Nauki Techniczne

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

Zawartość

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2002 | No 3

Abstrakt

The object of investigations was two-phase steel having the austenitic structure with ferrite precipitates (volume fraction about I 0% ). The material was subjected to cold rolling up to about 85% of deformation and subsequently annealed within the temperature range 750°C+l000°C. X-ray investigations included the phase analysis, measurements of pole figures and calculations of the orientation distribution functions (ODF's) for both component phases. The textures of austenite and ferrite after the final rolling reduction and successive stages of annealing were analysed within the centre and surface layers of the sheets. Examination of the austenite recrystallization texture included additionally the analysis of orientation fibres and transformations of the experimental and ideal ODF's. From the texture analysis it results that the mechanisms controlling the development of the austenite recrystallization texture is the selective growth of twins. Texture simulations indicate that austenite rolling texture can be transformed into the recrystallization texture according to twin relation, i.e. by rotation through an angle of (2n - I) x 60° about < I 11 >poles. A certain contribution of the oriented growth into the texture formation was also found. In that case relation between the recrystallization and deformation textures may be described by rotation 30°+40°/<111>. In both cases a variant selection of the rotation axis takes place. Based on the texture examination and the phase analysis it is additionally assumed that the (a ➔y) phase transformation may exert some effect on the recrystallization textures of both component phases
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Wiktoria Ratuszek
Janusz Ryś
Joanna Piniążek
Joanna Kowalska

Abstrakt

The stored energy e, due to plastic deformation is defined as the change in internal energy measured at stress free state of material, and it characterises the cold-worked state. Both cold-worked state and the stored energy at each instant of deformation depend on the deformation history. Therefore, the instantaneous rate de,f dwP of energy storage seems to be an appropriate measure of the energy conversion process (wP is the work of plastic deformation). The rate of energy storage is important characteristic of the whole energy storage processes. It is a macroscopic quantity that is influenced by many microscopic mechanisms. Each of them is described by the separate internal paramenter H;. In mathematical description, the stored energy is a function of H,, H2, H3 •.• , H,,. Since there exist couplings between different mechanisms the function can not be, in general, written in the from: Le'..° (H;). The similar remark concerns also the energy storage rate. i= I The present paper is devoted an answer if it is possible to distinguish the influence of the change in given internal parameter on the rate of energy storage. In order to find the answer the theoretical analysis of energy storage rate on the basis of phenomenological thermodynamics of plastic deformation was done. The theoretical description of the experimental method od stored energy determination is presented. The results of the analysis have been used to support the additive partitioning of the resultant rate of the energy stored and to show experiment which allows distinguishing the particular components. Each component represents the specific microscopic mechanism. The analysis of preliminary experimental data arrived at the conclusion that in the initial stage of plastic deformation of polycrystalline metal at least two components of the energy storage rate exist. One of them is associated with the rise of dislocation density, and another one is related to the internal stress field due to elastic accommodation of incompatible strains in the vicinity of grain boundaries.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Wiera Oliferuk
Bogdan Raniecki

Abstrakt

The existing methods of analysis of drawing with a floating plug stated the most favourable angle differences between the drawing die and the plug. In the paper the theoretical analysis is made enabling achieving the possibly minimal diameter reduction at the stated wall thickness reduction. There is discussed tool geometry and a state of stress, which enable stable guidance of the process. The experimental studies with drawing of OF-Cu copper and CuZn37 brass tubes confirmed the results of theoretical consideration.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Roman Hatalak
Kazimierz Świątkowski

Abstrakt

Recently, new methods for utilization of converter slag have been sought. Slag processing by reduction in an electric arc furnace is one of such methods. However, the state of the relevant investigations is rather poor. This was the reason for carrying out study aimed at developing a new technology of the process under industrial conditions. The study presented allows chemical composition of non-metallic and metal phases and the reduction level of the converter slag components during process run in an electric arc furnace to be determined.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Marek Dziamargowski

Abstrakt

The paper presents the results of SrSO4 reduction and SrS oxidation with the use of gaseous mixture (CO+CO2) in 1073-1373 K temperature range. On the base of an assumed equation describing the process in the wide range of reaction stage the dependence of constant reaction rates on CO concentration in the gaseous phase. The value of reaction activation energy and its change depending on the composition of the gaseous phase (CO+CO2) has been defined. The boundary value CO concentration in the gaseous phase, above which reductions, and below which oxidation of SrS take place, has been defined.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Czesław Malinowski
Stanisław Małecki
Maksymilian Sukiennik

