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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Description

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred:

  • Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
  • Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
  • Civil Engineering,
  • Control, Informatics and Robotics,
  • Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
  • Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
  • Material Science and Nanotechnology,
  • Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:
JCR Impact Factor 2023: 1.2
5 Year Impact Factor 2022: 1.1
CiteScore 2023: 2.8
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023: 0.282
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023: 0.573
Ministry of Education and Science: 100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.
ISSN
ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

S. Osowski, B. Sawicki and T. Leś, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

D. Pijanowska, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski and A. Lamęcki, Gdansk University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

B. Major and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.


The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Content

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4

1 Contents
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | 1
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2 Computer Science vs. COVID-19
Aneta Afelt , Aleksander Byrski , Victor Calo , Tyll Krüger , Lech Madeyski , Wojciech Penczek
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e138096 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.138096
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Bibliography

  1.  Ł. Czekierda, F. Malawski, R. Straś, K. Zieliński, and S. Zieliński, “Leveraging cloud environment flexibility to smoothen the transition to remote teaching during covid-19 pandemic – a case study,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 4, p. e137934, 2021, doi: 10.24425/ bpasts.2021.137934.
  2.  A. Gryszczyńska, “The impact of the covid-19 pandemic on cybercrime,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 4, p. e137933, 2021, doi: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137933.
  3.  W. Jamroga, D. Mestel, P. Roenne, P. Ryan, and M. Skrobot, “A survey of requirements for covid-19 mitigation strategies,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 4, p. e137724, 2021, doi: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137724.
  4.  M. Gruda and M. Kędziora, “Analyzing and improving tools for supporting fighting against covid-19 based on prediction models and contact tracing,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 4, p. e137414, 2021, doi: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137414.
  5.  A. Bobowski, J. Cichoń, and M. Kutyłowski, “Extensions for apple-google exposure notification mechanism,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 4, p. e137126, 2021, doi: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137126.
  6.  M. Kozielski et al., “Enhancement of covid-19 symptom-based screening with quality-based classifier optimisation,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 4, p. e137349, 2021, doi: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137349.
  7.  M. Paciorek, D. Poklewski-Koziełł, K. Racoń-Leja, A. Byrski, M. Gyurkovich, and W. Turek, “Microscopic simulation of pedestrian traffic in urban environment under epidemic conditions,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 4, p. e137725, 2021, doi: 10.24425/ bpasts.2021.137725.
  8.  M. Łoś, M. Woźniak, I. Muga, and M. Paszyński, “Threedimensional simulations of the airborne covid-19 pathogens using the advection- diffusion model and alternating-directions implicit solver,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 4, p. e137125, 2021, doi: 10.24425/ bpasts.2021.137125.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aneta Afelt
1
Aleksander Byrski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Victor Calo
3
Tyll Krüger
4
Lech Madeyski
4
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Penczek
5
  1. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
  2. AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
  3. Curtin University, Perth, Australia
  4. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
  5. Institute of Computer Science, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
3 Leveraging cloud environment flexibility to smoothen the transition to remote teaching during COVID-19 pandemic – a case study
Łukasz Czekierda , Filip Malawski , Robert Straś , Krzysztof Zieliński , Sławomir Zieliński
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137934 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137934
Keywords: cloud COVID-19 pandemic collaboration remote teaching online classes
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Abstract

Cloud-based computational environments can offer elastic and flexible services to wide audiences. Małopolska Educational Cloud was originally developed to support the day-to-day collaboration of geographically scattered schools with universities which organized online classes, led by university teachers, as an amendment to face-to-face teaching. Due to the centralized management and ubiquitous access, both the set of services provided by MEC and their usage patterns can be adjusted rapidly. In this paper we show how – during the COVID-19 pandemic – the flexibility of Małopolska Educational Cloud was leveraged to speed up the transition from in-class to remote teaching, both in the classes and schools which were already involved in the MEC project, and newly added ones. We also discuss the actions that were required to support the smooth transition and draw conclusions for the future.
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Bibliography

