss of 25×10–5cm3and 110×10–5 cm3 for 10 N load with 400 mm and 1000 mm sliding distance even at sintering temperature of 900°C. The microstructure and morphology of the worn surface is analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy images. The sintered density of the hybrid composite is less due to reduced number of pores and so material defect is also condensed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Haiter A. Lenin
1
Srinivasan Murugan
2
Sujin Jose Arul
3
S. Mary Vasanthi
4

  1. Wollo University, School of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, Kombolcha Institute of Technology, Kombolcha, Ethiopia
  2. Mahendra Engineering College, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India
  3. Automobile Engineering, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru. India
  4. St Xavier’s Catholic College Of Engineering, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Nagercoil, Tamilnadu, India
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Abstract

The paper presents the process of preparing UFG metal in the form of 0.2 mm thick foil made of 6060 aluminium alloy, intended for micro-forming operations. The material was obtained in a hybrid SPD process involving ECAP (Equal Channel Angular Pressing), multi-upsetting and rolling. In addition, a selected batch of material was subjected to supersaturation before ECAP. A method for determining formability in the conditions of the sheet metal forming process was proposed, including micro-drawing with the preceding preform preparation process in the micro-blanking process. Noticeable differences were found for different series of the prepared material after the upsetting process, however, the effect of supersaturation before the ECAP process on the formability in the conditions of the sheet metal microforming process was not observed.
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Authors and Affiliations

W. Presz
1
C. Jasiński
1
M. Orłowska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Department of Metal Forming and Foundry, 85 Narbutta Str., 02-524. Warsaw , Poland
  2. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

The present research computes the impact of process parameters of squeeze casting on AA8011/Si3N4/ZrO2 Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites (HMMCs). The melting temperatures (700 to 800°C), Si3N4 + ZrO2 (5 to 15 wt.%) and stirring speed (550 to 750 rpm) were selected as parameters for input. The AA8011 HMMCs were fabricated as per the combination of L9 input parameters, and they were subjected to Energy Dispersive X Ray Analysis (EDAX) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) tests to compute the presence of wt.% of matrix and reinforcements and to confirm the uniform distribution of Si3N4 + ZrO2 in matrix AA8011. Besides, fabricated composites were subjected to tensile and micro hardness test after subjecting to Salt spray test (3.5% NaCl, 120 hours exposing duration and 1.2 kg/cm2 spray pressure) for computing the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) and micro hardness. The Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) was employed for optimizing process parameters of squeeze casting on AA8011 based composites. The EDAX test results confirms that the increasing wt.% of silicon nitride and zirconium dioxide reinforcements enhances the presence of elements such as Si, N, Zr and O in manufactured composites. The higher dense reinforcements are uniformly distributed in the matrix AA8011 at the blend of input parameters of AA8011 composite. Based on the Taguchi approach, the medium level of melting temperature (750°C), higher level of wt.% of Si3N4 and ZrO2 reinforcements (15 wt.%) and higher level for speed of stirring (750 rpm) is the optimized combination parameters of squeeze casting for UTS and microhardness are identified. Based on the GRA technique, the influencing sequence are identified for squeeze casting process parameters are wt.% of Si3N4 + ZrO2 reinforcements, stirring speed and melting temperature for both UTS and Micro hardness. The contribution percentage of melting temperature, wt.% of reinforcements and stirring speed are 20.26%, 48.102% and 29.23% respectively. The confirmation test was done for optimized input parameters and it exhibit 56% higher UTS and 48.2% higher micro hardness of than AA8011 matrix material.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Senthil Kumar
1
G. Karthikeyan
2
K. Panneer Selvam
3

  1. SRM TRP Engineering College, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tiruchirappalli 621 105, India
  2. University College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT Campus Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
  3. M.I.E.T. Engineering College, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tiruchirappalli 620 007, India
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Abstract

The main assumption of the conducted research was the selection of appropriate heat treatment parameters to obtain the best possible resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and the highest strength properties of the extruded profiles. The work selected the temperature and time of one- and two-stage treatment of the EN AW-7021 alloy based on aging curves. Tests carried out for samples after aging at 135°C for 24 h and two-stage aging at 90°C/8 h + 135°C/8 h revealed the highest resistance to SCC. The 7021 alloy, after heat treatment at 90°C/8 h + 135°C/16 h, reached the highest tensile strength of 534MPa. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations showed slight differences in the finely dispersed nucleoids between the selected parameters of the artificial aging process.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Boczkal
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Węgrzyn
1
ORCID: ORCID
W. Szymański
1
J. Bem
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Wala
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Płonka
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Leśniak
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nowak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute Of Non Ferrous Metals , Light Metals Centre, 19 Pilsudksiego Str., 32-050 Skawina, Poland
  2. AGH University Of Kraków, Faculty Of Non-Ferrous Metals , Al . Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

Micro plasma arc welding (MPAW) is frequently used for joining thin sheets of ferrous and nonferrous materials. In this study, austenitic stainless steel 316L of 0.5 mm thin sheets are joined by using MPAW. The weld metallurgy is characterized by field electron scanning microscopy (FESEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques to evaluate different phases formation and their orientation in detail. Mechanical tests like tensile test, micro hardness test is also carried out to measure the joint quality. It is found that the weld joint is constituent of two major phases, δ-ferrite and austenite (γ), and few secondary phases like chromium carbides. The ferrite percentage in the fusion zone is higher than the as received base material. The fusion zone hardness is increased due to the presence of high amount of ferrite and carbides. The tensile fracture surface contains lots of dimples and voids, which indicates good ductility of the joint. A defect free and good joint efficiency is achieved by using MPAW.
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Authors and Affiliations

V. Haldar
1
S. Pal
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
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Abstract

