Applied sciences

Archives of Civil Engineering

Content

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 4

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Abstract

One of the most important things to do at the stage of preparing an investment process in the construction business is to develop a few possible solutions and then to choose the variant which best fulfils the expectations of various groups of stakeholders. Making a decision about which variant to select depends on how it satisfies a number of criteria, which in turn reflect the requirements set for the planned investment. The process analysing variant solutions employs multi-criteria analysis methods. In order to make analyses and to identify the importance of measurable and non-measurable criteria, surveys and interviews are carried out to acquire the information on the role of the previously defined criteria. Opinions given by experts tend to be divergent due to differences in education, professional background as well as various professional and private experiences. This article reviews data processing methods, and discusses an example of a procedure, which is part of a more extensive analysis of the route of a planned road. The case presented in this paper focuses on the evaluation of five criteria from the category ‘impact on the natural environment’, which are significant in such development projects. The calculations involved in this assessment proved to be time- and labour-consuming, while raising a number of doubts concerning the stage of data aggregation. Hence, the objective of this study has been to develop a method that will enable more efficient data processing while taking into account all assessments.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marlena Anna Jurczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jolanta Harasymiuk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elżbieta Szafranko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Warmia and Mazury, Faculty of Geoengineering, Department of Building Engineering, Heweliusza 4, 10-729 Olsztyn, Poland
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Abstract

Reinforced concrete is a primary component in the construction industry and is susceptible to damage from corrosion, fires, and natural disasters. Steel corrosion in concrete has become a serious global issue, resulting in significant economic losses. Dealing with existing concrete damage requires considerable time and cost, making innovation in repair methods essential. One of the repair methods employed is grouting with cement grout and jacketing. Innovative solutions have emerged in self-healing concrete, allowing concrete to repair small cracks autonomously. One self-healing approach involves using bacteria to seal cracks in concrete. Identifying damage caused by corrosion in reinforced concrete is crucial for implementing appropriate protective measures. Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods offer a way to detect damage without compromising the physical structure. NDT methods have been used for evaluating and monitoring steel corrosion in reinforced concrete, including the Impact-Echo (IE) method. The most important result of this study was that the peak frequency values obtained from Impact Echo (IE) testing on concrete before and after corrosion showed a shift towards lower values, indicating a decrease in concrete quality due to corrosion. It was observed that after the repair process, there was an increase in peak frequency values detected with Impact Echo on each specimen, indicating the effectiveness of the repair method. These results are significant as they provide insight into the impact of corrosion on concrete quality, the effectiveness of repair methods, the correlation between concrete quality and structural strength, and the potential for non-destructive testing impact-echo methods to monitor concrete conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aulia Chanief Rahita
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ahmad Zaki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Fahri Al-Mizan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sri Atmaja P. Rosyidi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. uhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta, Magister of Civil Engineering, Brawijaya Street, Bantul 55183, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Abstract

From among the many technological solutions for floors in residential buildings and in small public buildings very often rib-and-block floor systems are selected. The main argument convincing project owners to choose such solutions are their clear advantages, mainly the uncomplicated construction technology, no need to use advanced tools and equipment and the low cost. The introduction of harmonized European guidelines in the form of the EN 15037 series of standards made it necessary to introduce changes in the designing and constructing of these commonly used floor systems, whereby their manufacturers had to update their offers. This paper discusses the requirements and the main changes introduced by the EN 15037 series of standards in comparison with the previous guidelines and general calculations of reinforced concrete structures according to Eurocodes. Analyses concerning bending and shear ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states are presented. Critical points in the design of rib-and-block floors are indicated and the results of exemplary calculations for a selected floor are presented. In addition, a comparative analysis concerning the difference in the consumption of reinforcing steel for a selected floor system designed according to respectively the current and previous guidelines is carried out and its results are discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Musiał
1
ORCID: ORCID
Filip Grzymski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Pazdan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Trapko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