  1.  K. Zieliński, Ł. Czekierda, F. Malawski, R. Straś, and S. Zieliński, “Recognizing value of educational collaboration between high schools and universities facilitated by modern ICT,” J. Comput. Assisted Learn., vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 633–648, 2017.
  2.  Ł. Czekierda, K. Zieliński, and S. Zieliński, “Automated orchestration of online educational collaboration in cloud-based environments,” ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–26, 2021.
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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Czekierda
1
Filip Malawski
1
Robert Straś
1
Krzysztof Zieliński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sławomir Zieliński
1
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
4 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cybercrime
Agnieszka Gryszczyńska
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137933 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137933
Keywords: cybersecurity cybercrime social engineering phishing identity theft COVID-19
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Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic is accompanied by a cyber pandemic, involving changes in the modi operandi of perpetrators of various crimes, and an infodemic, associated with the spread of disinformation. The article analyses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cybercrime and presents the latest research on the number of cybercrime cases in Poland and their growth dynamics. It determines the factors that contribute to the commission of a crime and prevent easy identification of criminals. It also suggests the legal and organisational changes that could reduce the number and effects of the most frequently recorded cyberattacks at a time of COVID-19. Particular attention is paid to legal problems of the growing phenomenon of identity theft, and the need to ensure better protection of users from phishing, including through education and proactive security measures consisting in blocking Internet domains used for fraudulent attempts to obtain data and financial resources.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Gryszczyńska
5 A survey of requirements for COVID-19 mitigation strategies
Wojciech Jamroga , David Mestel , Peter B. Roenne , Peter Y.A. Ryan , Marjan Skrobot
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137724 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137724
Keywords: COVID-19 mitigation strategies specification multi-agent logic
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Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced virtually all aspects of our lives. Across the world, countries have applied various mitigation strategies, based on social, political, and technological instruments. We postulate that multi-agent systems can provide a common platform to study (and balance) their essential properties. We also show how to obtain a comprehensive list of the properties by “distilling” them from media snippets. Finally, we present a preliminary take on their formal specification, using ideas from multi-agent logics.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Jamroga
1 2
David Mestel
1
Peter B. Roenne
1
Peter Y.A. Ryan
1
Marjan Skrobot
1
  1. Interdisciplinary Centre on Security, Reliability and Trust, SnT, University of Luxembourg
  2. Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Jana Kazimierza 5, 01-248 Warsaw, Poland
6 Analyzing and improving tools for supporting fighting against COVID-19 based on prediction models and contact tracing
Martyna Gruda , Michal Kedziora
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137414 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137414
Keywords: COVID-19 prediction models contact tracing
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Abstract

In the paper, we are analyzing and proposing an improvement to current tools and solutions for supporting fighting with COVID-19. We analyzed the most popular anti-covid tools and COVID prediction models. We addressed issues of secure data collection, prediction accuracy based on COVID models. What is most important, we proposed a solution for improving the prediction and contract tracing element in these applications. The proof of concept solution to support the fight against a global pandemic is presented, and the future possibilities for its development are discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Martyna Gruda
1
Michal Kedziora
1
  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, ul. Wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
7 Extensions for Apple-Google exposure notification mechanism
Adam Bobowski , Jacek Cichoń , Mirosław Kutyłowski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137126 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137126
Keywords: contact tracing exposure notification privacy verifiability temporary exposure key rolling proximity identifier diagnosis key data sketch Jaccard similarity
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Abstract

We analyze the Google-Apple exposure notification mechanism designed by the Apple-Google consortium and deployed on a large number of Corona-warn apps. At the time of designing it, the most important issue was time-to-market and strict compliance with the privacy protection rules of GDPR. This resulted in a plain but elegant scheme with a high level of privacy protection. In this paper we go into details and propose some extensions of the original design addressing practical issues. Firstly, we point to the danger of a malicious cryptographic random number generator (CRNG) and resulting possibility of unrestricted user tracing. We propose an update that enables verification of unlinkability of pseudonymous identifiers directly by the user. Secondly, we show how to solve the problem of verifying the “same household” situation justifying exempts from distancing rules. We present a solution with MIN-sketches based on rolling proximity identifiers from the Apple-Google scheme. Thirdly, we examine the strategies for revealing temporary exposure keys. We have detected some unexpected phenomena regarding the number of keys for unbalanced binary trees of a small size. These observations may be used in case that the size of the lists of diagnosis keys has to be optimized.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Bobowski
1
Jacek Cichoń
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mirosław Kutyłowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
8 Enhancement of COVID-19 symptom-based screening with quality-based classifier optimisation

Michał Kozielski , Joanna Henzel , Joanna Tobiasz , Aleksandra Gruca , Paweł Foszner , Joanna Zyla , Małgorzata Bach , Aleksandra Werner , Jerzy Jaroszewicz , Joanna Polańska , Marek Sikora
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137349 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137349
Keywords: classification classification quality screening COVID-19
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Abstract