An arc is used as a heat source in the manufacturing process known as wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), which uses layer-by-layer cladding to fuse wire. In the current work, Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)-fabricated Inconel 625 alloy has been examined. The research was done on the microstructure, mechanical characteristics, and impact of the solidification rate on the characteristics of the manufactured specimens for the Inconel 625 alloy. Microstructural analysis has shown that the specimen’s layers have varying microstructures. The bottom layer exhibits a blocky or equiaxed microstructure because of the faster solidification rate, while the upper zone generated elongated and discontinuous dendrites because of the slower solidification rate. This difference in the microstructure in the top and bottom zones directly influence the ultimate tensile strength, where the bottom zone has more tensile and yield strength than the top zone. Also, the presence of cracks in the top zone, which is found during the fractography test, also correlated the top zone’s ultimate tensile strength.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Saravanakumar
1
V.G. Balaji
1
T. Srijha
1
V. Sanjay
1
K. Thatchuneswaran
1

  1. PSG College of Technology, Department of Production Engineering, Coimbatore-641004, India
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Abstract

Composite armoring materials are generally fabricated using multiple layers of metallic and non-metallic materials such as titanium, steel, aluminum, ceramics, epoxy, resins, etc. Building these armor materials in the first place aims to withstand high-velocity bullets. Aluminum alloys are the best choice to offer increased mobility and excellent properties like a high strength-to-weight ratio, fracture toughness, and corrosion resistance. In this research, Forrestal and Warren scaling law techniques were employed to determine the optimal aluminum armor plate thickness to withstand 500 m/s velocity 7.62 mm projectile releasing from the pistol . FEA package Ansys was utilized for numerical simulations of bullet penetration, validating the results obtained from the scaling laws. After that, friction-assisted additive manufacturing (FAAM) was explored to build an AA6061/AA7075 laminated aluminum metal matrix composite (AMMC) for armor. Considering the plate thickness, the FAAM tool was designed with an optimum shoulder length, shoulder diameter, pin length, and pin diameter. Then the optimized process parameters were utilized to build the multi-stack armor plate using dissimilar aluminum alloys. Microstructural, and mechanical characterizations were conducted to assess the feasibility of the FAAM-built multi-stack armor plate. The findings of the work revealed better-refined grain’s microstructural profile in comparison with base materials and resulted in higher tensile and micro-hardness results. FAAM build improved the mechanical strength and yield strength of the base alloy AA6061 by roughly 25% and 31%, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kundurti Sai Chand
1
Ambuj Sharma
1

  1. VIT-AP University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India-522237
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Abstract

In this work, ZnO thin film is prepared by spraying a solution of zinc acetate precursor prepared with different solvents, namely, methanol, ethanol and distilled water at optimized conditions for aluminum substrate temperature and solution concentration. The impact of different solvents on the structural and hydrophobic properties of ZnO thin films was investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope and a Profilometer-Roughness Tester. The morphology of the elaborated ZnO thin films is spherical shaped nanostructured decorated by textures such as bumps (coexistence of ZnO micro-nanostructures). The results confirm that the different solvents used to prepare the ZnO thin films have a significant impact on the characteristics of these layers and the wettability study reveals that the surface of ZnO thin film prepared with distilled water is superhydrophobic.
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Authors and Affiliations

Z. Belamri
1
ORCID: ORCID
L. Chetibi
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Frères Mento uri Consta nti ne 1 Universit y, Fac ulty of Exact Scie nces , Department of Physics , Laborator y of Phase Tra nsformations, Constantine 25000, Algeria
  2. Ecole Nationale Polytechnique de Constantine, Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Constantine 25000, Algeria
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Abstract

This study explains the influence of fly ash type C and type F on the properties of membrane geopolymer. The geopolymer paste was synthesized through a mix of fly ash (FA) and an alkaline activator (AA) (2:1 mass ratio of FA:AA). The alkali activator was prepared from sodium silicate and 12 M sodium hydroxide solution in a mass ratio of 1.6. Hydrogen peroxide 3 wt.% was applied as the pore-forming agent, and 4 wt.% glass fiber was employed for reinforcement. The properties of the geopolymer were investigated via Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The compressive strength confirmed the higher performance of the type C fly ash-based geopolymer membrane (CFAGM) over the type F fly ash-based geopolymer membrane (FFAGM). On the other hand, FFAGM exhibited an enhanced water permeation flux owing to the larger pore diameter. These results affirmed the excellent performance compared to the previous study.
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Authors and Affiliations

N. Nurlina
1 2
M.N. Alief
1
Z. Rahmawati
1
S.D. Nurherdiana
3
T.E. Susanto
4
H. Fansuri
1

  1. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Faculty Of Science And Data Analytics, Department Of Chemistry, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Tanjungpura, Faculty Of Mathematics And Natural Science, Department Of Chemistry, Pontianak 70124, Indonesia
  3. Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Faculty Of Technology, Department Of Chemical Engineering, Surabaya 60294, Indonesia
  4. Department Research And Development Pt Semen Indonesia, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
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Abstract

Austenitic nodular cast iron is a versatile material that offers a unique combination of properties, making it suitable for use in a wide range of applications where high strength, ductility, toughness, corrosion resistance and wear resistance are required. This material is commonly used in a variety of applications in the chemical and petrochemical industries, in the automotive and aerospace industries, as well as in marine and offshore applications. For the experiments, one of the most common austenitic nodular cast irons (alloyed with nickel and manganese) was chosen. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the corrosion resistance of this austenitic nodular cast iron and compare it with other (non-austenitic) types of nodular cast iron (SiMo- and SiCu-type). Corrosion resistance was determined by an exposure immersion test and an electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization test. Both tests were performed in a 3.5% NaCl solution (to simulate seawater) at ambient temperature. Experimental results prove that austenitic NiMn-nodular cast iron has a higher corrosion resistance than SiMo- and SiCu-nodular cast iron. Moreover, austenitic nodular cast iron has better plastic properties (higher elongation and absorbed energy) but worse strength and fatigue properties (lower tensile strength, hardness and fatigue limit) than the other types of nodular cast iron.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Vaško
1
ORCID: ORCID
V. Zatkalíková
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Uhríčik
1
ORCID: ORCID
V. Kaňa
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Žilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering, Žilina, Slovakia
  2. Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Foundry Engineering, Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract

As the modern automotive industry is looking for lightweight alternatives to minimize car emissions and fuel consumption, recycled Al-Si alloys play a key role in achieving this due to their lightweight, high specific strength, good castability, and corrosion resistance. In contrast to many other benefits, these alloys have reduced metallurgical micropurity as a result of recycling. The most significant complication of alloys is iron contamination. Higher Fe contents cause β-Fe-intermetallic phases in the form of long and brittle platelets that negatively affect corrosion resistance and fatigue. Neutralizing elements lead to the formation of less harmful α-Fe-rich phases, therefore a positive effect on properties is also expected. For this reason, the study investigates the effect of Mn addition on the corrosion properties achieved by immersion test and potentiodynamic polarization test and fatigue of secondary AlSi7Mg0.6 secondary alloy.
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Authors and Affiliations

L. Pastierovičová
1
ORCID: ORCID
L. Kuchariková
1
ORCID: ORCID
E. Tillová
1
ORCID: ORCID
V. Zatkalíková
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Uhríčik
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Liptáková
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Chalupová
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Žilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovak Republic
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Abstract

Present hectic times do not allow the foundrymen to test various modifications of gating system in real production due to lack of time and efficiency of production phase. When testing of tens or hundreds of modifications is needed, simulation software MAGMA5 and its optimization procedure comes into place. This article deals with choosing the best design of gating system which will ensure the filling of the sprue as soon as possible together with possible shortening of pouring time on Disamatic line. Soonest filling of the sprue will ensure that no air is entraped in the molten metal which is entering the cavity of the mold and no air bubbles would occur in the final casting after pouring. With this goal achieved, foundry can secure the production of castings. There is a big chance chance to decrease the pouring time of the mold, which will make the production more effective.
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Authors and Affiliations

I. Vasková
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Fecko
2
ORCID: ORCID
P. Delimanová
1
ORCID: ORCID
L. Jankovčin
3
ORCID: ORCID
M. Hrubovčáková
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Technical university of Kosice, Faculty of materials, metallurgy and recycling, Košice, Slovakia
  2. Foundry SEZ Krompachy, s.r.o., Krompachy, Slovakia
  3. Handtmann, s.r.o., Košice, Slovakia
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Abstract

The paper examines the effect of precipitation hardening temperature on selected properties of AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy alloyed by 0.20 wt.% of Zr. The newly developed AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy intended for cylinder head castings is specific due to its limited Ti content, which prevents the use of standard Al-Ti-B type grain refiners. Zr added in the form of AlZr20 master alloy acts as a grain refiner. The grain refinement effect of Zr positively affects the mechanical properties. However, the physical properties defining the lifetime of cylinder head castings are not affected by the presence of Zr-rich phases. For this reason, the research focuses on the proposal of the optimal T6 heat treatment procedure in order to positively influence the physical and mechanical properties of the AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy. For the research, four T6 thermal regimes with graduated aging temperatures by 20°C from 180 to 240°C ± 5°C were selected. The results showed that increasing aging temperature positively affects physical properties, especially thermal conductivity, and mechanical properties of Rm, Rp0.2, and HBW. On the other hand, with increasing aging temperature up to 220°C ± 5°C, a negative decrease in ductility was achieved. Optimum ductility of, especially, AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy with 0.20 wt.% Zr was achieved by the T6-240 thermal regime. Optimal combination of thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of the AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy with 0.20 wt.% Zr was achieved by the T6-240 heat treatment due to the requirements placed on cylinder head castings.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Bolibruchová
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Sýkorová
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Chalupová
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Žilina, Fa culty of Mechanical Engineering, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia
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Abstract

The naturally pressurized gating system appears to be an appropriate solution for reoxidation reduction, but this type of gating system can result in supercritical melt velocity. The paper is focused on the determination of the unconventional elements effect in the gating system on the melt velocity and melt flow and their influence on the mechanical properties and microstructure. In experimental works was observed the influence of dimensioned gate, foam filters with 10 and 30 ppi density, trident gate and combination of trident gate and vortex element. Melt velocity was observed by simulation software and via velocity measurement by contact method in the mold during casting. Melt flow was analyzed by simulation software and water model experiment. Experimental casts have been made for the purpose of evaluating mechanical properties and microstructure determination. The best results were achieved by 30 ppi foam filter.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Brůna
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Galčík
1
M. Medňanský
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Kasińska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Žilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovak Republic
  2. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, 7 Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego Av., 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

Although known for many years, HSLA steels are still of considerable interest to researchers. The unique properties offered by the presence of micro-additives Nb, V, Ti in these steels are widely used in a variety of constructions – from the automotive industry, through the transport of media such as oil or gas, to large structures. Unfortunately, much of the research only concerns the theoretical sphere or does not go beyond the area of semi-industrial research. Research on an industrial scale, supported by industrial trials, is relatively scarce. This is certainly due to the very high costs of such research, but also to the rather limited number of places where HSLA steels are mass produced. This paper presents and systematizes research from the last three years into the thermo-mechanical rolling of HSLA steels. The review is divided according to the successive stages of the production process. The work forms the author’s basis for further research in this area.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Hamryszczak
1 2