With the prefabricated buildings developing, traditional architectural design methods can no longer meet the requirements of efficient, green, and sustainable development. In view of this, based on the analysis of the framework structure of the cyclical parthenogenesis algorithm, the study introduced chaotic optimization algorithm for improvement. And the improved new algorithm was applied to multi-objective problems in the optimization design of prefabricated building structures. Finally, a novel structural design optimization model was proposed. These experiments confirmed that the improved algorithm had the least 160 iterations and 17 optimal solutions, which was an increase of 15 compared to traditional aphid algorithms. Two function solutions of this new structural design optimization model were both between –0:5 and 0.5, with relatively smaller values. In addition, this model could effectively optimize and transform physical buildings, increasing their structural stability by 2.43%, increasing their structural quality coefficient by 4.49%, reducing vibration cycles by 0.06%, and reducing inter story displacement angles by 0.04%. In summary, the improved cyclical parthenogenesis algorithm has good performance in solving multi-objective problems in prefabricated structures, and can quickly and accurately find the global optimal solution. This study aims to provide guidance for the prefabricated building structure design.
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Authors and Affiliations

Chao Li
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Modern Technology, Mianyang City College, Mianyang, 621000, China
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Abstract

Abstract: This research has established an energy consumption prediction model based on the Monte Carlo method to resolve the energy-saving transformation problem. First, simplify the building to construct the proposed model. Second, through the principle of building energy balance and Monte Carlo method, the cooling and heat demand model of regional buildings and the energy consumption prediction model of regional buildings are built. Finally, the energy consumption simulation and energy consumption prediction of the regional building complex after energy-saving renovation are carried out. The experiment shows that the building energy consumption in July and August was relatively high, reaching 2.36E+14 and 2.4E+14, respectively. The energy consumption in April and November was relatively low, reaching 1.2E+14 and 1.4E+14, respectively. The highest prediction error was in November, reaching 12%. The lowest prediction error was in January and February, only about 2%. The error of monthly energy consumption predicted by Monte Carlo method is less than 12%, the Root-mean-square deviation is 5%, and the error between predicted and actual annual total energy consumption is only about 2%. By comparing the predicted energy consumption after energy-saving renovation with before, the energy-saving rate reached about 20%. The research results indicate that the proposed Monte Carlo based predictive stochastic model exhibits good predictive performance in building energy-saving renovation, providing theoretical guidance and reference for feasibility studies, planning, prediction, decision-making, and optimization of building energy-saving renovation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Juxian Xiao
1

  1. Department of Architectural Engineering, Shijiazhuang University of Applied Technology, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
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Abstract

The paper deals with stability problems of straight elastic bars made of a homogenous isotropic material. The approach concerns both the bars of compact cross-sections and of thin-walled cross-sections, the transverse distortions being neglected. The stability analysis method developed for thin-walled bars in the paper: L. Zhang and G.S. Tong, “Flexural-torsional buckling of thin-walled beam members based on shell buckling theory”, Thin-Walled Structures, vol. 42 (2004), pp. 1665–1687 is here extended to the bars whose deformations obey the assumptions of the Vlasov-like theory. The approach proposed makes it possible to assess the values of critical loads causing: axial forces, bending moments, transverse forces and torques, possibly simultaneously. The main task is to perform maximization of the relevant Rayleigh quotient; its form is given for all rational shapes of the bar’s cross section. The paper shows how to assess critical axial buckling loads and lateral buckling loads of straight elastic bars made of a homogenous isotropic material.
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Authors and Affiliations

Radosław Czubacki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Lewinski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