Efforts of the scientific community led to the development of multiple screening approaches for COVID-19 that rely on machine learning methods. However, there is a lack of works showing how to tune the classification models used for such a task and what the tuning effect is in terms of various classification quality measures. Understanding the impact of classifier tuning on the results obtained will allow the users to apply the provided tools consciously. Therefore, using a given screening test they will be able to choose the threshold value characterising the classifier that gives, for example, an acceptable balance between sensitivity and specificity. The presented work introduces the optimisation approach and the resulting classifiers obtained for various quality threshold assumptions. As a result of the research, an online service was created that makes the obtained models available and enables the verification of various solutions for different threshold values on new data.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Kozielski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Joanna Henzel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Joanna Tobiasz
2
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksandra Gruca
1
Paweł Foszner
3
ORCID: ORCID
Joanna Zyla
2
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Bach
4
Aleksandra Werner
4
ORCID: ORCID
Jerzy Jaroszewicz
5
Joanna Polańska
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Sikora
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Computer Networks and Systems, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
  2. Department of Data Science and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
  3. Department of Graphics, Computer Vision and Digital Systems, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
  4. Department of Applied Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
  5. Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
9 Microscopic simulation of pedestrian traffic in urban environment under epidemic conditions
Mateusz Paciorek , Damian Poklewski-Koziełł , Kinga Racoń-Leja , Aleksander Byrski , Mateusz Gyurkovich , Wojciech Turek
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137725 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137725
Keywords: epidemic modeling pedestrian dynamics simulation urban environment
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Abstract

The ongoing period of the pandemic makes everybody focused on the matters related to fighting this immense problem posed to the societies worldwide. The governments deal with the threat by publishing regulations which should allow to mitigate the pandemic, walking on thin ice as the decision makers do not always know how to properly respond to the threat in order to save people. Computer-based simulations of e.g. parts of the city or rural area should provide significant help, however, there are some requirements to fulfill. The simulation should be verifiable, supported by the urban research and it should be possible to run it in appropriate scale. Thus in this paper we present an interdisciplinary work of urban researchers and computer scientists, proposing a scalable, HPC-grade model of simulation, which was tested in a real scenario and may be further used to extend our knowledge about epidemic spread and the results of its counteracting methods. The paper shows the relevant state of the art, discusses the micro-scale simulation model, sketches out the elements of its implementation and provides tangible results gathered for a part of the city of Krakow, Poland.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Paciorek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Damian Poklewski-Koziełł
2
ORCID: ORCID
Kinga Racoń-Leja
2
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksander Byrski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Gyurkovich
2
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Turek
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
10 Three-dimensional simulations of the airborne COVID-19 pathogens using the advection-diffusion model and alternating-directions implicit solver
Marcin Łoś , Maciej Woźniak , Ignacio Muga , Maciej Paszynski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137125 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137125
Keywords: COVID-19 pathogen spread isogeometric analysis implicit dynamics advection-diffusion parallel alternating directions solver
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Abstract

In times of the COVID-19, reliable tools to simulate the airborne pathogens causing the infection are extremely important to enable the testing of various preventive methods. Advection-diffusion simulations can model the propagation of pathogens in the air. We can represent the concentration of pathogens in the air by “contamination” propagating from the source, by the mechanisms of advection (representing air movement) and diffusion (representing the spontaneous propagation of pathogen particles in the air). The three-dimensional time-dependent advection-diffusion equation is difficult to simulate due to the high computational cost and instabilities of the numerical methods. In this paper, we present alternating directions implicit isogeometric analysis simulations of the three-dimensional advection-diffusion equations. We introduce three intermediate time steps, where in the differential operator, we separate the derivatives concerning particular spatial directions. We provide a mathematical analysis of the numerical stability of the method. We show well-posedness of each time step formulation, under the assumption of a particular time step size. We utilize the tensor products of one-dimensional B-spline basis functions over the three-dimensional cube shape domain for the spatial discretization. The alternating direction solver is implemented in C++ and parallelized using the GALOIS framework for multi-core processors. We run the simulations within 120 minutes on a laptop equipped with i7 6700 Q processor 2.6 GHz (8 cores with HT) and 16 GB of RAM.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Łoś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Woźniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ignacio Muga
2
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Paszynski
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunications, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Instituto de Matemáticas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
11 Research on hybrid modified pathfinder algorithm for optimal reactive power dispatch
V. Suresh , S. Senthil Kumar
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137733 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137733
Keywords: optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) real power losses pathfinder algorithm (PFA) modified pathfinder algorithm (mPFA) hybrid pathfinder algorithm (HPFA)
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Abstract

Hybridization of meta-heuristic algorithms plays a major role in the optimization problem. In this paper, a new hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm called hybrid pathfinder algorithm (HPFA) is proposed to solve the optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) problem. The superiority of the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is the fast convergence speed, a mutation operator in the DE algorithm incorporates into the pathfinder algorithm (PFA). The main objective of this research is to minimize the real power losses and subject to equality and inequality constraints. The HPFA is used to find optimal control variables such as generator voltage magnitude, transformer tap settings and capacitor banks. The proposed HPFA is implemented through several simulation cases on the IEEE 118-bus system and IEEE 300-bus power system. Results show the superiority of the proposed algorithm with good quality of optimal solutions over existing optimization techniques, and hence confirm its potential to solve the ORPD problem.
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Authors and Affiliations