  1. GH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
  2. ArcelorMittal Poland S.A., Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

In recent years, the research and development in conductive polymer composites (CPCs) had gained considerable interests in both industry and academia as potential materials for electronic interconnects. These composites require to have the ability to conduct electric while maintaining sufficient flexibility while withstanding the bending, twisting, or stretching during service. To achieve the desired composite properties, the processing method and the parameters involved plays important role and ought to be investigated. In this study, the effect compounding parameters on the preparation of linear-low density polyethylene/carbon black (LLDPE/CB) polymer composite were carried out. Factors namely filler loadings, screw speed and maximum barrel temperatures were selected and their effects on the tensile properties and conductivity were analyzed in this research. It was observed that the increasing of filler loadings from 5 wt.% to 10 wt.% has increased the electrical conductivity from 1.11×10–2 S/m to 1.46×10–2 S/m. The pareto chart shows that the filler loading was important factors to the result of composite conductivity. Moreover, the main effect plot shows that the filler loading has the highest mean effect on conductivity as it is important for the formation of conducting path in composite. It was also established that the pareto chart also shows that filler loading and barrel temperature have the highest significant effect on LLDPE/CB polymer composite tensile properties. The changes in the combinations of factors affect the tensile properties as revealed by the main effect plots for LLDPE/CB CPCs.
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Authors and Affiliations

K.A. Abdul Halim
1 2
M.A.A. Mohd Salleh
1 2
M.M.A Abdullah
1 2
A.A. Rozaimi
1
F. Badrul
1 2
A.F. Osman
1 2
M.F. Omar
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
M.S. Zakaria
1 2
B. Jeż
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical and Engineering Technology, Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Kawasan Perindustrian Jejawi, 02600 Jejawi, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 2, Taman Muhibbah, 02600 Jejawi, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
  3. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automation, 19c Armii Krajowej Av,, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

Current development consists of a high-rise building and heavy traffic load demands for soil with good engineering properties. Lateritic soil is commonly treated with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) to improve its engineering properties in order to enhance its load bearing capacity. The production of OPC however emits a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Geopolymer technology has been explored as an alternative replacement for the OPC. In this research, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of a lateritic soil treated with fly ash (FA) based geopolymer up to 40% by weight of the dry soil and activated using combination of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was investigated by means of unconfined compression test (UCT). The effect of different molarity of NaOH (5-20 M), FA to alkali activator (AA) ratio (1-3) and different curing temperatures to the UCS of treated soil sample are being determined. In general, as the content of FA in the soil increases, the UCS increases more than 100% and almost 400% compared to the untreated soil for room curing temperature and oven curing temperature respectively. Based on the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) result, the molarity of NaOH solution reduces the pores in the treated soil sample. The geopolymerization process combines the soil particle and makes it denser, resulting in higher UCS than the untreated soil sample.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.M. Ahmad
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
R.A. Razak
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
K. Muhamad
2
ORCID: ORCID
A.O. Mydin
4
ORCID: ORCID
A.V. Sandu
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Civil Engineering & Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Housing, Building and Planning, Gelugor, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
  5. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Mater ial Science and Engineering, 41 D. Mangeron St., 700050 Iasi, Romania
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Abstract

Researchers are increasingly becoming fascinated by the possibilities of utilizing natural fibre, which is a byproduct of production processes, as an addition in concrete. This fibre exhibits a low density and is amenable to chemical changes. The primary aim of this research study is to examine the influence of agave cantula roxb. fibre (ACRF) in low-density foamed concrete (FC) after being subjected to different doses of alkali treatment using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Various weight fractions of treated ACRF were employed in the FC mix, namely 0% (as the control), 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%. FC with a density of 1060 kg/m3 was produced and subsequently tested. The three types of strength properties that have been evaluated and analysed included flexural, tensile, and compressive strengths. The findings from this study have revealed that the inclusion of 3% of treated ACRF in FC yields highly favourable results in relation to strength properties. The use of treated ACRF improves the FC’s strength characteristics, particularly its bending and tensile strength, by bridging microscopic cracks and filling up gaps. It is noteworthy to emphasize that accumulation and unequal dispersion of ACRF are possible if the weight fraction of ACRF applied above the optimal value of 3% which led to decrease in FC’s strength properties. This exploratory work will lead to a better understanding of the potential applications of treated ACRF in FC. It is critical to encourage the long-term development and implementation of FC products and technology.
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Authors and Affiliations

S.S. Majeed
1
ORCID: ORCID
Md Azree O. Mydin
2
ORCID: ORCID
R. Omar
3
ORCID: ORCID
R.A. Razak
4 5
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
6
ORCID: ORCID
S. Ishak
7

  1. Nawroz University, College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
  2. Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Housing, Building and Planning, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Faculty of Technology Management and Business, Department of Construction Management, ParitRaja, Batu Pahat, Johor 86400, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Civil Engineering & Technology, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  5. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Malaysia
  6. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Universiti Malaysia Perlis 01000 Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Malaysia
  7. University of Technology Malaysia (UTM), Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Structure and Materials, Johor Bahru, 81310, Johor, Malaysia
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Abstract

The consumption of foamed concrete (FC) in conjunction with the incorporation of natural fibre is recognized as an outstanding effort in promoting sustainable practices. This effort is aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the impact it leaves behind on the environment. The goal of this experiment is to discover the viability of incorporating raw bamboo fibre (BF) into the fabrication of 1000 kg/m3density FC. The shrinkage, flexural, compressive, and tensile strengths of the material were the four characteristics that were considered throughout the analysis. The weight fractions of BF that were utilized were 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% respectively. According to the results, the FC-BF composites’ drying shrinkage, compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths were best achieved when 0.3% BF was present. This was caused by the BF’s adhesion to the cementitious matrix of the FC. Additionally, BF functioned as an anti-micro crack that prevented FC from developing internally induced microcracks and cracks.
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Authors and Affiliations