Abstrakt

Przegląd literaturowy stosowanych na świecie technologii do przerobu stopów Zn-Ag-Pb wskazuje, że najefektywniejszą technologią jest metoda destylacji próżniowej, oparta na zjawiskach parowania lotnych składników z kąpieli metalicznej. W procesie odparowania składników z ciekłych stopów, w warunkach obniżonego ciśnienia, podstawowe znaczenie odgrywają zjawiska transportu masy. Badania procesu parowania w próżni wykazują, że jego szybkość może być zwiększona nie tylko przez obniżenie ciśnienia czy wzrost temperatury procesu, lecz także przez zmianę warunków hydrodynamicznych w układzie. Można także przypuszczać, że w zależności od rodzaju stopu kontrola kinetyczna omawianego procesu jest znacznie zróżnicowana. Wykazanie, który z tych czynników najistotniej wpływa na kinetykę procesu parowania, wymaga określenia etapu kontrolującego proces, a także określenia wpływu tych czynników na zmianę jego kontroli. W ramach pracy przeprowadzono badania próżniowego oddestylowania cynku ze stopów Zn-Ag-Pb w zakresie ciśnień od I do 1000 Pa i temperatur od 823 do 898 K. Badania przeprowadzono dla stopu o składzie chemicznym: 50,0% Ag, 35,0% Pb i 15,0% Zn. Podstawowym urządzeniem wykorzystywanym w badaniach był agregat próżniowy składający się z głowicy roboczej, pieca indukcyjnego PIS O I TR i układu pomp próżniowych SP2000 PA. Po każdym doświadczeniu określano wielkość ubytku masy próbki oraz analizowano skład chemiczny stopu oznaczając zawartość: cynku, srebra i ołowiu metodą atomowej spektrometrii absorpcyjnej (AAS) z zastosowaniem spektrometru firmy Perkin-Elmer model 603. Na podstawie analizy uzyskanych wartości podstawowych parametrów kinetycznych: gęstości strumienia masy oraz współczynnika przenikania masy dla zakresu ciśnień od IO do 20 Pa obserwuje się silną zależność tych wielkości od ciśnienia panującego w układzie pomiarowym. Oznacza to, że w tym zakresie ciśnień następuje zmiana kontroli procesu i opory w fazie gazowej nakładają się na opory w fazie ciekłej. Można więc przyjąć, że w obszarze ciśnień od IO do 20 Pa mamy do czynienia z mieszaną kontrolą procesu. W zakresie ciśnień powyżej 20 Pa można natomiast przyjąć, że proces zachodzi w obszarze dyfuzyjnym i jest kontrolowany oporami w fazie gazowej. Szybkość procesu odcynkowania stopów Zn-Ag-Pb wzrasta silniej w miarę obniżania ciśnienia niż przy wzroście temperatury. W zakresie ciśnień poniżej IO Pa, wartości pozornej energii aktywacji procesu zbliżone są do wartości energii aktywacji dyfuzji cynku w ciekłym srebrze. Stanowi to potwierdzenie faktu, że w tym zakresie ciśnień proces destylacji cynku kontrolowany jest głównie transportem masy w fazie ciekłej.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jerzy Łabaj
Jan Botor
Remogiusz Sosnowski

Abstrakt

Constituent binary subsystems Co-Cu, Co-Si and Cu-Si were described briefly, and their calculated phase diagrams were presented and invariant reactions of the liquid phase, as well. Thermodynamic parameters for Co-Si and Cu-Si systems were taken from the former own assessments and coefficients for binary system Co-Cu were accepted from the one of the most recent literature evaluations. Tdb file was then set up by means of binary formalism. Equilibrium calculations resulted in the parameters of all invariant reactions with liquid phase involved, and the Schei l reaction scheme was constructed as well. Graphical representation of the calculated liquidus surface was shown as the projection onto the G i b b s triangle plane.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Leszek Zabdyr

Abstrakt

Brief review on history and development of OTA as thermal analysis method; with special aspect to the application of quantitative thermodynaimc analysis for binary metal systems, are presented in this paper. Importance of the calibration constat determination is pointed out, as well as its changeable value depending on composition of the investigated system. Results obtained using OTA method in termodynamic analysis of some binary systems are also given and compared with data measured by other experimental techniques (calorimetry, EMF measurements) or calculated by thermodynamic predicting methods. Good agreement reached between these results enables to the correctness of application of quantitative OTA.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

ŻIVAN ŻIVKOVIĆ
DRAGANA ŻIVKOVIĆ

Instrukcja dla autorów

Instructions for Authors


Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is a quarterly journal of Polish Academy of Sciences and Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS which publishes original scientific papers and reviews in the fields of metallurgy and materials science, foundry, mechanical working of metals, thermal engineering in metallurgy, thermodynamic and physical properties of materials, phase equilibria in the broad context and diffusion. In addition to the regular, original scientific papers and conference proceedings, invited reviews presenting the up-to-date knowledge and monothematic issues devoted to preferred areas of research will be published. Submission of a paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that if accepted it will not be published elsewhere in the same form.