V. Suresh
1
S. Senthil Kumar
1
  1. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem-11, India
12 Detection and classification of short-circuit faults on a transmission line using current signal
Melih Coban , Suleyman S. Tezcan
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137630 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137630
Keywords: transmission line fault detection fault classification support vector machine
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Abstract

This study offers two Support Vector Machine (SVM) models for fault detection and fault classification, respectively. Different short circuit events were generated using a 154 kV transmission line modeled in MATLAB/Simulink software. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is performed to the measured single terminal current signals before fault detection stage. Three level wavelet energies obtained for each of three-phase currents were used as input features for the detector. After fault detection, half cycle (10 ms) of three-phase current signals was recorded by 20 kHz sampling rate. The recorded currents signals were used as input parameters for the multi class SVM classifier. The results of the validation tests have demonstrated that a quite reliable, fault detection and classification system can be developed using SVM. Generated faults were used to training and testing of the SVM classifiers. SVM based classification and detection model was fully implemented in MATLAB software. These models were comprehensively tested under different conditions. The effects of the fault impedance, fault inception angle, mother wavelet, and fault location were investigated. Finally, simulation results verify that the offered study can be used for fault detection and classification on the transmission line.
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Authors and Affiliations

Melih Coban
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Suleyman S. Tezcan
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
  2. Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
13 Power supply with parallel reactive and distortion power compensation and tunable inductive filter — Part 2

Michał Gwóźdź , Rafał Wojciechowski , Łukasz Ciepliński
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137938 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137938
Keywords: distortion power PFC power supply reactive power tunable inductive filter
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Abstract

The paper is the second part of the work, devoted to a DC power supply with a power factor correction function. The power supply is equipped additionally with a shunt active power filter function, which enables the compensation of reactive and distortion power, generated by loads, connected to the same power grid node. A tunable inductive filter, included at the input of the power electronics current source – the main block of the power supply – allows for an improvement of the quality of the system control, compared to the device with a fixed inductive filter. This improvement was possible by extending the current source “frequency response”, which facilitated increasing the dynamics of current changes at the power supply input. The second part of the work briefly reminds the reader of the principle of operation and the structures of both the power supply control system and its power stage. The main purpose of this paper is to present the selected test results of the laboratory model of the electric system with the power supply.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Gwóźdź
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Wojciechowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Ciepliński
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Control, Robotics and Electrical Engineering, Piotrowo 3A, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
14 Selected requirements for lightning protection in the light of actual standards and regulations on the example of an object to be protected
Anna Dąda , Paweł Błaut , Piotr Miller
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137548 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137548
Keywords: lightning protection system (LPS) 62305 standard air-termination system earth electrodes protection of building objects
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Abstract

Elements of the lightning protection system (LPS) often perform additional functions in the facility. Correct and economical design of these elements is possible with the fulfillment of specific requirements, close coordination and inter-branch cooperation. The article draws attention to important aspects of LPS design and highlights the ambiguities that may arise during this process. Firstly, the history of changes in national standardization in the field of lightning protection is approximated. Secondly, the individual components of external LPS are presented. Subsequently, the normative material requirements for earthing are compiled, depending on their function (for lightning protection and protection against electric shock in MV and LV installations). The last part of the paper is devoted to the comparison of the protective angle method and the rolling sphere method. The analysis was made on the example of a simple object for which LPS class I is required. It has been shown that despite the possibility of using both methods, they may result in different solutions. Depending on the choice of method, the difference in the arrangement of the air-termination system is indicated. Examples of generally available LPS solutions are also given, taking account of various materials and assembly technologies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Dąda
1
Paweł Błaut
1
Piotr Miller
2
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, ul. Nadbystrzycka 38D, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
15 Predictive torque control of induction motor drive with reduction of torque and flux ripple
Babak Kiani , Babak Mozafari , Soodabeh Soleymani , Hosein Mohammadnezhad Shourkaei
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137727 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137727
Keywords: FS-MPTC induction motor duty ratio voltage vector torque and flux ripples
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Abstract