S.S. Majeed
1
ORCID: ORCID
Md Azree O. Mydin
2
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
3
ORCID: ORCID
R. Omar
4
ORCID: ORCID
R. Ahmad
5
ORCID: ORCID
P. Pietrusiewicz
6
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Nawroz University, Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
  2. Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Housing, Building and Planning, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Universiti Malaysia Perlis 01000 Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Faculty of Technology Management and Business, Department of Construction Management, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor 86400, Malaysia
  5. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Universiti Malaysia Perlis 01000 Perlis, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, Malaysia
  6. Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Physics, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
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Abstract

The effect of different heat treatment temperatures on the isothermal oxidation of Ni-based Fe-40Ni-24Cr alloy was studied. The alloy underwent a heat treatment process at 1000°C and 1200°C for 3 hours of soaking time, followed by water quenching. These samples are labeled as N10 and N12. The heat-treated samples were characterized in terms of grain size using an optical microscope and hardness testing using a Rockwell hardness. As a result, increasing the heat treatment temperature increases the average grain size of the alloy and lowers the hardness value. Heat-treated N10 and N12 samples were subjected to an isothermal oxidation test at 950°C for an exposure time of 150 h. Oxidized heat-treated samples were characterized in terms of oxidation kinetics calculated based on weight change per surface area as a function of time. In addition, phase analysis and oxide surface morphology were measured using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. As a result, the oxidation kinetics of both samples showed a pattern of weight gain with N10 recording the lowest weight gain. Both samples obey a parabolic rate law, indicating a controlled oxide growth rate. N10 recorded the lowest parabolic rate constant of 2.5×10–8 mg2cm–4s–1, indicating a low oxidation rate, thus having good oxidation resistance. Phase analysis using XRD shows that several oxide phases have been formed consisting of Cr-containing oxides Cr2O3 and MnCr2O4. In addition, SEM analysis displayed a uniform oxide layer formed on the N10 sample, indicating good oxide adhesion. This finding shows an important contribution to the oxidation protection mechanism that records the fine grain obtained from the heat treatment process can increase good oxidation resistance.
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Authors and Affiliations

A.I. Anuar
1
N. Parimin
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
N.A. Ahad
1 2
M.N. Derman
3
S. Garus
4
ORCID: ORCID
P. Vizureanu
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malayisa
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Surfac e Technology Special Interest Group, 02600 Arau, Perlis,Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malayisa
  4. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
  5. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Mat erial Science and Engineering, 41 D. Mangeron St., 700050 Iasi, Romania
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Abstract

This study investigates the effect of tin (Sn) addition on the corrosion behavior of hydroxyapatite (HAP) coated Magnesium (Mg) /MgSn alloys by using two different coating methods. Mg/Mg alloys have gained significant attention in recent years due to their lightweight, high strength, and potential for use in a wide range of industrial applications. However, their corrosion properties during cathodic reactions with abundant hydrogen evolution have limited their widespread use, particularly in biomedical applications. In this study, pure Mg, Mg2Sn, Mg3Sn, Mg4Sn, and Mg5Sn alloys were prepared by powder metallurgy method. Then samples were coated by two different methods, dip-coating and electro-deposition. Potentiodynamic polarization and hydrogen evolution reaction analysis were performed to evaluate the corrosion rate and the hydrogen volume released from the alloys. The results indicate that the addition of Sn does not significantly increase the corrosion resistance of MgSn alloys. However, the current density and hydrogen evolution of the alloys are apparently improved after the coating process. The better corrosion resistance was observed for the Mg with higher composition, which are Mg4Sn and Mg5Sn. Overall, the study demonstrates that coating HAP onto the surface of MgSn alloys is able to improve their corrosion behavior and suppress the hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of the MgSn alloys. This improvement in other ways will increase their potential for industrial applications specifically in biomedical applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

S.H.M. Salleh
1 2
R.A. Malek
1
N.H.A. Zaidi
1
S.S.C. Abdullah
1
A. Khantachawana
3
K. Błoch
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology, Malaysia
  3. King Mongkut’s University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Biological Engineering Program , Thonbu ri, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
  4. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Depa rtment of Physics, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
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Abstract

This study investigated chemical treatment’s impact on mechanical and flammability properties of rice husk-reinforced recycled high-density polyethylene (r-HDPE) composites. Three treatments (maleate, alkali, acid) were applied to rice husk, and composites were tested for tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus of elasticity. Results showed that tensile strength decreased with increasing rice husk content, except for composites treated with maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE), which exhibited the highest strength at 10% filler content. Break elongation generally decreased with increased rice husk content, while the modulus of elasticity improved with higher rice husk content, except for acid-treated composites. Scanning electron microscopy revealed better interfacial bonding in composites with lower rice husk loading. Maleate treatment enhanced flame resistance. In conclusion, chemical treatment has the potential to enhance the properties of rice husk-reinforced r-HDPE composites for various applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.N. Salleh
1 2
R.A. Aziz
1 3
R. Shan Chen
4
L. Musa
1 2
N.N. Juhardi
1
Tan Mei Ai
1
M.F.S.A. Razak
1 2
P. Chaowana
5
B. Jeż
6
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Taman Muhibah, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Advanced Polymer Group, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence for Biomass Utilization (COEBU), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied Physics, Material Science Programme, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
  5. Walailak University, School of Engineering and Technology, Petrochemical and Polymer Division, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
  6. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automation, 19c Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents the results of a complex analysis referring to the possibilities of applying different types of construction of forging dies used on a hydraulic hammer Lasco HO-U 160 in order to select the optimal solution in the aspect of obtaining the required dimension-shape accuracy. The analysis involved the use of the numerical simulation software FORGE 3.0 NxT. 12 different variants were analyzed, of both different tool constructions and detail arrangements on the die (in a quadruple and sixfold system). The effect of the forces as well as the way of material flow and degree of the forging tool seat’s filling were verified. The most ergonomic and technologically justified detail arrangement on the die was described. The results of the numerical simulation analyses were presented with the indication of the pros and cons of the particular solutions. The selected solution of the forging tool construction, implemented in a mass production, was especially discussed to verify of obtained FEM results and improvement actual technology.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ł. Dudkiewicz
1
M.R. Hawryluk
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Szymańska
2
S. Polak
1 2
J. Ziemba
1
Z. Gronostajski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Metal Forming, Welding and Metrology, 5 Lukasiewicza Str ., 50-371, Wrocław, Poland
  2. Forge, Schraner Polska, 21 G Lotnicza Str ., 99-100 Łęczyca, Schraner, Polska
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Abstract

