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International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

Opis

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications (IJET, eISSN 2300-1933, untill 2013 also print ISSN 2081-8491) is a periodical of Electronics and Telecommunications Committee of Polish Academy of Sciences and it is published by Warsaw Science Publishers of PAS. It continues tradition of the Electronics and Telecommunications Quarterly (ISSN 0867-6747) established in 1955 as the Rozprawy Elektrotechniczne. The IJET is a scientific periodical where papers present the results of original, theoretical, experimental and reviewed works. They consider widely recognized aspects of modern electronics, telecommunications, microelectronics, optoelectronics, radioelectronics and medical electronics.

The authors are outstanding scientists, well‐known experienced specialists as well as young researchers – mainly candidates for a doctor's degree. The papers present original approaches to problems, interesting research results, critical estimation of theories and methods, discuss current state or progress in a given branch of technology and describe development prospects. All the papers published in IJET are reviewed by international specialists who ensure that the publications are recognized as author's scientific output.

The printed periodical is distributed among all those who deal with electronics and telecommunications in national scientific centers as well as in numeral foreign institutions, and it is subscribed by many specialists and libraries. Its electronic version is available at http://ijet.pl.

The papers received are published within half a year if the cooperation between author and the editorial staff is efficient. The papers may be submitted to the editorial office by the journal web page http://ijet.pl.


Journal Metrics:

IMPACT FACTOR 2023: 0.5

CiteScore metrics from Scopus 2023: 1.5

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023: 0.200

Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2022: 0.364

Citation Indicator (JCI): 0.15

ISSN
eISSN 2300-1933 (since 2013), ISSN 2081-8491 (until 2012)
Wydawcy
Polish Academy of Sciences Committee of Electronics and Telecommunications

Editor-in-Chief
Ryszard S. Romaniuk, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Poland

Managing Editor
Danuta Sobczak-Bartosiewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Technical Editors
Maciej Linczuk, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Poland

Secretary in-Charge
Danuta Ojrzenska-Wojter, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Telecommunications, Poland

Administrative Assistant
Danuta Sobczak-Bartosiewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland


Editorial Advisory Board
Prof. Victor-Valeriu Patriciu, Director Doctoral School of Electronics, Informatics and Communications for Defense and Security, Military Technical Academy Bucharest, Romania, Romania

Prof. Bart Scheers, Royal Military Academy, Belgium

Dr. Eli Winjum, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Norway

Wladyslaw Skarbek, Warsaw University of Technology, IRE, Poland

Christian Napoli, University of Catania, Italy

Rosario Giunta, University of Catania, Italy

Christopher Chiu, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Prof. Emiliano Tramontana, University of Catania, Italy

Prof Robin Braun, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Dr David Davis, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

dr Brian Culshaw, University of Strathclyde, UK, United Kingdom

Grzegorz Chmaj, University of Nevada, United States

Giuseppe Pappalardo, University of Catania, Italy

Michael Affenzeller, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria

Prof. Stavros Hatzopoulos, Laboratory of Hearing Science Audiology Dept., University of Ferrara, Italy, Italy

Prof Nikita M Ryskin, Saratov State University, Russian Federation

Prof. Adam Wolisz, Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Telecommunication Networks

Prof. Edmundo Monteiro, Departamento de Engenharia Informatica Universidade de Coimbra Portugal, Portugal

Prof. Zoubir Mammeri, IRIT, Université Paul Sabatier 118 Route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 FRANCE, France

Dr Paul D Polishuk, IGI, Boston, MA, USA

Giuseppe Macchiarella, Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Italy

Prof. Bernd Steinbach, Bergakademie Freiberg Fakultät für Mathematik und Informatik Institut, Germany

Jan Szmidt, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Zenon Chaczko, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Józef Modelski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Wiesław Woliński, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Ryszard Klempous, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland

Radomir Stanković, University of Niš, Serbia

Javier Poncela, University of Malaga, Spain

Marek Turowski, CFD Research Corporation, United States

Dawid Zydek, NV Energy, United States

Wojciech Szpankowski, Purdue University, United States

Jacek Żurada, University of Louisville, United States

Tadeusz Luba, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Stefan Hahn, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Gilbert De Mey, Ghent University, Belgium

Svetlana Yanushkevich, University of Calgary, Canada

Viktor Krozer, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

Adam Morawiec, European Electronic Chips & Systems Design Initiative, France

Herman Rohling, Technical University of Hamburg, Germany

Franco Davoli, University of Genowa, Italy

Michał Mrozowski, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland

Włodzimierz Janke, Koszalin University of Technology, Poland</

Principal Contact
Ryszard S. Romaniuk
Professor
Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, room 217, Nowowiejska 15/19, Warsaw 00-665, Poland
Phone: +48222345110
Fax: +48228252300
Email: ryszard.romaniuk@pw.edu.pl

Support Contact
Danuta Bartosiewicz
Email: danuta.bartosiewicz@pw.edu.pl

 

 

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.


The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.


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Zawartość

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4

1 Lightweight mutual Authentication Protoco lfor IoT devices using Elliptical Curves
Vandani Verma
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 785-790 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149609
Słowa kluczowe: reader tag authentication RFID IoT elliptical curves
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Abstrakt

The Internet of Things (IoT) has now permeated every aspect of modern life, requiring that all things be connected to one another and to the Internet using proper protocols. IoT, being an essential component of today's smart society is experiencing enormous problems from various security and interoperability attacks. Traditional encryption is unsuitable for low-cost IoTs because they are vulnerable to physical attacks. This paper proposes Lightweight mutual Authentication Protocol for IoT devices based on hash function using Elliptical Curve approach in which mutual authentication between RFID Tag and Reader is established through several rounds of communication. We also compare the proposed approach of authentication at both ends (Tag and Reader) in terms of efficiency and security.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Vandani Verma
1
  1. Department of Mathematics, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
2 Modeling of the characteristics of an avalanche photodiode taking into account the influence of the directed energy of the electromagnetic field
Jacek Dąbrowski , Janusz Zarębski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 791-796 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149610
Słowa kluczowe: photodiode DEW weapon laser radiation HPM radiation modeling SPICE
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Abstrakt

The paper presents and discusses the results of simulation of the current-voltage characteristics of an avalanche photodiode carried out in the SPICE program. The simulations take into account the influence of the directed energy of the electromagnetic field used in modern DEW (Directed-Energy Weapon), in the form of laser optical radiation and HPM (High Power Microwave) radiation, on the characteristics of the photodiode. The calculations were made using the model of the considered diode developed by the authors.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jacek Dąbrowski
1
Janusz Zarębski
1
  1. Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
3 Evaluating the effectiveness of Doppler frequency shift determination using pilots in broadband transmission
Agnieszka Czapiewska , Andrzej Łuksza , Ryszard Studański , Łukasz Wojewódka , Andrzej Żak
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 797-803 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149611
Słowa kluczowe: Underwater communication multipath channels Doppler shift Doppler measurements MFSK
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Abstrakt