When preparing the manuscript, please pay attention to the following rules:


1. Manuscript submission

1.1. Manuscripts to be considered for publication should be submitted to the Editorial Office via www.editorialsystem.com/amm/. Authors should designate corresponding author, whose responsibility is to represent the Authors in contacts with the Editorial Office. The corresponding author receives an e-mail notification confirming the submission of the manuscript to the Editorial Office and is informed about the progress of the review process.


1.2. Manuscript should not exceed 15 pages of full-size paper (A4), must be double spaced (please use 12 point font), with generous margins, and the pages must be numbered. Authors should submit an electronic file of their manuscript in Microsoft Word (minimum : version 2000).


1.3. All manuscripts must be written in good English. Both British and U.S. English are acceptable but Authors should be consistent in their usage. It is sole responsibility of the Authors to make sure that the manuscript is grammatically correct and spell checked. Authors are strongly encouraged to have the manuscript proofread by a native speaker of English or a language professional, before it is submitted to the editorial office. Papers written in poor English will be automatically rejected without being subjected to review.


1.4. Authors should submit an electronic copy of final version of their paper in Microsoft Word Format, shemes (sketches) and figures saved as .eps, .jpeg, or .tiff.


1.5. Articles submitted for publication should include abstract and maximum 5 keywords.


1.6. Please adhere to the following order of presentation:


Author(s) with first names in full and ORCID.

Affiliation(s): in a short form (Institution, City, Country). Use the superscripts (*, **, . . .) after the Authors’ names in case of different affiliations.

Title: All words in lower case (first letter of first word capitalized).


Abstract: maximum 10 lines, including primary objective, research design, methods and procedures, main outcomes and results. Do not use abbreviations in the abstract.

Keywords: 5 maximum.

Main text: Begin on the second page with Introduction, followed by Experimental (Materials and Methods) and/or Theory section, Results, Discussion, and end with Conclusion section and Acknowledgement. When appropriate the Authors may choose to combine Results section and Discussion section into one Results and Discussion section. Make sure the text in sections is divided logically into paragraphs.
Use the decimal system for sections, subsections and (at the most) sub-subsections, as exemplified in the headings of these instructions.
All abbreviations should be spelled out the first time they are introduced in text or references. Thereafter the abbreviation can be used.


Appendices

References

Correspondence address: title, name, postal address, telephone and e-mail address of the corresponding Author, number ORCID.

Figure captions

Tables

2. Manuscript preparation


The editorial system includes:


1. Manuscript, which should contain the full text with figures, tables and signatures to them where they are placed.


2. Figures, tables and signatures to them as separate files.


2.1. Formulae, equations and units
The formulas should be written in Microsoft Equation and MathType with the possibility of editing (not as graphics).
Formulae and equations should be typed on separate lines and numbered consecutively in parentheses on the right side (1) . . . (n). Vectors must be indicated as such. Size of symbols should be kept uniform for all equations in the manuscript. Formulae and equations should be referred to in the text as follows: Eq. (1).
Numbers and units must be separated by a space, e.g. 5.5 wt.%, 273.15 K, 1013 MPa, etc. The only exception are angle degrees, e.g. 90°.

2.2. Figures

Figures should be complete without corrections and additions in the word. Figures are usually printed in reduced size (fitting column width of 85 mm) and this should be taken into account when preparing them. For the best results, make sure that lettering on figures and micrographs is at least 2 mm high after reduction, and the style of labeling must be uniform for all figures. Each figure should have its own caption explaining the content without reference to the text. Figure captions should be typed on a separate page at the end of manuscript. The appropriate place of in the text should be indicated by <Fig. 3 > written in separate line. Figures should be referred to in text as follows: Fig. 1. The magnification must be indicated by a labeled scale marker on the micrograph itself, not drawn below it. For optimum printing quality micrographs should be saved as .eps or .tiff at a resolution of at least 300 dpi while line drawings at a resolution of at least 600 dpi.

2.3. Move file
The authors can make movie files up to 100 MB in MP4 format.
The author at the first reference (Movie 1. Click here) should with the Click here command connect the web address with the place of uploading the movie (hyperlink) and at the end of the article provide a list of hyperlinks (samples: Movie 1, hyperlink, movie no 2, hyperlink ......).

The files will be removed from the edytorial system when rejected or published article (moved to Rejected or Published manuscripts).


2.4. Tables

Tables together with captions should be typed on separate page at the end of manuscript. Tables are to be numbered consecutively using Arabic numbers in the text (TABLE 1 . . . n). A caption must be placed above respective table and should explain the symbols used in the heading and in the left hand column. Tables should be referred to in the text as follows: TABLE 1.


2.5. References

References should be typed on separate pages and numbered consecutively applying the system accepted by the Quarterly (initials and names all authors, journal title [abbreviated according to the Journal Title Abbreviations of Web of Science: http://library.caltech.edu/reference/abbreviations/, everyone abbreviation should be end with a dot - example. Arch.Metall.Mater.] or book title; journal volume or book publisher; page spread; publication year in bracket).