In this paper we studied how alloying with different percentages of TiO2 influences the microstructure of Cr2O3 base matrix coatings deposited by plasma spray (APS). Thus, five different types of coatings were made, in which the percentage of TiO2 varied as 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The samples were analysed morphologically both on the surface and in cross-section using direct observation and electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed that none of the TiO2-containing coatings is a simple blend of distinct phases, but are coatings with a specific layered lamellar structure, with coarser and smooth areas, depending on the Ti wt.% presence. All the coatings analysed show micro cracks, porosities and inhomogeneous structure, but with a higher density directly proportional to the percentage of TiO2 in the composition of the coated powder.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Cristisor
1
ORCID: ORCID
D.-L. Chicet
2
B. Istrate
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Stescu
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Munteanu
1 3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Blvd. Mangeron, No. 61, 700050, Iasi, Romania
  2. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Blvd. Mangeron, No. 41, 700050, Iasi, Romania
  3. Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, 26 Dacia Blvd, Bucharest, 030167, Romania
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Abstract

This study presents the results of microstructure and hardness tests of a homogenous welded joint made of Super 304H stainless steel after 1000 h of ageing at the temperature of 700 and 750°C. Super 304H steel is commonly used for high-pressure elements of modern power units for supercritical steam parameters. The article compares hardness with the microstructure images in the initial state and after ageing. The microstructure tests were carried out based on scanning microscopy, while the hardness tests were carried out on a stationary hardness tester in the HV10 scale. An increase in hardness after ageing was observed, which is directly related to the initiated precipitation process, both in the weld and base materials.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Puszczało
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
H. Purzyńska
3
ORCID: ORCID
M. Sroka
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Sówka
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
A. Zieliński
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, 18A. S. Konarskiego St r., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. ZRE , 13Gen. Jankego St r., 40-615 Katowice, Poland
  3. Łukasiewicz Research Network
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Abstract

The effect of the incorporation of dolomite based geopolymer on the tensile and flexural properties of glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite were investigated. Composites containing different weight percentages of fillers (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt.%) were fabricated using hand lay-up and vacuum bagging techniques. The experimental results showed that the dolomite based geopolymer contributed to the detrimental effect on tensile strength of the composite with 2.5 wt.% incorporation of the filler contributed to the least detrimental effect. 2.5 wt.% incorporation of dolomite based geopolymer meanwhile improved flexural strength by 13.04%.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Shahari
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.F. Ghazali
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
3 2
ORCID: ORCID
Ch. Lih Tan
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.T.M. Faheem
3
ORCID: ORCID
V.E.B. Darmawan
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kampus Tetap Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Green Design and Manufacture Research Group, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Kawasan Perindustrian Jejawi, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Universitas Negeri Malang, Department of Industrial Engineering, Indonesia
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Abstract

A parametric experimental investigation has been conducted to investigate effects of stir casting process parameters on recently developed A713-TiB2 composites. The manufacturing process involved varying the stirring time (5, 10, and 15 minutes) and speed of stirring (500, 600 & 700 rpm). The microstructure and mechanical properties of the manufactured composites were evaluated by analyzing the effects of the varying stirring speeds and times. The analysis techniques used include optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), micro-hardness and tensile testing. Grain size analysis of the as-cast MMCs revealed that coarser grain structure was observed at lower stirring time and lower speed. Finer grain structure was achieved by increasing stirring time and speed. Microhardness and tensile strength was observed to be affected by both stirring speed and stirring time, as demonstrated by the test results. The uniform dispersion was attained when stirring was done at 600 rpm for 10 minutes. Further increase in stirring speed and stirring time leads to the reduction in microhardness and tensile strength. In the present study, the relationship between the microstructure and mechanical properties of the A713-TiB2 composite and the processing parameters such as stirring speed and stirring time have been investigated.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Rangrej
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Pandya
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Menghani
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, SVNIT, Surat , Gujarat -395007, India
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Abstract

In the current work, the thermodynamic properties of equiatomic and non-equiatomic Ni-Ti were estimated using Factsage Software for the “self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) method. To calculate behind the pure substance model, the sublattice model was used. For the various ratios of the nickel in the B2 ordered phase and second intermetallics, the values of adiabatic temperature, Cp, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy of formation, products, and liquid-solid ratio were computed (Ni3Ti, Ti2Ni). These proporties play a crucial role in understanding the nature of propagating behavior since they affect the final product’s micro/macrostructure, mechanical characteristics, and stable or metastable phases. The results were compared with the literature. It was also discussed why the existing studies could not reach the theoretical adiabatic temperature and the effect of the ignition W wire on the sample was investigated with the experimental study.
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Authors and Affiliations