In underwater communications, reciprocal motion between transmitter and receiver has a significant impact on reception quality. In orthogonal broadband systems that provide high bit rates, this problem becomes more important, especially in the higher frequency range, where the absolute Doppler shift is the greatest. Due to the low propagation speed of acoustic wave underwater, a substantial difference exists between the Doppler shift for lower and upper frequencies of the utilized spectrum. Consequently, a frequency-independent Doppler shift factor is employed. One of the most popular methods for determining the Doppler shift is the use of pilots. The problem of selecting the number and determining the frequency of pilots in such a way as to obtain the lowest possible error rate was identified. Real-world testing was conducted in a multipath propagation environment with relative speeds of up to 1.5 m/s. The effectiveness of Doppler shift determination was evaluated by analyzing the bit error rate. The results of the conducted tests indicate that, based on the achieved error rate, it is sufficient to employ 7 pilots positioned at low frequencies.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Agnieszka Czapiewska
1
Andrzej Łuksza
2
Ryszard Studański
2
Łukasz Wojewódka
2
Andrzej Żak
3
  1. Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland
  2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
  3. Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, PolishNaval Academy, Poland
4 Shallow water communication with an object buried in bottom sediments
Roman Salamon , Jacek Marszal , Iwona Kochańska
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 805-813 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152064
Słowa kluczowe: underwater acoustic communications UAC shallow water channel multipath propagation bottom sediments
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Abstrakt

Underwater acoustic communications (UAC) in shallow water applications is a very difficult task. This task becomes even more difficult when there is a need to ensure reliable communication with an object buried in bottom sediments. The article presents a simulation of an acoustic transmission channel in conditions of strong multi-path propagation to an object buried in bottom sediments. The impulse response method was used, supported by a technique derived from the ray tracing image source method. Simulation results are presented for both narrowband and broadband signals with LFM frequency modulation. Based on the simulation, the conditions that should be met by the transmission signals to ensure correct communication were determined. Examples of data transmission to an object buried in bottom sediments in a simulated shallow channel with multi-path propagation were also presented.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Roman Salamon
1
Jacek Marszal
1
Iwona Kochańska
1
  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Department of Signals and Systems, Gdańsk, Poland
5 Decoding soundscape stimuli and their impact on ASMR studies
Tomasz Piernicki , Sahar Seifzadeh , Bozena Kostek
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152065
Słowa kluczowe: ASMR acoustic stimuli soundscape 2-dimensional signal representation speech processing
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Abstrakt

This paper focuses on extracting and understanding the acoustical features embedded in the soundscape used in ASMR (Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response) studies. To this aim, a dataset of the most common sound effects employed in ASMR studies is gathered, containing whispering stimuli but also sound effects such as tapping and scratching. Further, a comparative analytical survey is performed based on various acoustical features and two-dimensional representations in the form of mel spectrogram. A special interest is in whispering sounds uttered in different languages. That is why whispering sounds are compared in the language context, and the characteristics of speaking and whispering are investigated within languages. The results of the 2D analyses are shown in the form of similarity measures, such as Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (NRMSE), PSNR (peak signal-to-noise ratio), and SSIM (structural similarity index measure). The summary is produced, showing that the analytical aspect of the inherently experiential nature of ASMR is highly affected by the subjective, personal experience, so the evidence behind triggering certain brain waves cannot be unambiguous.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Tomasz Piernicki
Sahar Seifzadeh
Bozena Kostek
6 Comparison of Deep Learning approaches in classification of lacial landforms
Paweł Nadachowski , Zbigniew Łubniewski , Karolina Trzcińska , Jarosław Tęgowski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 823-829 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152066
Słowa kluczowe: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) deep learning Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Elise glacier Gardno- Leba Plain glacial landforms Lubawa Upland Residual Neural Network (ResNet) supervised classification Svalbard VGG Vision Transformer (ViT)
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Abstrakt

Glacial landforms, created by the continuous movements of glaciers over millennia, are crucial topics in geomorphological research. Their systematic analysis affords invaluable insights into past climatic oscillations and augments understanding of long-term climate change dynamics. The classification of these types of terrain traditionally depends on labor-intensive manual or semi-automated methods. However, the emergence of automated techniques driven by deep learning and neural networks holds promise for enhancing efficiency of terrain classification workflows. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures, particularly Residual Neural Network (ResNet) and VGG in comparison with Vision Transformer (ViT) architecture in the glacial landform classification task. By using preprocessed input data from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) which covers regions such as the Lubawa Upland and Gardno-Leba Plain in Poland, as well as the Elise Glacier in Svalbard, Norway, comprehensive assessments of those methods were conducted. The final results highlight the unique ability of deep learning methods to accurately classify glacial landforms. Classification process presented in this study can be the efficient, repeatable and fast solution for automatic terrain classification.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Paweł Nadachowski
1
Zbigniew Łubniewski
1
Karolina Trzcińska
2
Jarosław Tęgowski
2
  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
  2. University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
7 Suitability of acoustic power amplifiers as power amplifiers in underwater communication systems
Aleksander M. Schmidt , Jan H. Schmidt , Iwona Kochańska
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 831-838 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152067
Słowa kluczowe: power amplifier transmitter underwater communications amplitude phase spectrum
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Abstrakt

The paper presents selected acoustic power amplifiers from among those currently available. The results of a series of measurements characteris ing the amplifiers are presented. The measured amplitude and phase characteristics as a function of frequency for four selected amplifiers are analysed. The spectra of the output signal in the band from 4 kHz to 30 kHz are presented. The usefulness of the selected amplifiers in an underwater communication system is assessed.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Aleksander M. Schmidt
1
Jan H. Schmidt
1
Iwona Kochańska
1
  1. Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland
8 Spectral Analysis of MRI Sound Signal
Swapnil Arawade , Janusz Piechowicz
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 839-847 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152068
Słowa kluczowe: magnetic resonance imaging acoustics spectral analysis
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Abstrakt

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a very versatile diagnostic tool for non-invasive analysis of human organ functions, without use of ionizing radiations. Loud operating sound is the major challenge associated with the MRI technology, reaching up to 130 dB. This paper analyses and compares the spectral properties of acoustic noise produced in the examination room of the mobile imaging trailer based 1.5 Tesla MRI system, during different scanning sequences of image acquisition. The analysis is useful in understanding the dynamic behavior of the sound generated inside the examination room to develop the noise reduction strategy.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Swapnil Arawade
1
Janusz Piechowicz
1
  1. AGH University of Krakow. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Department of Mechanics andVibroacoustics, Poland
9 MFCC-Based Sound Classification of Honey Bees
Urszula Libal , Pawel Biernacki
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 849–853 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152069
Słowa kluczowe: Internet of Things (IoT) smart beekeeping pattern recognition signal processing mel-frequency cepstral coefficients
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Abstrakt