In recent years, virtual reality technology has been widely applied and researched in various fields. In digital architectural design and simulation, it has gradually become an important tool. For the evacuation of commercial buildings, virtual reality technology is introduced and a digital building evacuation simulation model based on panic emotions is proposed. Meanwhile, based on this model, the behavior and distribution of pedestrians are simulated, targeted evacuation design schemes are proposed, and the spatial evacuation congestion situation of each scheme is evaluated. These results confirm that in digital commercial building simulation design, the visibility loop rate of the strip path model is as high as 71.25%, which is 8.93% and 11.35% higher than that of the circular path and radiation path, respectively. Meanwhile, the reachability loop back rate of this model is as high as 76.39%. In addition, when the horizontal spacing is 2.5 m, the time for the group to complete evacuation is the shortest, only 180 seconds. And its evacuation rate reached a maximum of 0.4. When the horizontal spacing increases to 4.5 meters, the evacuation time and efficiency are close to the barrier free situation, and obstacles have little effect on reducing congestion. The adoption of the proposed method can help designers develop reasonable evacuation strategies more efficiently and safely, providing strong technical support for the field of architectural design.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiangling Luo
1
Mingyang Liu
1

  1. School of Architecture, Guangzhou City University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510800
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Abstract

This article explores the dynamic interplay between the business cycle and the housing market in Poland from 2007 to 2022. It examines the complex relationship between economic cycles and the residential property sector, focusing on the impact of government intervention and market fluctuations. The research shows that the housing market is highly sensitive to external factors. It highlights the central role of the National Bank of Poland (NBP) in shaping the housing market through changes in interest rates and credit availability. The COVID-19 pandemic temporarily disrupted developer activity and housing demand, highlighting the vulnerability of the market to unexpected shocks. In addition to observations, this study calls for a critical analysis of housing policies, identifying potential shortcomings and offering recommendations for improvement. It underlines that economic crises are an inherent part of housing market cycles, promoting market cleansing and healthy competition. Finally, this research emphasises that the housing market is intertwined with broader economic trends. It highlights the need for central banks to strike a balance between managing inflation and supporting economic growth. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between the housing market and the business cycle, providing valuable insights for policymaking and investment decisions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Bryx
1
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Sobieraj
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw School of Economics, Department of Innovative City, Al. Niepodległosci 162, 02-554, Warsaw, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

In Poland, until 2010, a number of buildings were built with the support structure of roofs in the form of timber trusses connections with punched metal plate fasteners. Standardisation changes, i.e. the introduction of Eurocodes in 2010, resulted in, among other things, increasing the values of recommended climatic loads. Due to the above, in structures built several years ago, the load capacity limit for both timber and fasteners is exceeded. Modernisation of structures with these trusses usually leads to the need to strengthen existing nodes. The issue of strengthening connections with punched metal plate fasteners is poorly recognised in experimental (failure) tests, and thus there are no detailed standard guidelines. The purpose of the experimental tests was to identify the behaviour of tension connections on metal plate fasteners and to evaluate the impact of the additional reinforcement in the form of perforated plates and screws. The analysis of the results obtained from the experimental tests allows us to conclude that the reinforced nodes achieved a much higher ultimate load than the one resulting from the design calculations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Angelika Raczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wieslaw Kubiszyn
1
ORCID: ORCID
Damian Nykiel
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Building Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Rzeszow University of Technology, Poznanska 2, 35-084 Rzeszow, Poland
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Abstract

The cable-stayed bridge without backstays is an important branch of the cable-stayed bridge family. It tilts the bridge tower to one side and removes the backstay, using its own weight to balance the cable tension. It has the characteristics of novel structure and beautiful appearance and is highly favoured in urban construction both at home and abroad. In this paper, based on the construction of the main bridge of Jinzhou Bridge, a spatial model was established using finite element analysis software to simulate and analyse the construction process, with a focus on researching the construction control. Jinzhou Bridge has a novel structure and complex technology. The inclination angle of the bridge tower is the largest among its counterparts, and the difficulty of construction control is relatively high. This paper uses the adaptive control theory to control the construction of the main bridge of Jinzhou Bridge. During the construction process and the bridge state, the structure of Jinzhou Bridge is subject to reasonable stress and the bridge body is safe and reliable. The line shape of the main beam is basically smooth, further demonstrating the correctness of the construction control theory data.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xilong Zheng
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Harbin University, School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, No.109 Zhongxing Da Dao, Harbin, China
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Abstract