The continuing efforts for reduction of the torque and flux ripples using Finite Set Model Predictive Direct Torque Control methods (FS-MPDTC) have been currently drowning a great attention from the academic communities and industrial applications in the field of electrical drives. The major problem of high torque and flux ripples refers to the consideration of just one active voltage vector at the whole control period. Implementation of two or more voltage vectors at each sampling time has recently been adopted as one of the practical techniques to reduce both the torque and flux ripples. Apart from the calculating challenge of the effort control, the parameter dependency and complexity of the duty ratio relationships lead to reduction of the system robustness. those are two outstanding drawbacks of these methods. In this paper, a finite set of the voltage vectors with a finite set of duty cycles are employed to implement the FS-MPDTC of induction motor. Based on so-called Discrete Duty Cycle- based FS-MPDTC (DDC-FS-MPDTC), a base duty ratio is firstly determined based on the equivalent reference voltage. This duty ratio is certainly calculated using the command values of the control system, while the motor parameters are not used in this algorithm. Then, two sets of duty ratios with limit members are constructed for two adjacent active voltage vectors supposed to apply at each control period. Finally, the prediction and the cost function evaluation are performed for all of the preselected voltage vectors and duty ratios. However, the prediction and the optimization operations are performed for only 12 states of inverter. Meanwhile, time consuming calculations related to SVM has been eliminated. So, the robustness and complexity of the control system have been respectively decreased and increased, and both the flux and torque ripples are reduced in all speed ranges. The simulation results have verified the damping performance of the proposed method to reduce the ripples of both the torque and flux, and accordingly the experimental results have strongly validated the aforementioned statement.
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Authors and Affiliations

Babak Kiani
1
Babak Mozafari
1
Soodabeh Soleymani
1
Hosein Mohammadnezhad Shourkaei
1
  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRAN
16 The real-time simulator using MATLAB/Simulink software for closed-loop coordination protection devices testing
Adam Smolarczyk , Sebastian Łapczyński , Michał Szulborski , Łukasz Kolimas , Łukasz Kozarek
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137413 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137413
Keywords: real-time simulator distance protections protection relays testing closed-loop testing MATLAB/Simulink
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Abstract

This paper aims to discuss the behavior of the proprietary real-time simulator (RTS) during testing the coordination of distance relay protections in power engineering. During the construction process of the simulator, the mapping of various dynamic phenomena occurring in the modeled part of the power system was considered. The main advantage to the solution is a lower cost of construction while maintaining high values of essential parameters, based on the generally available software environment (MATLAB/Simulink). The obtained results are discussed in detail. This paper is important from the point of view of the cost-effectiveness of design procedures, especially in power systems exploitation and when avoiding faults that result from the selection of protection relay devices, electrical devices, system operations, and optimization of operating conditions. The manuscript thoroughly discusses the hardware configuration and sample results, so that the presented real-time simulator can be reproduced by another researcher.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Smolarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sebastian Łapczyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Szulborski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kolimas
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kozarek
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Electrical Power Engineering Institute, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
  2. ILF Consulting Engineers Polska Sp. z o.o., ul. Osmańska 12, 02-823 Warsaw, Poland
17 Positive electrical circuits with the chain structure and cyclic Metzler state matrices
Tadeusz Kaczorek
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137731 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137731
Keywords: cyclic matrix positive electrical circuit fractional Metzler matrix
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Abstract

The cyclicity of the state matrices of positive linear electrical circuits with the chain structure is considered. Two classes of positive linear electrical circuits with the chain structure and cyclic Metzler state matrices are analyzed. Some new properties of these classes of positive electrical circuits are established. The results are extended to fractional linear electrical circuits.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Kaczorek
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Wiejska 45D, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
18 Data irregularities in discretisation of test sets used for evaluation of classification systems: A case study on authorship attribution
Urszula Stańczyk , Beata Zielosko
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137629 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137629
Keywords: discretisation data irregularities evaluation and test sets rough sets authorship attribution stylometry
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Abstract

When patterns to be recognised are described by features of continuous type, discretisation becomes either an optional or necessary step in the initial data pre-processing stage. Characteristics of data, distribution of data points in the input space, can significantly influence the process of transformation from real-valued into nominal attributes, and the resulting performance of classification systems employing them. If data include several separate sets, their discretisation becomes more complex, as varying numbers of intervals and different ranges can be constructed for the same variables. The paper presents research on irregularities in data distribution, observed in the context of discretisation processes. Selected discretisation methods were used and their effect on the performance of decision algorithms, induced in classical rough set approach, was investigated. The studied input space was defined by measurable style-markers, which, exploited as characteristic features, facilitate treating a task of stylometric authorship attribution as classification
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Authors and Affiliations

Urszula Stańczyk
1
Beata Zielosko
2
  1. Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Będzińska 39, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
19 Time invariant property of weighted circular convolution and its application to continuous wavelet transform
Hua Yi , Yu-Le Ru , Yin-Yun Dai
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137726 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137726
Keywords: continuous wavelet transform linear convolution weighted circular convolution generalized discrete Fourier transform
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Abstract