B. Keskin
1
B. Derin
2

  1. Istanbul Medipol University, Vocational School, Construction Technology Department, Istanbul , Turkey
  2. Istanbul Technical University, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Istanbul , Turkey

Instructions for authors

Instructions for Authors


Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is a quarterly journal of Polish Academy of Sciences and Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS which publishes original scientific papers and reviews in the fields of metallurgy and materials science, foundry, mechanical working of metals, thermal engineering in metallurgy, thermodynamic and physical properties of materials, phase equilibria in the broad context and diffusion. In addition to the regular, original scientific papers and conference proceedings, invited reviews presenting the up-to-date knowledge and monothematic issues devoted to preferred areas of research will be published. Submission of a paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that if accepted it will not be published elsewhere in the same form.


When preparing the manuscript, please pay attention to the following rules:


1. Manuscript submission

1.1. Manuscripts to be considered for publication should be submitted to the Editorial Office via www.editorialsystem.com/amm/. Authors should designate corresponding author, whose responsibility is to represent the Authors in contacts with the Editorial Office. The corresponding author receives an e-mail notification confirming the submission of the manuscript to the Editorial Office and is informed about the progress of the review process.


1.2. Manuscript should not exceed 15 pages of full-size paper (A4), must be double spaced (please use 12 point font), with generous margins, and the pages must be numbered. Authors should submit an electronic file of their manuscript in Microsoft Word (minimum : version 2000).


1.3. All manuscripts must be written in good English. Both British and U.S. English are acceptable but Authors should be consistent in their usage. It is sole responsibility of the Authors to make sure that the manuscript is grammatically correct and spell checked. Authors are strongly encouraged to have the manuscript proofread by a native speaker of English or a language professional, before it is submitted to the editorial office. Papers written in poor English will be automatically rejected without being subjected to review.


1.4. Authors should submit an electronic copy of final version of their paper in Microsoft Word Format, shemes (sketches) and figures saved as .eps, .jpeg, or .tiff.


1.5. Articles submitted for publication should include abstract and maximum 5 keywords.


1.6. Please adhere to the following order of presentation:


Author(s) with first names in full and ORCID.

Affiliation(s): in a short form (Institution, City, Country). Use the superscripts (*, **, . . .) after the Authors’ names in case of different affiliations.

Title: All words in lower case (first letter of first word capitalized).


Abstract: maximum 10 lines, including primary objective, research design, methods and procedures, main outcomes and results. Do not use abbreviations in the abstract.

Keywords: 5 maximum.

Main text: Begin on the second page with Introduction, followed by Experimental (Materials and Methods) and/or Theory section, Results, Discussion, and end with Conclusion section and Acknowledgement. When appropriate the Authors may choose to combine Results section and Discussion section into one Results and Discussion section. Make sure the text in sections is divided logically into paragraphs.
Use the decimal system for sections, subsections and (at the most) sub-subsections, as exemplified in the headings of these instructions.
All abbreviations should be spelled out the first time they are introduced in text or references. Thereafter the abbreviation can be used.


Appendices

References

Correspondence address: title, name, postal address, telephone and e-mail address of the corresponding Author, number ORCID.

Figure captions

Tables

2. Manuscript preparation


The editorial system includes:


1. Manuscript, which should contain the full text with figures, tables and signatures to them where they are placed.


2. Figures, tables and signatures to them as separate files.


2.1. Formulae, equations and units
The formulas should be written in Microsoft Equation and MathType with the possibility of editing (not as graphics).
Formulae and equations should be typed on separate lines and numbered consecutively in parentheses on the right side (1) . . . (n). Vectors must be indicated as such. Size of symbols should be kept uniform for all equations in the manuscript. Formulae and equations should be referred to in the text as follows: Eq. (1).
Numbers and units must be separated by a space, e.g. 5.5 wt.%, 273.15 K, 1013 MPa, etc. The only exception are angle degrees, e.g. 90°.

2.2. Figures

Figures should be complete without corrections and additions in the word. Figures are usually printed in reduced size (fitting column width of 85 mm) and this should be taken into account when preparing them. For the best results, make sure that lettering on figures and micrographs is at least 2 mm high after reduction, and the style of labeling must be uniform for all figures. Each figure should have its own caption explaining the content without reference to the text. Figure captions should be typed on a separate page at the end of manuscript. The appropriate place of in the text should be indicated by <Fig. 3 > written in separate line. Figures should be referred to in text as follows: Fig. 1. The magnification must be indicated by a labeled scale marker on the micrograph itself, not drawn below it. For optimum printing quality micrographs should be saved as .eps or .tiff at a resolution of at least 300 dpi while line drawings at a resolution of at least 600 dpi.

2.3. Move file
The authors can make movie files up to 100 MB in MP4 format.
The author at the first reference (Movie 1. Click here) should with the Click here command connect the web address with the place of uploading the movie (hyperlink) and at the end of the article provide a list of hyperlinks (samples: Movie 1, hyperlink, movie no 2, hyperlink ......).

The files will be removed from the edytorial system when rejected or published article (moved to Rejected or Published manuscripts).


2.4. Tables

Tables together with captions should be typed on separate page at the end of manuscript. Tables are to be numbered consecutively using Arabic numbers in the text (TABLE 1 . . . n). A caption must be placed above respective table and should explain the symbols used in the heading and in the left hand column. Tables should be referred to in the text as follows: TABLE 1.


2.5. References

References should be typed on separate pages and numbered consecutively applying the system accepted by the Quarterly (initials and names all authors, journal title [abbreviated according to the Journal Title Abbreviations of Web of Science: http://library.caltech.edu/reference/abbreviations/, everyone abbreviation should be end with a dot - example. Arch.Metall.Mater.] or book title; journal volume or book publisher; page spread; publication year in bracket).