The article presents an analysis of defects in residential construction as key risk factors for the effectiveness of a construction investment. In a very competitive market, investors have to compete with each other with the organization of construction production and the quality of the product, which is a building structure. One of the basic criteria for evaluating the quality of building structures is the number and type of construction defects. Therefore, the analysis of the risk of such failures and statistical studies of the frequency and type of their occurrence were the crux of the research process presented in the article. An extensive and detailed theoretical analysis of the problem of defects in housing construction was supported by an empirical analysis. Based on the results of research on completed construction investments, the structure of the database was developed, and then a quantitative and objective analysis of defects in residential buildings was carried out. The whole is summarized with research conclusions and recommendations regarding the implementation of residential construction investments.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Skorupka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Karol Pochybełko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego St., 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

Recently, with the continuous consumption of energy, building energy conservation has been popular in the energy field. In response to the high computational cost, slow convergence speed, and low accuracy of existing optimization design methods for building energy efficiency, this study first built a multi-objective optimization model for building energy efficiency on the ground of the annual energy consumption of buildings and the quantity of uncomfortable hours for users. Then it introduces a multi-agent model auxiliary mechanism to improve the decomposition based multi-objective evolutionary optimization algorithm, and then solves the multi-objective optimization model for building energy efficiency. In order to select the optimal decision variable of the algorithm, the decision parameters were analyzed and found that the performance was optimal when the number of samples, aggregation number and base model were set to 25.3 and 20. The improved multi-objective evolutionary optimization algorithm on the ground of decomposition has average supervolume and running time values of 32416.13 and 1774.58 seconds under office buildings, and 7899.13 and 3616.96 seconds under residential buildings, respectively. In addition, the annual user discomfort time of office buildings is 555.28h, which is lower than other comparison algorithms. In summary, the optimal performance of the algorithm when the decision variable is set to 25.3 and 20. The algorithm proposed by the research institute has superior performance and has certain application value in selecting the optimal solution for building energy-saving design.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hua Deng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kai Zhou
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Mechanical and Engineering, Wuhan University of Engineering Science, Wuhan, 430200, China
  2. CITIC General Institute of Architectural Design and Research Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430014, China
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Abstract

The energy consumption of air conditioning systems accounts for more than 50% of building energy consumption. The supercooled and overheated environment provided by intelligent buildings can bring a large amount of energy loss. How to create comfortable spaces with energy-saving goals is currently the focus of research. The aim of this study is to improve the accuracy of human thermal discomfort pose recognition algorithms. This study first extracts human key points on the ground of bone key points, then normalizes the data, and finally constructs a human thermal uncomfortable posture recognition algorithm on the ground of deep learning technology. The experiment showcases that in the training set, when the iteration number is 1500, the accuracy reaches its maximum value, which is 99.98%. In the test set, the accuracy reached its maximum value of 89.85% when the iteration number was 400. After classifying the dataset, the accuracy of the first type dataset reached 99.51%. The accuracy rate of the second type dataset is 98.56%, and the accuracy rate of the third type dataset is 98.95%. In the comparison of the four algorithms, the accuracy of the research algorithm is significantly higher than the other three algorithms, indicating that the research algorithm can accurately recognize the thermal uncomfortable posture of the human body. This research algorithm can timely and effectively identify the uncomfortable posture of the human body, thereby automatically adjusting indoor temperature and achieving energy conservation and emission reduction.
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Authors and Affiliations

Shijiu Song
1
ORCID: ORCID
Li Zhou
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Shandong Jianzhu University, School of Management Engineering, 250014 Jinan, China
  2. Jinan Vocational College, School of Finance and Economics, 250103 Jinan, China
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Abstract