Time invariant linear operators are the building blocks of signal processing. Weighted circular convolution and signal processing framework in a generalized Fourier domain are introduced by Jorge Martinez. In this paper, we prove that under this new signal processing framework, weighted circular convolution also has a generalized time invariant property. We also give an application of this property to algorithm of continuous wavelet transform (CWT). Specifically, we have previously studied the algorithm of CWT based on generalized Fourier transform with parameter 1. In this paper, we prove that the parameter can take any complex number. Numerical experiments are presented to further demonstrate our analyses.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hua Yi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yu-Le Ru
1
Yin-Yun Dai
1
  1. School of Mathematics and Physics, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, 343009, P.R. China
20 An enhanced performance evaluation of workflow computing and scheduling using hybrid classification approach in the cloud environment

P. Tharani , A.M. Kalpana
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137728 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137728
Keywords: cloud workflow scheduling machine learning CNN AlexNet
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Abstract

Workflow Scheduling is the major problem in Cloud Computing consists of a set of interdependent tasks which is used to solve the various scientific and healthcare issues. In this research work, the cloud based workflow scheduling between different tasks in medical imaging datasets using Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) methods (hybrid classification approach) is proposed for healthcare applications. The main objective of this research work is to develop a system which is used for both workflow computing and scheduling in order to minimize the makespan, execution cost and to segment the cancer region in the classified abnormal images. The workflow computing is performed using different Machine Learning classifiers and the workflow scheduling is carried out using Deep Learning algorithm. The conventional AlexNet Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) architecture is modified and used for workflow scheduling between different tasks in order to improve the accuracy level. The AlexNet architecture is analyzed and tested on different cloud services Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud- EC2 and Amazon Lightsail with respect to Makespan (MS) and Execution Cost (EC).
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Tharani
1
A.M. Kalpana
1
  1. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem-636011, Tamil Nadu, India
21 Topology optimization without volume constraint – the new paradigm for lightweight design
Michał Nowak , Aron Boguszewski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137732 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137732
Keywords: topology optimization lightweight design biomimetic structural optimization
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Abstract

In the paper the new paradigm for structural optimization without volume constraint is presented. Since the problem of stiffest design (compliance minimization) has no solution without additional assumptions, usually the volume of the material in the design domain is limited. The biomimetic approach, based on trabecular bone remodeling phenomenon is used to eliminate the volume constraint from the topology optimization procedure. Instead of the volume constraint, the Lagrange multiplier is assumed to have a constant value during the whole optimization procedure. Well known MATLAB topology based optimization code, developed by Ole Sigmund, was used as a tool for the new approach testing. The code was modified and the comparison of the original and the modified optimization algorithm is also presented. With the use of the new optimization paradigm, it is possible to minimize the compliance by obtaining different topologies for different materials. It is also possible to obtain different topologies for different load magnitudes. Both features of the presented approach are crucial for the design of lightweight structures, allowing the actual weight of the structure to be minimized. The final volume is not assumed at the beginning of the optimization process (no material volume constraint), but depends on the material’s properties and the forces acting upon the structure. The cantilever beam example, the classical problem in topology optimization is used to illustrate the presented approach.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Nowak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aron Boguszewski
1
  1. Poznan University of Technology, Division of Virtual Engineering, ul. Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
22 Identification of longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics of a strake-wing micro aerial vehicle by using artificial neural networks

Dariusz Rykaczewski , Mirosław Nowakowski , Krzysztof Sibilski , Wiesław Wróblewski , Michał Garbowski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137508 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137508
Keywords: water tunnel measurements neural networks unsteady aerodynamic characteristics low Reynolds number aerodynamics
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Abstract

Appropriate modeling of unsteady aerodynamic characteristics is required for the study of aircraft dynamics and stability analysis, especially at higher angles of attack. The article presents an example of using artificial neural networks to model such characteristics. The effectiveness of this approach was demonstrated on the example of a strake-wing micro aerial vehicle. The neural model of unsteady aerodynamic characteristics was identified from the dynamic test cycles conducted in a water tunnel. The aerodynamic coefficients were modeled as a function of the flow parameters. The article presents neural models of longitudinal aerodynamic coefficients: lift and pitching moment as functions of angles of attack and reduced frequency. The modeled and trained aerodynamic coefficients show good consistency. This method manifests great potential in the construction of aerodynamic models for flight simulation purposes
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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Rykaczewski
ORCID: ORCID
Mirosław Nowakowski
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Sibilski
ORCID: ORCID
Wiesław Wróblewski
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Garbowski
23 Comparison of algorithms for satellite attitude determination using data from visual sensors
Janusz Narkiewicz , Mateusz Sochacki , Adam Rodacki , Damian Grabowski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137935 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137935
Keywords: space navigation attitude determination visual sensors
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Abstract