Abstract—Smart beekeeping is a rapidly developing field. Automated detection and classification of honey bees opens many new opportunities for studies on their behavior. In this paper, we focus on distinguishing between two classes of bees: female workers and male drones. The classification is performed on mel-frequency cepstral coefficients obtained for audio recordings of their flights in a close proximity to an entrance to a beehive. We compare the classification accuracy for several classifiers. We investigate how partitioning of the frequency spectrum influences the classification results. The study involves series of experiments performed for different cepstral representations in the form of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 40 mel-frequency cepstral coefficients.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Urszula Libal
1
ORCID: ORCID
Pawel Biernacki
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Acoustics, Multimedia and Signal Processing, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
10 A Flexible Way of Coarse Coordinates Estimation for Sodars
Kamil Stawiarski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 855–859 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152070
Słowa kluczowe: sodar DOA estimation channel estimation
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Abstrakt

The publication presents a flexible approach to implementing coarse coordinate estimation of an object observed with a sodar. This flexibility permits any arrangement of sound sources as well as microphones. Only minimal requirements are imposed on the probing signal, which can particularly be broadband. The algorithms have been tested on both synthetic data and data recorded with an actual device.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Kamil Stawiarski
1
  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Department of Signals and Systems, Poland
11 Performance of underwater data transmission using incoherent modulation MFSK in very shallow waters
Jan H. Schmidt , Aleksander M. Schmidt , Iwona Kochańska , Ryszard Studański , Andrzej Żak
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 861-869 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152071
Słowa kluczowe: underwater acoustic communications multipath propagation MFSK very shallow waters
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Abstrakt

Ensuring universal and stable underwater communication in shallow waters for various environmental conditions is a difficult scientific and engineering task. This applies in particular to underwater communication systems that use acoustic waves in very shallow underwater channels, where multipath propagation permanently occurs. The article provides assumptions for a system working with incoherent M-ary Frequency-Shift Keying (MFSK) modulation, along with guidelines for eliminating the impact of the multipath phenomenon. The results of experimental tests carried out in a lake for two seasons and, therefore, different sound velocity profiles are presented. For comparison purposes, three transducers placed at different depths, including at the bottom of the reservoir, were used to receive the transmitted signals.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jan H. Schmidt
1
Aleksander M. Schmidt
1
Iwona Kochańska
1
Ryszard Studański
2
Andrzej Żak
3
  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Poland
  2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
  3. Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Polish Naval Academy, Poland
12 Classification system from Optical Coherence Tomography using transfer learning
Muhamad Asvial , Tobias Ivandito Margogo Silalahi , Muh. Asnoer Laagu
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 871-877 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152072
Słowa kluczowe: Deep Learning Transfer Learning Optical Coherence Tomography Inception V3 VGG-16
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Abstrakt

This research aims to create a decision support system to identify retinal diseases using a four-class classification problem. To achieve this, the proposed system uses deep learning architecture to automatically recognize CNV, DME, and drusen from OCT images. The model employs two transfer learning architectures with several additional layers to classify retinal diseases. The purpose of model training, validation, and testing, the experiment uses 6,000 grayscale images labeled into four classes from the OCT data set. The Inception V3 model’s proposed additional layer exhibits an increase in accuracy of 3.08% and a reduction in the loss by 0.3767. The experiment’s results indicate that the Inception V3 model achieved an accuracy rate of 99.31%, and the VGG-16 model reached 98.83%, which outperformed other deep learning models using the OCT data set.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Muhamad Asvial
1
Tobias Ivandito Margogo Silalahi
1
Muh. Asnoer Laagu
2
  1. University of Indonesia
  2. University of Jember
13 Bladder volume estimation based on USG images
Volodymyr Mosorov , Daniel Baradziej , Marta Chodyka
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 879-886 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152073
Słowa kluczowe: deep learning bladder volume estimation medical imaging convolutional neural networks image segmentation MONAI platform diagnostic accuracy
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Abstrakt

The article explores deep learning models in urological diagnostics to measure urinary bladder volume from medical images. It addresses the shortcomings of traditional methods by introducing advanced imaging techniques for more objective and precise analysis. The research employs Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and the MONAI platform for image segmentation and analysis, using data from The Cancer Imaging Archive to focus on urological regions. Findings suggest these models enhance diagnostic accuracy but also highlight the need for further modifications to tailor them to specific medical data, underscoring machine learning’s significant role in accurate medical assessments for urology.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Volodymyr Mosorov
1
Daniel Baradziej
1
Marta Chodyka
2
  1. Lodz University of Technology, Poland
  2. John Paul II University in Biala Podlaska, Poland
14 MEMS Modelling in the Context of Inertial Navigation
Jerzy Demkowicz
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 887-893 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152074
Słowa kluczowe: MEMS model accelerometer nonlinear limitations inertial navigation
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Abstrakt

Underwater navigation is a research topic current undertaken in many areas of underwater research. The article presents an analysis resulting from MEMS modelling in the context of inertial navigation. The ideal approach was confronted with its limitations, but a non-linear approach, close to the real one, was also presented. Both models were compared in the context of inertial navigation. Random disturbances and their impact on linear and nonlinear dynamic systems, and in this context on Brownian noise motion, were also analysed. The linear velocity and displacement estimates generated by the presented models were compared to the ideal responses. The phenomenon of bifurcation in the context of inertial measurements is presented. Some of the analysis is performed on real data, but for greater clarity, some is performed on simulated data to highlight design issues and limitations.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jerzy Demkowicz
1
  1. Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland
15 False Piezoresistive Effect Detection
Jerzy Kalenik , Wojciech Stęplewski , Janusz Borecki , Aneta Chołaj , Mirosław Kozłowski , Tomasz Serzysko
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 895-900 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152075
Słowa kluczowe: polymer thick-film resistors false piezoresistive effect strain sensors
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Abstrakt

Possibility of the use commercial carbon-polymer pastes for preparation thick-film resistors for linear strain sensors application was tested. The research showed that the polymer thick-film resistors are characterized by the piezoresistive effect up to 2% strain. For higher strain small cracks appeared in the resistive film. Presence of the cracks influenced resistance of the sensor. It is so called false piezoresistive effect. The cracks may cause instability of the sensor. Visual detection of the cracks is hardly possible because of their small dimensions. The indicator of cracks creation in resistive film was found.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jerzy Kalenik
1
Wojciech Stęplewski
2
Janusz Borecki
2
Aneta Chołaj
2
Mirosław Kozłowski
2
Tomasz Serzysko
2
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
  2. Lukasiewicz Research Network - Tele and Radio Research Institute, Poland
16 Reducing interference effects in distributed D2D communication underlaying multicell cellular communication network using Soft Fractional Frequency Reuse
Misfa Susanto , Soraida Sabella , FX Arinto Setyawan
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 901-908 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152076
Słowa kluczowe: D2D Communication downlink transmission FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse) in-band D2D multicell
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Abstrakt