The use of DOI numbers (full notation and linked) is mandatory for each paper and should be formatted as shown in the examples below:

Journals:

[1] L.B. Magalas, Development of High-Resolution Mechanical Spectroscopy, HRMS: Status and Perspectives. HRMS Coupled with a Laser Dilatometer. Arch. Metall. Mater. 60 (3), 2069-2076 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/AMM-2015-0350

[2] E. Pagounis, M.J. Szczerba, R. Chulist, M. Laufenberg, Large Magnetic Field-Induced Work output in a NiMgGa Seven-Lavered Modulated Martensite. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 152407 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4933303

[3] H. Etschmaier, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, Suppression of Interdiffusion in Copper/Tin thin Films. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012).DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

Books:

[2] M. H. Kamdar, A.M.C. Westwood, Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behaviour, New York 1981.

Proceedings:

[3] F. Erdogan, in: H. Liebowitz (Ed.), Fracture 2, Academic Press 684, New York (1968).

Internet resource:

[4] http://www.twi.co.uk/content/fswqual.html

PhD Thesis:

[6] F.M. LIang. World Hyphenation by Computer. PhD thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, June.

Chapter in books:

[7] R. Major, P. Lacki, R. Kustosz, J. M. Lackner, Modelling of nanoindentation to simulate thin layer behavior, in: K. J. Kurzydłowski, B. Major,

P. Zięba (Ed.), Foundation of Materials Design 2006, Research Signpost (2006).

Articles in press:

[8] H. EtschmaIer, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012), DOI: 10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

3. Fees

No honorarium will be paid. The journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges.

4. Review and proofread process

4.1. Peer review process All submitted manuscripts undergo review by renowned specialists appointed by the Editor-in-Chief and members of the Editorial Board. Reviewers receive guidance to help them perform the review, and submit written opinion on the manuscript together with recommendation to accept as is, or reject, or accept after revision. In the latter case i.e. when revision is requested, the authors are obliged to respond to Editor and Reviewers’ comments in detail and make revisions to the manuscript. A rebuttal to Reviewers’ comments can also be sent via the Editorial System in writing. Decision to reject the article is taken by the Editorial Board with the final decision belonging to the Editor, who may appoint another reviewer if necessary. Reviewers remain anonymous to Authors and their identity cannot be revealed by the Editorial Office.

In a separate file, the authors are requested to suggest names and contact details (affiliations and valid e-mail addresses) of at least three experts who could serve as reviewers.

Brief explanation (2-3 sentence-long) why each person is suitable as a reviewer should also be provided. The suggested reviewers cannot be from the same country as affiliation of the corresponding author. The decision to appoint a reviewer belongs solely to the editor.

4.2. Revised manuscript submission

When revision of a manuscript is requested, Authors should return the revised version of their manuscript as soon as possible. Prompt action may ensure fast publication if a paper is finally accepted for publication in Arch. Metall. Mater. If it is the first revision of an article Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 7 days.

If it is the second revision Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 1 day.

4.3. Final proofreading

Authors will receive a pdf file with the edited version of their manuscript for final proofreading. This is the last opportunity to view an article before its publication on the journal web site. No changes or modifications can be introduced once it is published. Thus authors are requested to check their proof pages carefully against manuscript within 3 working days and prepare a separate document containing all changes that should be introduced. Authors are sometimes asked to provide additional comments and explanations in response to remarks and queries from the language or technical editors.

5. Original version

Starting from issue 1/ 2018, Volume 63, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is published in electronic via www.journals.pan.pl. The printed version is printed only for designated libraries (legal basis: Regulation of the Minister of Culture and Art of March 6, 1997).

6. Prevent cases of plagiarism

Readers should be sure that the authors present the results of their work transparently, fair and honest, regardless of whether they are the direct authors, or used the help of a specialized entity (natural or legal person). To prevent cases of plagiarism, "ghostwriting" and "guest Authorship", the Editorial Office will require that the Authors disclosed the contribution of individual Authors in the creation of manuscript (with their affiliations and contributions, i.e. the information who is responsible for: research concept and design, collection and/or assembly of data, data analysis and interpretation, writing the manuscript). Funding sources (together with grant number) must also be revealed. The corresponding Author will bear the main responsibility for the manuscript. Detected cases will be exposed, including notifying the appropriate entities (institutions employing the Authors, scientific societies, associations of editors of scientific journals, etc.).

7. License type

Articles are printed in an open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). This license allows authors to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, remix, transform, and build upon the material. Authors may not use the material for commercial purposes. However, this condition does not include dependent works (they may be covered by another license).

Submission of an article to the journal is unequivocal to expressing consent to the publication in both paper and electronic form.

Dodatkowe informacje

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