The objective of the research was to investigate the efficiency of selected methods of data fusion from visual sensors used on-board satellites for attitude measurements. Data from a sun sensor, an earth sensor, and a star tracker were fused, and selected methods were applied to calculate satellite attitude. First, a direct numerical solution, a numerical and analytical solution of the Wahba problem, and the TRIAD method for attitude calculation were compared used for integrating data produced by a sun sensor and an earth sensor. Next, attitude data from the star tracker and earth/sun sensors were integrated using two methods: weighted average and Kalman filter. All algorithms were coded in the MATLAB environment and tested using simulation models of visual sensors. The results of simulations may be used as an indication for the best data fusion in real satellite systems. The algorithms developed may be extended to incorporate other attitude sensors like inertial and/or GNSS to form a complete satellite attitude system.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Narkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Sochacki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Rodacki
1
Damian Grabowski
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics, ul. Nowowiejska 24, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
24 Modeling and parametric optimization of friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA7068-T6 using response surface methodology and desirability function analysis
M.D. Bindu , P.S. Tide , A.B. Bhasi , K.K. Ramachandran
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137936 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137936
Keywords: AA7068-T6 friction stir welding response surface method desirability function
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Abstract

In this investigation, high specific strength precipitation hardenable alloy AA7068-T6 was joined using friction stir welding. Experiments were carried out using the three factor-three level central composite face-centered design of response surface methodology. Regression models were developed to assess the influence of tool rotational speed, welding speed, and axial force on ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the fabricated joints. The validity of the developed models was tested using the analysis of variance (ANOVA), actual and adjusted values of the regression coefficients, and experimental trials. The analysis of the developed models together with microstructural studies of typical cases showed that the tool rotational speed and welding speed have a significant interaction effect on the tensile strength and elongation of the joints. However, the axial force has a relatively low interaction effect with tool rotational speed and welding speed on the strength and elongation of the joints. The process variables were optimized using the desirability function analysis. The optimized values of joint tensile strength and elongation – 516 MPa and 21.57%, respectively were obtained at a tool rotational speed of 1218 rpm, welding speed of 47 mm/ min, and an axial force of 5.3 kN.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.D. Bindu
1
P.S. Tide
1
A.B. Bhasi
1
K.K. Ramachandran
2
  1. Division of Mechanical Engineering, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India
  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Trissur, Kerala, India
25 Technology for porous ammonium nitrate production: modeling of drying machines’ operating modes
Nadiia Artyukhova , Jan Krmela , Artem Artyukhov , Vladimíra Krmelová , Mária Gavendová , Alžbeta Bakošová
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137585 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137585
Keywords: porous ammonium nitrate drying machine operating modes software
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Abstract

The article deals with the technological principles regarding the final drying process of the porous ammonium nitrate (PAN) granules in multistage gravitational shelf dryers. The data on the dryer’s optimal technological operating modes are obtained. PAN samples are studied; the regularity of the porous structure change in the granule depending on the dryer’s hydrodynamic and thermodynamic conditions is established. Experimental data obtained during the research will be used to create a methodology for the engineering calculation of gravitational shelf dryers. Moreover, the data on the optimal operating conditions of the drying machines at the final drying stage will be used to improve the technology to form porous granules from agricultural ammonium nitrate.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nadiia Artyukhova
1
Jan Krmela
2
ORCID: ORCID
Artem Artyukhov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Vladimíra Krmelová
3
Mária Gavendová
3
Alžbeta Bakošová
2
  1. Sumy State University, Oleg Balatskyi Academic and Research Institute of Finance, Economics and Management, Department of Marketing, Rymskogo-Korsakova st. 2, 40007, Sumy, Ukraine
  2. Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, Faculty of Industrial Technologies in Púchov, Department of Numerical Methods and Computational Modeling, Ivana Krasku 491/30, 020 01 Púchov, Slovakia
  3. Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, Faculty of Industrial Technologies in Púchov, Department of Material Technologies and Environment, Ivana Krasku 491/30, 020 01 Púchov, Slovakia
26 Fusion reaction study of halo system by quantum mechanical-based model for ⁶He+⁶⁴Zn, ⁸B+⁵⁸Ni and 8He+¹⁹⁷Au systems
Maryam H. Abd Madhi , Fouad A. Majeed
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137734 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137734
Keywords: semiclassical treatment fusion barrier distribution halo nuclei fusion cross-section continuum discretized coupled channels
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Abstract