The interests of researchers in expanding network capacity and enhancing network quality have risen as a result of the growing demands for mobile multimedia traffics in cellular communication networks. Device-to-Device (D2D) communication has become a promising technology to enhance spectral efficiency and network capacity. However, since D2D devices share the frequency bandwidth with the traditional cellular networks, it causes interference problems. This paper proposes a soft Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) scheme to resolve the interference problems in such D2D communications. Extensive simulation experiment has been carried out. The performance of the system with proposed scheme is compared to a baseline system. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme is able to increase the value of SINR and throughput, achieving the values from 19.8 dB to 20.7 dB and from 66.1 to 68.8 Mbp, respectively. For CUE the scheme is able to provide an increase of 15.5% for SINR and 15% increase for throughput on downlink transmission.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Misfa Susanto
1
Soraida Sabella
1
FX Arinto Setyawan
1
  1. Department of Electical Engineering, University of Lampung, Indonesia
17 Optimizing the Signal-to-Noise Ratio using the Virtual Line of Sight and choosing the appropriate dimension
Bushra Jarjees Qeryaqos , Saad Ahmed Ayoob
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 909-914 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152077
Słowa kluczowe: reconfigurable intelligent surfaces millimeter-wave environment signal-to-noise ratio RIS height VLOS
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Abstrakt

One potential candidate technology for Beyond 5G (B5G) networks is the reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), which is easy to install on existing infrastructure such as vehicles and buildings. Creating additional paths between the transmitter and receiver to improve the received signal accessible to the system is one of the significant uses of RIS. A virtual line of sight (VLOS) is established through the Tx-RIS-Rx link without the line of sight (LOS). RIS technology solves the problem of low coverage in millimeter-wave communications. This paper presents the effect of the signal-to-noise ratio by changing dimensions. In addition to finding the optimal values for the dimensions that give the optimal SNR, simulation results prove that the RIS height is greater than or equal to half the dimension between the sender and the receiver. It is recommended that the RIS height be greater than half the distance between the sender and the receiver.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Bushra Jarjees Qeryaqos
1
Saad Ahmed Ayoob
1
  1. University of Mosul, Iraq
18 Efficient Pruned-DFT FBMC-OQAM for Performance Enhancement of MIMO Channel Equalization Techniques
Thamer M. Jamel , Ali Al-Shuwaili
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 915-921 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152078
Słowa kluczowe: FBMC-OQAM MIMO equalization MSE pruned DFT
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Abstrakt

A The next generation of wireless systems, like 5G/6G, ought to accommodate a wide range of potential use cases like massive real-time and machine-type communications. Accordingly, such systems need to provide high throughput, low latency, and a low peak to average power ratio (PAPR). It is not feasible to fulfil each of these needs with a single 5G/6G technique. On one hand, MIMO technique can potentially improve spectral efficiency and hence support more date rates. On the other hand, the utilization of multi-carriers’ techniques like FBMC/OQAM, or offset quadrature amplitude modulation, offers a compelling substitute for the traditional cyclic prefix-based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) because of its excellent spectral efficiency and extremely low out-of-band radiation. However, the FBMC/OQAM orthogonality constraint is loosened, confined to the real field alone, resulting in intrinsic interference. This interference causes incompatibilities between FBMC/OQAM and certain MIMO schemes. Also, equalizing the time-varying MIMO channel is even more difficult when the complex valued symbol—which includes both real and imaginary FBMC/OQAM task, primarily due to the general non-flatness of the subchannels. From this perspective, we first suggest in this paper an efficient pruned-DFT-based implementation of MIMO to restoring the complex orthogonality and also reduce the complexity of the whole system. Then, we optimize MIMO channel equalization by efficiently separating and equalizing multiple parallel channels using various equalization techniques. The numerical results, presented as MSE versus subcarrier index, show that Pruned DFT technique consistently achieves lower MSE values compared to the standard MIMO FBMC-OQAM across various configurations, which indicates better error performance and its robustness in dynamic channel conditions.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Thamer M. Jamel
1
Ali Al-Shuwaili
2
  1. Department of Communications Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
  2. College of Engineering, University of InformationTechnology and Communications, Baghdad, Iraq
19 Further mobility enhancements for 5G-advanced and beyond
Jedrzej Stanczak , Umur Karabulut , Ahmad Awada , Ali Karimidehkordi , Niko Kolehmainen , Alperen Gundogan
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 923-933 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152079
Słowa kluczowe: handover mobility 3GPP 5G
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Abstrakt

The study on mobility is an inherent part of any generation of cellular technology. It is aimed at ensuring robust, reliable, and interruption-free handover of the mobile user connection. Such continuous improvement is necessary as the service requirements become more stringent which urge the mobility to meet the highest performance expectations. In this paper, it is described how such requirements are to be achieved by the 3GPP Release 18 components. It begins with the introduction to the world of mobility, covering the solutions that have been designed since the first generation of New Radio (NR). Then improvements pursued in consecutive 3GPP releases are outlined. Selected areas for Release 18 mobility enhancements have been evaluated using 5G-compliant system-level simulations and results thereof are presented below. These include wrong Primary Secondary Cell (PSCell) preparation in Conditional Handover (CHO) and the impacts of secondary cell setup delay in Dual Connectivity (DC). It is shown that preparing multiple PSCells in CHO ensures the user accesses the right cell in up to 96% of cases.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jedrzej Stanczak
1
Umur Karabulut
2
Ahmad Awada
2
Ali Karimidehkordi
2
Niko Kolehmainen
2
Alperen Gundogan
2
  1. WUST and Nokia
  2. Nokia
20 Genetic Neuro-Fuzzy Approach towards Routing in Industrial IoT
Olena Semenova , Natalia Kryvinska , Andriy Semenov , Volodymyr Martyniuk , Olha Voitsekhovska
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 935-941 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152080
Słowa kluczowe: ANFIS genetic algorithm routing Internet of Things
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Abstrakt

The Internet of Things has rapidly grown in the past years as emerging technology. Moreover, 5G networks start to offer communication infrastructure for applications of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). However, due to energy limitations of IIoT devices and heterogeneity of 5G networks, managing IIoT networks is a challenging task. One of the most critical issues in IIoT that requires consideration is traffic routing that has a significant impact on energy consumption, and thus, lifetime of the network. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been widely employed to solve complex scientific and practical problems. Such AI techniques as neural networks, fuzzy systems, genetic algorithms are commonly employed in wireless networks to promote their optimization, prediction, and management. This study suggests using an Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) in 5G networks of IIoT for improving the routing process. A flow-chat of routing protocol was suggested. For input and output values of the ANFIS linguistic variables, terms and membership functions were defined. A rules base was developed. To improve the rule base of the ANFIS, a genetic algorithm was proposed. The operation of ANFIS was simulated in Matlab software.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Olena Semenova
1
Natalia Kryvinska
2
Andriy Semenov
1
Volodymyr Martyniuk
1
Olha Voitsekhovska
1
  1. Vinnytsia National Technical University, Ukraine
  2. Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
21 Adaptive sampling method for network traffic security monitoring based on queuing theory
Maciej Sosnowski , Piotr Wiśniewski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 943-951 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152081
Słowa kluczowe: sampling DPI network monitoring system state distribution
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Abstrakt