The use of DOI numbers (full notation and linked) is mandatory for each paper and should be formatted as shown in the examples below:

Journals:

[1] L.B. Magalas, Development of High-Resolution Mechanical Spectroscopy, HRMS: Status and Perspectives. HRMS Coupled with a Laser Dilatometer. Arch. Metall. Mater. 60 (3), 2069-2076 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/AMM-2015-0350

[2] E. Pagounis, M.J. Szczerba, R. Chulist, M. Laufenberg, Large Magnetic Field-Induced Work output in a NiMgGa Seven-Lavered Modulated Martensite. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 152407 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4933303

[3] H. Etschmaier, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, Suppression of Interdiffusion in Copper/Tin thin Films. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012).DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

Books:

[2] M. H. Kamdar, A.M.C. Westwood, Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behaviour, New York 1981.

Proceedings:

[3] F. Erdogan, in: H. Liebowitz (Ed.), Fracture 2, Academic Press 684, New York (1968).

Internet resource:

[4] http://www.twi.co.uk/content/fswqual.html

PhD Thesis:

[6] F.M. LIang. World Hyphenation by Computer. PhD thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, June.

Chapter in books:

[7] R. Major, P. Lacki, R. Kustosz, J. M. Lackner, Modelling of nanoindentation to simulate thin layer behavior, in: K. J. Kurzydłowski, B. Major,

P. Zięba (Ed.), Foundation of Materials Design 2006, Research Signpost (2006).

Articles in press:

[8] H. EtschmaIer, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012), DOI: 10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

3. Fees

No honorarium will be paid. The journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges.

4. Review and proofread process

4.1. Peer review process All submitted manuscripts undergo review by renowned specialists appointed by the Editor-in-Chief and members of the Editorial Board. Reviewers receive guidance to help them perform the review, and submit written opinion on the manuscript together with recommendation to accept as is, or reject, or accept after revision. In the latter case i.e. when revision is requested, the authors are obliged to respond to Editor and Reviewers’ comments in detail and make revisions to the manuscript. A rebuttal to Reviewers’ comments can also be sent via the Editorial System in writing. Decision to reject the article is taken by the Editorial Board with the final decision belonging to the Editor, who may appoint another reviewer if necessary. Reviewers remain anonymous to Authors and their identity cannot be revealed by the Editorial Office.

In a separate file, the authors are requested to suggest names and contact details (affiliations and valid e-mail addresses) of at least three experts who could serve as reviewers.

Brief explanation (2-3 sentence-long) why each person is suitable as a reviewer should also be provided. The suggested reviewers cannot be from the same country as affiliation of the corresponding author. The decision to appoint a reviewer belongs solely to the editor.

4.2. Revised manuscript submission

When revision of a manuscript is requested, Authors should return the revised version of their manuscript as soon as possible. Prompt action may ensure fast publication if a paper is finally accepted for publication in Arch. Metall. Mater. If it is the first revision of an article Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 7 days.

If it is the second revision Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 1 day.

4.3. Final proofreading

Authors will receive a pdf file with the edited version of their manuscript for final proofreading. This is the last opportunity to view an article before its publication on the journal web site. No changes or modifications can be introduced once it is published. Thus authors are requested to check their proof pages carefully against manuscript within 3 working days and prepare a separate document containing all changes that should be introduced. Authors are sometimes asked to provide additional comments and explanations in response to remarks and queries from the language or technical editors.

5. Original version

Starting from issue 1/ 2018, Volume 63, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is published in electronic via www.journals.pan.pl. The printed version is printed only for designated libraries (legal basis: Regulation of the Minister of Culture and Art of March 6, 1997).

6. Prevent cases of plagiarism

Readers should be sure that the authors present the results of their work transparently, fair and honest, regardless of whether they are the direct authors, or used the help of a specialized entity (natural or legal person). To prevent cases of plagiarism, "ghostwriting" and "guest Authorship", the Editorial Office will require that the Authors disclosed the contribution of individual Authors in the creation of manuscript (with their affiliations and contributions, i.e. the information who is responsible for: research concept and design, collection and/or assembly of data, data analysis and interpretation, writing the manuscript). Funding sources (together with grant number) must also be revealed. The corresponding Author will bear the main responsibility for the manuscript. Detected cases will be exposed, including notifying the appropriate entities (institutions employing the Authors, scientific societies, associations of editors of scientific journals, etc.).

7. License type

Articles are printed in an open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). This license allows authors to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, remix, transform, and build upon the material. Authors may not use the material for commercial purposes. However, this condition does not include dependent works (they may be covered by another license).

Submission of an article to the journal is unequivocal to expressing consent to the publication in both paper and electronic form.

Additional info

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is covered by the following services:


Arianta, Baidu Scholar, BazTech, Celdes, Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) - CAplus, Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) - Current Contents/Engineering, Computing, and Technology, Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) - Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) - Materials Science Citation Index, Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) - Science Citation Index Expanded, CNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), CNPIEC, DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals), EBSCO (relevant databases), EBSCO Discovery Service, Elsevier - SCOPUS, Genamics JournalSeek, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, J-Gate, JournalTOCs, KESLI-NDSL (Korean National Discovery for Science Leaders), Microsoft Academic, Naviga (Softweco), Primo Central (ExLibris), ProQuest (relevant databases), ReadCube, ResearchGate, SCImago (SJR), Sherpa/RoMEO, Summon (Serials Solutions/ProQuest), TDNet, TEMA Technik und Management, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory/ulrichsweb, WanFang Data, WorldCat (OCLC)

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