In the current work the calculations of the reaction cross-section of total fusion σ fus, the fusion barrier distribution D fus, and the probability P fus were achieved for systems ⁶He+⁶⁴Zn, ⁸B+⁵⁸Ni and ⁸He+¹⁹⁷Au which involve halo nuclei by using a semiclassical approach. The semiclassical and quantum mechanics treatments comprise the approximation of WKB for describing the relative motion among projectile nuclei and target nuclei, and the method of CDCC (Continuum Discretized Coupled Channel) for describing the intrinsic motion for the projectile and target nuclei. Our semiclassical calculations yielded findings that were compared to obtainable experimental data as well as quantum mechanics calculations. For fusion cross-sections σ fus below and above the Coulomb barrier Vb, the quantum mechanics coupled channels are very similar, according to the experimental results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maryam H. Abd Madhi
1
Fouad A. Majeed
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
27 Characterization of oxide layers formed on 10CrMo9-10 steel operated for a long time in the power industry

Monika Gwoździk , Christiane Ullrich , Christian Schimpf , David Rafaja , Sławomir Kulesza , Mirosław Bramowicz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137730 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137730
Keywords: power industry 10CrMo9-10 steel oxide layers
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Abstract

This paper presents the results of diagnostic examinations conducted on the coils of super-heaters made of 10CrMo9‒10 steel that were operated in industrial conditions at 480°C for 130 thousand hours. The tube was exposed in a coal-fired boiler. The chemical and phase composition of the oxide/deposit layers formed on both sides of the tube walls (outside – flue-gas side and inside – steam side) and their sequence was examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with electron backscatter diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The changes in the mechanical properties caused by corrosion and aging processes were concluded from the hardness measurements. In addition, the nature of cracks in the oxide layers caused by pressing a Vickers indenter was determined. The results of these examinations have shown a high degradation of steel on the flue-gas inflow side and identified the main corrosion products and mechanisms.
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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Gwoździk
1
Christiane Ullrich
2
Christian Schimpf
2
David Rafaja
2
Sławomir Kulesza
3
Mirosław Bramowicz
3
  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, ul. Dabrowskiego 69, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
  2. TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Akademiestraße 6, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
  3. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Michała Oczapowskiego 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
28 Cavitation erosion of electrostatic spray polyester coatings with different surface finish
Mirosław Szala , Aleksander Świetlicki , Weronika Sofińska-Chmiel
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137519 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137519
Keywords: polyester powder coatings cavitation erosion profilometry spectroscopy wear mechanism AW-6060 aluminium alloy
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Abstract

Polyester coatings are among the most commonly used types of powder paints and present a wide range of applications. Apart from its decorative values, polyester coating successfully prevents the substrate from environmental deterioration. This work investigates the cavitation erosion (CE) resistance of three commercial polyester coatings electrostatic spray onto AW-6060 aluminium alloy substrate. Effect of coatings repainting (single- and double-layer deposits) and effect of surface finish (matt, silk gloss and structural) on resistance to cavitation were comparatively studied. The following research methods were used: CE testing using ASTM G32 procedure, 3D profilometry evaluation, light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical profilometry and FTIR spectroscopy. Electrostatic spray coatings present higher CE resistance than aluminium alloy. The matt finish double-layer (M2) and single-layer silk gloss finish (S1) are the most resistant to CE. The structural paint showed the lowest resistance to cavitation wear which derives from the rougher surface finish. The CE mechanism of polyester coatings relies on the material brittle-ductile behaviour, cracks formation, lateral net-cracking growth and removal of chunk coating material and craters’ growth. Repainting does not harm the properties of the coatings. Therefore, it can be utilised to regenerate or smother the polyester coating finish along with improvement of their CE resistance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław Szala
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksander Świetlicki
2
Weronika Sofińska-Chmiel
3
  1. Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, ul. Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  2. Students Research Group of Materials Technology, Department of Materials Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, ul. Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  3. Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, pl. Maria Curie-Sklodowska 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
29 Semiquantum authentication of users resistant to multisession attacks
Piotr Zawadzki
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137729 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137729
Keywords: quantum cryptography quantum identity authentication semi-quantum communication
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Abstract

User authentication is an essential element of any communication system. The paper investigates the vulnerability of the recently published first semiquantum identity authentication protocol (Quantum Information Processing 18: 197, 2019) to the introduced herein multisession attacks. The impersonation of the legitimate parties by a proper combination of phishing techniques is demonstrated. The improved version that closes the identified loophole is also introduced
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Zawadzki
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Telecommunications and Teleinformatics, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
30 Retraction notice Machining of microholes in Ti-6Al-4V by hybrid micro-electrical discharge machining to improve process parameters and flushing properties
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e00ret1
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