Present network monitoring systems need to cope with the ever-increasing amount of traffic in modern high-speed networks. These systems often perform sophisticated deep packet inspection (DPI) for anomaly detection, denial-of-service attacks detection and mitigation, intrusion detection and prevention, etc. Since DPI is resource-intensive, the monitoring devices are often not able to analyze all incoming traffic at link speeds. Consequently, sampling is employed to reduce the traffic volume and thus limit packet losses caused by resource exhaustion. Classical sampling methods select packets based on a fixed limiting parameter, regardless of the computational resource utilization of the monitoring device. This paper proposes a novel sampling approach for network traffic security monitoring that is based on an analytical model of the monitoring device. The model allows for testing adaptive sampling strategies that adjust the instantaneous sampling rate according to the input queue occupancy. The queue occupancy is used to drive the adaptation as it indicates the current relationship between available computational resources and the input traffic volume. Consequently, our approach maximizes the DPI ratio while simultaneously ensuring that the probability of packet loss due to resource exhaustion remains negligible. Analytical and simulation results are presented to demonstrate the impact of the proposed method on system parameters, along with a comparative studies.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Maciej Sosnowski
1
Piotr Wiśniewski
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Telecommunications, Poland
22 The joint orchestration of edge applications and UPF CNFs over edge-cloud continuum infrastructure in 6G
Witold Jóźwiak , Andrzej Bęben , Maciej Sosnowski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 953–959 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152082
Słowa kluczowe: orchestration beyond 5G 6G networks edgecloud continuum MILP experiments
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Abstrakt

The paper focuses on future 6G mobile systems deployed over the edge-cloud continuum infrastructure. The challenge is designing an effective orchestration method that allocates instances of edge applications and user plane functions, addressing the diverse requirements of involved stakeholders. We propose, implement, and evaluate new joint orchestration algorithms that take advantage of the abstract representation of edge-cloud continuum resources. The evaluation based on mathematical MILP models and trials in an experimental edgecloud continuum environment confirmed that the proposed joint orchestration outperforms other approaches.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Witold Jóźwiak
1
Andrzej Bęben
1
Maciej Sosnowski
1
  1. Telecommunication, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
23 Software Define Wide Area Network (SDWAN) network optimization analysis on radiolink-fiber optic access media migration
Nugraha Beny , Muslim Muslim , Mega Nur Khotimah , Lukman Medriavin Silalahi , Dhiya Akmal Firdaus , Christ Geofany
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 960-967 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152083
Słowa kluczowe: SD-WAN Radiolink QoS Firewall ISPs
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Abstrakt

The development of technology in radiolink networks has grown rapidly and is suitable to be implemented on wide coverage area networks, but weather and physical environment factors greatly affect signal conditions. The background that has been stated, this study proposes migration to fiber optic access media because it is able to send data faster and is not affected by electromagnetic interference and is stable. Furthermore, this study conducted an optimization analysis on the SDWAN (Software Defined Wide Area Network) network, SDWAN functions as a firewall that can provide connectivity support and infrastructure network development in branch offices with system security in one centralized platform. The test method used in this study is a connectivity test from each remote fortigate located in the branch office. While the analysis method used is Quality of Service (QoS), which is a method to find out data delivery (Packet Loss, Delay and Jitter) using the FortiManager application, which is the analytical and experimental proof of concept of the SDWAN network model using the BGP method for auto failover testing.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Nugraha Beny
1
Muslim Muslim
1
Mega Nur Khotimah
1
Lukman Medriavin Silalahi
1
Dhiya Akmal Firdaus
2
Christ Geofany
2
  1. Universitas Mercu Buana, Indonesia
  2. PT. Datacomm Diangraha, Indonesia
24 Jamming of optical network operation in physical layer
Jerzy Siuzdak , Marcin Kowalczyk , Michał Marzecki
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 969–977 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152084
Słowa kluczowe: jamming and transmission eavesdropping optical network security passive and active attacks physical layer attacks prevention with machine learning
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Abstrakt

The paper presents the existing possibilities of disrupting the operation of optical/optoelectronic telecommunication networks in a physical layer, distinguishing between passive and active attacks. The latter relay on jamming the operation of the optical network, ranging from the deterioration of the quality of service to the complete prevention of transmission. Passive attacks, on the other hand, are aimed at eavesdropping on transmissions. The paper discusses the various types of attacks, which are specific to the physical layer of optical networks, as well as capabilities of detection and prevention them based on the machine learning approach among others. Finally, a realistic scenario of an active attack by using of a clip-on coupler has been examined in the context of a local area optical network. The results confirm a very disruptive impact on the transmission quality if the power of the jamming signal is comparable with the power of useful signal.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jerzy Siuzdak
1
Marcin Kowalczyk
1
Michał Marzecki
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
25 Cross-Antenna Polyphase Interleaving and Inversion scheme to reduce the PAPR of MIMO-FBMC/OQAM system
Mounira Laabidi , Ridha Boualleguee
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 979–985 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152085
Słowa kluczowe: Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) FBMC/OQAM Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) Space-Frequency Block Coding (SFBC) CAPII
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Abstrakt

Filter Bank Multi-Carrier with Offset Quadrature Amplitude symbol mapping called as FBMC/OQAM is presented as a potential successor of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM. Combined with Multiple-Input Multiple- Output (MIMO), MIMO-FBMC/OQAM is a promising modulation scheme for high performance broadband wireless communications. However, one major drawback of MIMO-FBMC/OQAM is the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the output signals. Latinovic et al. Proposed a PAPR reduction method called Polyphase Interleaving and Inversion (PII) for MIMOOFDM systems under the use of the space-frequency block coding (SFBC) [1]. In this investigation, we suggest two schemes called Cross Antenna Polyphase Interleaving and Inversion 1 and 2 (CAPII1/(CAPII2) PAPR reduction schemes for Space Frequency Block Coding MIMO-FBMC systems which consequently utilizes additional degrees of freedom by employing multiple antennas and generating more patterns leading to more signal candidates to transmit, while requiring a limited amount of side information. The simulation results show that both the proposed CAPII schemes experience remarkable gain in PAPR.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mounira Laabidi
1
Ridha Boualleguee
1
  1. Sup’Com, University of Carthage, Tunisia
26 Advanced design and analysis of dual element MIMO antenna for Ultra-Wideband Applications
B Ramamohan , Siva Ganga Prasad M
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 987–995 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152086
Słowa kluczowe: MIMO antenna Optimization Mutual coupling Ultra-Wideband Isolation
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Abstrakt

This investigation uses the Genetic Optimization Method to convert a wide-band MIMO antenna into a UWB (3.1GHz–10.6 GHz) MIMO antenna. Initially, a 22 × 42, mm2 wideband 2X2 MIMO antenna was designed using commercial Flame Retardant-4 material. The structure of the antenna patch was designed using half-circular forms on the half-ground plane. The designed MIMO antenna operates throughout a large frequency range of 4.8–9.8 GHz. While it was successful in achieving broad band characteristics, this MIMO antenna was unable to reach ultra-wide band characteristics. The MIMO antenna was operated in UWB ranges by a parametric study, which indicated that the resonating characteristics can be significantly modified by inserting a rectangular slot into the ground plane. Throughout the operational range, it was important to be concerned about improved gain and good isolation. Accordingly, optimization was carried out in order to accomplish the essential, multi-objective goals. The difficult multi-objective design goal is now reduced to an optimization challenge by means of genetic algorithm based random search. One of the performance goals that this optimization strategy aimed to fulfil was an increase in isolation to –20 dB across the entire Ultra-Wideband, with S11 being below –10 dB from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. It is recommended to randomly select the parameters from their respective ranges for this work. This led to the selection of an optimizer based on random searches. In the operating range, the UWB has a respectable gain of 4 dB to 6 dB and increased isolation to –20 dB, according to the genetic algorithm optimizer’s execution of the predefined multiple-objective task.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

B Ramamohan
1
Siva Ganga Prasad M
1
  1. Dept. of ECE,Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, AP, India
27 The development of algorithms for safe control of an autonomous ship
Monika Rybczak , Agnieszka Lazarowska
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 997–1003 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152087
Słowa kluczowe: autonomous ship Ant Colony Optimization Linear Matrix Inequalities ship motion control safe navigation
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Abstrakt

The paper presents the results of a research on the development of algorithms for ship’s safe ship trajectory calculation and automatic control of the ship along the determined trajectory. These methods are intended for use in the autonomous navigation system of an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) or a Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS). The work presents the consecutive stages of a research that must be carried out in order to develop a system that will perform the task of multidimensional ship control in a port. The safe trajectory is calculated with the use of the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) method. The ship motion control is based on the Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI) method, implemented using the Mathworks and Yalmip libraries. The results of controlling the ship’s motion in accordance with the calculated trajectory are presented in the paper. With the use of the developed system, the ship can move autonomously based on the information from the DGPS system and a gyrocompass. The presented results concerned a computer simulation of maneuvers in the port of the Blue Lady ship from the Foundation for Shipping Safety and Environmental Protection.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Monika Rybczak
1
Agnieszka Lazarowska
1
  1. Department of Ship Automation, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
28 Evaluating the steganographic integrity of the phase coding method for concealing confidential information within audio files
Ruslana Ziubina , Valentyna Teliushchenko , Olga Veselska , Andrii Petrenko
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 1005-1011 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152088
Słowa kluczowe: phase coding method steganography confidential information attack audio file
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Abstrakt

Despite advancements in encryption technology, the issue of covert data transmission remains relevant. Researchers are actively enhancing established methods of concealing information with software tools that utilize mathematical models and developing new data entry methods. Steganographic techniques can be used with cryptographic methods to enhance the confidentiality of information within a container or as a standalone software tool. This article examines the steganographic integrity of concealing confidential information within audio files. The steganographic technique was selected as the phase coding method, which involves substituting the audio element’s phase with the secret message’s relative phase. An implementation of the chosen method was developed for the experiment. During the experiment, secret data of varying lengths were used to assess the impact of the length of the concealed information on the distortion of the audio file that may be perceptible to the listener. The study also investigated the resilience of the concealed information to noise attacks, allowing for the determination of the threshold of its robustness. The findings provide insight into the reliability of this steganographic method for hiding classified information within media objects.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ruslana Ziubina
1
Valentyna Teliushchenko
2
Olga Veselska
1
Andrii Petrenko
2
  1. University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko-Biala, Poland
  2. National Aviation University, Kyiv, Ukraine
29 Effect of the illuminance meter used on the results of color light pollution measurements
Przemysław Tabaka , Justyna Wtorkiewicz
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 1013-1022 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152089
Słowa kluczowe: illuminance meter illuminance measurements colored light spectral sensitive curve illuminated advertising
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Abstrakt

The paper presents the results of measurements of illuminance. Twenty-two types of illuminance meter with known spectral sensitivity curves of photometric heads and eleven lamps emitting colored light were used. Laboratory measurements were conducted at a characteristic point, with a focus on assessing intrusive light, with a value of 3 lx. The considerations were supplemented with simulated illuminance calculations. For most illuminance meters, correlations were observed between the measurement results and the calculations. This allows the conclusion that, especially in the case of colored light, one of the main factors affecting the measurement result is the spectral sensitivity curve of the photometric head. The greatest discrepancies in the obtained illuminance values were found in the case of lamps emitting blue light. The paper highlights the fact that measuring low illuminance values produced by lamps emitting colored light is not an easy task. Depending on the illuminance meter used, conclusions regarding the assessment of intrusive light may vary. The aim of the paper is to indicate that not all calibrated illuminance meters are suitable for this assessment.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Przemysław Tabaka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Justyna Wtorkiewicz
2
  1. Technical University of Lodz, at the Institute of Electrical Engineering, Poland
  2. Regional Office of Measures in Lodz, at theLaboratory of Physicochemistry, Poland
30 Comparison of MPPT optimization methods for P&O and PSO solar panels to overcome partial shading
Imelda Uli Vistalina Simanjuntak , Junas Haidi , Ricky Fajar Ade Putra , Lukman Medriavin Silalahi
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 1023-1029 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152090
Słowa kluczowe: MPPT Observe and observe Particle swarm Optimization Simulink matlab Solar panels
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Abstrakt

Solar panels in enclosed areas are prone to suboptimal absorption of sunlight due to unstable sunshine. Two methods to optimize solar panel efficiency are available: dynamic and static. The dynamic method involves moving the panels towards the sun to maximize solar irradiation, while the static method uses a power converter to find the maximum power point. This research evaluates the performance of the MPPT system, which uses the P&O method with PSO, on solar panels. The objective is to determine the most appropriate MPPT algorithm to optimize the efficiency of solar panels. The MPPT system’s efficiency is tested under partial shading conditions of 100 w/m2, 300 w/m2, and 500 w/m2. The system’s output is evaluated based on the highest efficiency parameter value. The efficiency of the P&O and PSO methods is compared, and the most optimal efficiency is determined. The MPPT system is designed to measure parameters that are demonstrated qualitatively.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Imelda Uli Vistalina Simanjuntak
1
Junas Haidi
2
Ricky Fajar Ade Putra
3
Lukman Medriavin Silalahi
1
  1. Universitas Mercu Buana, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Bengkulu
  3. PLN Indonesia
31 Space 4.0 – a common, democratic European space, part 2
Ryszard S. Romaniuk , Piotr Orleański
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 1031-1041 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152091
Słowa kluczowe: space policies Space 4.0 project European Space Agency space democratization space and satellite engineering
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Abstrakt

Today we are in a period of explosion of business taking advantage of the new opportunities offered by the new environment of economically open space. The period, sometimes called Space 4.0, is a paradigm shift, with changes in motivation and understanding, actors, and technology. For over a dozen years, under the name NewSpace, a revolution has been taking place in the space sector with the participation of new players, schools and universities, new commercial entrepreneurs and businesses. NewSpace entered the area traditionally occupied by OldSpace – government space agencies and large companies, testing new possibilities. These possibilities include new services, e.g. using data transmission from space, regarding communication, precise navigation, agriculture, surveillance, mapping, geology, climate, space weather, environmental monitoring, and security. The transformation of OldSpace into NewSpace was associated with the business risk of changing old, conservative business models into completely new ones, unknown in this area. The transformation is related to the need to maintain the changes in a reasonable legal system so as not to experience the „Wild West” again, this time in space. It is currently difficult to establish strict rules regarding the still distant colonization of Mars, but undoubtedly establishing rules for the use of the LEO area, i.e. the already crowded low Earth orbits, is becoming an increasingly urgent necessity. In the context of competition and technological cooperation between giga-regions, international cooperation, combating old prejudices and establishing equal opportunities, under the umbrella of social acceptance, we are building in Europe, not without difficulties, a common, democratic space.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ryszard S. Romaniuk
1
Piotr Orleański
2
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
  2. Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
32 Generative Artificial Intelligence in the teaching activities of academic teachers and students
Miłosz Wawrzyniec Romaniuk , Joanna Łukasiewicz-Wieleba
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 1043-1048 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152092
Słowa kluczowe: artificial intelligence AI in teaching and learning higher education academic teachers students
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Abstrakt

The study aimed to learn about the experiences and opinions of students and academic teachers regarding the use of artificial intelligence in higher education. The question was answered to what extent and in what way do students and academic teachers of APS use AI in their studies and work? A diagnostic survey method was used, and original survey questionnaires were used. The study involved 58 academic teachers and 139 students. A significant number of academic teachers do not use artificial intelligence, and some of them express open disapproval of its use in education. These concerns include the negative impact of AI on the teaching process and the risks associated with verifying knowledge. A small number of lecturers use AI mainly to search for or create teaching materials. They use AI to prepare lesson plans, generate images, or make classes more attractive. In turn, some of them fear that AI may encourage students to abuse technology in the educational process. Most students declare that they do not use AI, and some are afraid of its inaccuracy and the possibility of making mistakes. Of the students who use AI, they mainly use it to search for information, simplify and correct their work, and create new materials. There is a clear discrepancy between the needs and goals of lecturers and students in the context of AI use. Lecturers perceive AI as a tool to support teaching, but with concerns about its ethical and practical application, while students treat AI as a tool to facilitate everyday learning tasks. The results suggest the need to implement training on the ethical use of AI and its full potential for both lecturers and students to prepare them for the upcoming technological changes in education.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Miłosz Wawrzyniec Romaniuk
1
Joanna Łukasiewicz-Wieleba
1
  1. Maria Grzegorzewska University, Poland
33 Advanced High-Level Synthesis techniques based on metamodel
Radoslaw Cieszewski , Ryszard Romaniuk , Krzysztof Poźniak , Maciej Linczuk
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 1049–1056 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152093
Słowa kluczowe: High-Level Synthesis Metamodel FPGA Optimization Hardware Design Digital Signal Processing System Design
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Abstrakt

This paper explores advanced techniques in highlevel synthesis (HLS) utilizing metamodel structures. Metamodels act as models of hardware models, generating internal hardware models based on parameter inputs and exploring the solution space to find optimal configurations. The focus is on enhancing HLS processes through metamodeling, enabling more efficient hardware design and optimization. Key contributions include a novel metamodel framework and a case study demonstrating its application in complex system designs. The proposed methods show significant improvements in synthesis efficiency and scalability, making them highly relevant for modern FPGA and ASIC design workflows.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Radoslaw Cieszewski
1
Ryszard Romaniuk
1
Krzysztof Poźniak
1
Maciej Linczuk
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
34 On Behavior of Sampled Signal when Value of Sampling Period Tends to Zero and Analog-to-Digital Conversion in Microwave Photonic Systems
Andrzej Borys
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 1057-1062 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152360
Słowa kluczowe: Modelling of sampled signal in general and in microwave photonic systems behavior of this signal for sampling period going to zero description of signals occurring in analog-todigital microwave photonic systems
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Abstrakt

In this paper, we compare behaviors of two possible descriptions of the sampled signal in the case when the sampling period tends to zero, but remains all the time greater than zero. Note that this is the case we are dealing with in analog-to-digital conversion in microwave photonic systems. From this comparison, it follows that the description with the weighted step function is superior to the description with the weighted Dirac comb. A couple of useful comments and remarks associated with the results presented are also provided in the context of microwave photonic systems.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Andrzej Borys
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Marine Telecommunications,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
35 Crowdsourcing Evaluation of Video Summarization Algorithm
Avrajyoti Dutta , Dawid Juszka , Mikołaj Leszczuk
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 1063–1069 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152361
Słowa kluczowe: Crowdsourcing Evaluation Subjective Experiment Video Quality Assessment Video Summarization Processed Video Sequences (PVS) User Generated Content (UGC) Quality of experience (QoE) Video Quality Indicators (VQI)
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Abstrakt

The technique of video summarizing involves selecting the most relevant and informative sections of a video to generate its shortened and faster version. Crowdsourcing is a relatively new term that has been exploited in the present study to achieve video summarization. This technique helps in dividing a task into multiple parts, and each of these parts is then evaluated using a large group of individuals to solve problems that are otherwise difficult to solve using traditional computational machines. In this study, we offer a crowdsourcing subjective experiment in which summaries of processed video sequences are evaluated. Thus, we are proposing an experiment that utilizes crowdsourcing to evaluate the efficacy of an algorithm that summarizes videos. A group of 45 individuals participated in the experiment, where each of them were asked to watch 24 videos, each of 30-second and 45-second duration. An experimental comparison was conducted with respect to presentation order and random selection methods. A content-based video segmentation was also used to represent different levels of complexities and visual richness. The findings of the assessment showed that specific characteristics of a video such as its length, complexity, and content, play a major role in improving the performance of the summarization algorithm. This study is an essential step toward the development of video summarizing systems that are both more accurate and more efficient.
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Avrajyoti Dutta
1
Dawid Juszka
1
Mikołaj Leszczuk
1
  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunications, Institute of Telecommunications, Poland
36 Bit-exact simulation of 6TiSCH networks
Mateusz Kubaszek , Jan Macheta , Łukasz Krzak , Cezary Worek
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 1071-1079 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152362
Słowa kluczowe: 6TiSCH network simulation digital twin IoT
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Abstrakt

This article presents an approach to building a bitexact simulation environment, capable of handling complex wireless communication stack such as 6TiSCH with enough performance, to be useful in large scale network topologies. The architecture of the simulator and the stack is presented along with the discussion of key features and design choices. The results of the simulation are compared to the results of extensive testbed experiments, which conclude that the designed tool can be used for practical design and verification of large distributed IoT applications.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mateusz Kubaszek
1
Jan Macheta
1
Łukasz Krzak
1
Cezary Worek
1
  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunications, Institute of Electronics, Poland
37 Prediction of the mobile game players’ payments-related retention from the Big Data perspective
Piotr Bilski , Rafał Łabędzki , Adrian Bilski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 1081-1087 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152510
Słowa kluczowe: retention data science prediction mobile game
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Abstrakt

The paper presents the methodology for evaluating mobile game players retention, which is the basis for generating economic income for its creators. The system for collecting and processing the in-game data (events related to the players’ actions) exploiting the Big Data cloud platform is described. The player profile with the crucial features allowing for the retention analysis is introduced. Datasets generated for the My Spa Resort mobile game by CherryPick company are described. The retention prediction approach based on the similarity estimation between the analyzed and already inactive players is presented. Results of the prediction using the k Nearest Neighbors (kNN) classifier are discussed.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Piotr Bilski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Łabędzki
2
Adrian Bilski
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
  2. SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Poland
  3. Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
38 Design of a microservices-based architecture for residential energy efficiency monitoring
Ivonne Nuñez , Carlos Rovetto , Edmanuel Cruz , Andrzej Smolarz , Dimas Concepcion , Elia Esther Cano
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 1089–1098 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152511
Słowa kluczowe: Microservices software architecture energy efficiency internet of things (IoT) smart homes
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Abstrakt

With the significant advancement of electrical infrastructure in the context of smart buildings and smart homes, the need arises to overcome the limitations of the traditional energy efficiency control system based on service-oriented architecture (SOA). To address these challenges, this study proposes a distributed architecture based on microservices, with the main objective of improving the performance and stability of these systems. This proposal seeks to enable end users to effectively monitor and control their electrical devices while effectively integrating them into a wide network of power systems. The proposed architecture relies on a series of cloud services that enable better performance and control in energy efficiency management, highlighting key features of microservices such as fault tolerance, performance, and scalability. Using a structural methodology centered on pre-existing components and an iterative approach, a versatile and scalable architecture was designed that addresses current challenges in energy efficiency management. The results show a significant impact on key performance indicators such as demand response, energy savings, and power quality, highlighting the resilience and scalability of the proposed architecture. The conclusions highlight the importance of energy efficiency in reducing the environmental impact and costs associated with electric power, suggesting future improvements in data access and the implementation of advanced machine learning algorithms.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ivonne Nuñez
1
Carlos Rovetto
1
Edmanuel Cruz
1
Andrzej Smolarz
2
Dimas Concepcion
1
Elia Esther Cano
1
  1. School of Computer Systems Engineering, Universidad Tec- nologica de Panama, Panama
  2. Lublin University of Technology, Poland
39 Analyses of malicious software long term activity – a case study
Krzytof Cabaj , Witold Wysota , Konrad Grochowski , Piotr Gawkowski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 1099–1104 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152512
Słowa kluczowe: HoneyPots Dionaea malware analysis cybersecurity Smominru botnet
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Abstrakt

The paper describes the approach, instruments, and their evolution over a prolonged investigation of data collected by a honeypot system. The data is focused on network activity of a cybersecurity threat, in particular, attacks and activity throughout last five years of bots belonging to Smominru botnet. Conducted analyses include, but are not limited to, IP addresses used during attacks, day by day activity and evolution of malicious executables distributed over the observation period. The presented results also contain behavioural analysis of the threat and attack sources. Moreover, the paper details the systems used for data acquisition, their modifications along the observations made and all the tools developed to achieve the results.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Krzytof Cabaj
1
Witold Wysota
2
Konrad Grochowski
3
Piotr Gawkowski
3
  1. Faculty ofElectronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
  2. Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
  3. Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
40 The ASL Dataset for Real-Time Recognition and Integration with LLM Services
Michał Chwesiuk , Piotr Popis
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 1105–1112 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152513
Słowa kluczowe: dataset gesture recognition hand landmarks machine learning human-computer interaction american sign language
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Abstrakt

This study aims to investigate the impact of hand gesture recognition techniques on the efficiency of American Sign Language (ASL) interpretation, addressing a critical gap in the existing literature. The research seeks new insights into the challenges of automated sign language recognition, contributing to a deeper understanding of accessibility in communication for the deaf and hard-of-hearing community. The study employs a quantitative approach, using a dataset comprising hand gesture images representing the static letters of the ASL alphabet collected from multiple users. Data were collected from various individuals to ensure diversity and analyzed using machine learning models to evaluate their effectiveness in recognizing ASL signs. The results reveal that the machine learning models implemented achieved a high accuracy rate in recognizing hand gestures, indicating that person-specific variations do not significantly hinder performance. These findings provide evidence that the proposed dataset and methodologies can improve the reliability of sign language recognition systems, offering significant implications for the development of more inclusive communication technologies. This research offers a novel perspective on sign language recognition, providing valuable insight that extends the current understanding of gesture-based communication systems. The study’s findings contribute to advancements in accessibility technologies, highlighting areas for future research and practical applications in improving communication for the Deaf and hard of hearing community.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Michał Chwesiuk
1
Piotr Popis
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
41 A computer scientist’s perspective on approximation of IFS invariant sets and measures with the random iteration algorithm
Tomasz Martyn
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 1113–1123 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.152514
Słowa kluczowe: IFS Discrete Space Markov Chain Approximation Invariant Set Invariant Measure
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Abstrakt

We study invariant sets and measures generated by iterated function systems defined on countable discrete spaces that are uniform grids of a finite dimension. The discrete spaces of this type can be considered as models of spaces in which actual numerical computation takes place. In this context, we investigate the possibility of the application of the random iteration algorithm to approximate these discrete IFS invariant sets and measures. The problems concerning a discretization of hyperbolic IFSs are considered as special cases of this more general setting.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Tomasz Martyn
1
  1. Faculty of Electronics and Information Theory, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

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