To improve the aging resistance and prolong the service life of asphalt pavement, this study utilized modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) functionalized with carboxyl (MWCNTs-COOH), hydroxyl (MWCNTs-OH), and amino (MWCNTs-NH2) groups. These nanotubes were incorporated into SBS-modified asphalt at a concentration of 1%. The study sought to examine the impact of MWCNTs and their functional groups on asphalt’s rheological and anti-aging characteristics, alongside exploring their modification mechanisms. The findings indicated that rheological tests showed that MWCNTs/SBS composite-modified asphalt, particularly MWCNTs-OH/SBS, exhibited remarkable resistance to hightemperature deformation, a crucial characteristic for asphalt performance in hot climates. Nevertheless, it is important to note that the addition of MWCNTs led to an increase in asphalt’s creep strength and creep rate, which could potentially reduce its resistance to low-temperature cracking. However, the covalent functionalization of MWCNTs mitigated these adverse effects on low-temperature performance. Moreover, the inclusion of MWCNTs in asphalt served as a barrier, impeding the penetration of oxygen molecules and ultraviolet radiation into the asphalt matrix. This proved to be an effective means of inhibiting the aging process, a critical factor in extending the service life of asphalt pavement. Among the different formulations of MWCNTs modified asphalt, the MWCNTs-OH/SBS composite-modified asphalt exhibited notably effective anti-aging properties. Both rheological and anti-aging evaluations demonstrated that hydroxyl functional groups played a pivotal role in enhancing performance, chiefly by fostering interactions with asphalt molecules.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zhongming He
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jianjun Ou
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tangxin Xie
1
ORCID: ORCID
Fangfang Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yaqian Li
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
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Abstract

To comprehend the permeability behavior of modified desulfurized gypsum-based concrete under varying stress conditions, this investigation conducted permeability assessments under both confining pressure and unloading circumstances. The findings suggest that an escalation in confining pressure results in a reduction in the specimen permeability. Conversely, a decrease in confining pressure leads to a gradual increment in permeability, albeit without fully reverting to its initial state. The rise in pore water pressure diminishes the effective confining pressure experienced by the specimen, thereby enhancing the interconnectivity of the internal pore structure and facilitating an increase in permeability. As the confining pressure intensifies, the volumetric strain also increases. Conversely, a reduction in confining pressure corresponds to a decrease in volumetric strain, though it does not return to its initial level. This observation implies that solely the elastic deformation of the specimen can recover as the confining pressure decreases. The internal pore structure distribution of modified desulfurized gypsum-based concrete is predominantly characterized by micropores, with a permeability coefficient in the order of magnitude of 10–17 m2, contributing to its commendable impermeability.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yong Luo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shuai Ren
2
ORCID: ORCID
Diancai Xiao
2
ORCID: ORCID
Cong Gao
3
ORCID: ORCID
Linfeng Xu
3
ORCID: ORCID
Hao Wu
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. State Key Laboratory of Deep Coal Mining & Environment Protection, Huainan Mining (Group) Co., Ltd., Huainan 232001, China
  2. Ping’an Coal Mining Engineering Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Huainan 232001, China
  3. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
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Abstract

The paper focuses on presenting the methodology of testing corner joints along with the presentation of obtained results. The objective of the conducted research was to experimentally determine the behaviour of welded knees with slender webs under similar loading condition that occur in the knee joints of portal steel frames. Laboratory tests were carried out on a specially prepared testing stand. During the laboratory work, load tests were performed on three identical knees. The testing stand was equipped with measurement equipment, including two data acquisition systems: the SAD 256 for displacement and force sensors, and the Pontos/Aramis – a digital image correlation system. The first knee test served as a verification of the testing stand and the adopted data collection method. After implementing certain changes to the stand, the remaining load tests on the knees were conducted. Based on the conducted studies and data analysis, moment-rotation M–ϕ characteristics of the joints were determined, along with parameters such as initial stiffness S, elastic bending resistance Mel and ultimate bending resistance Mu.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dorota Krystosik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Koszalin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environment and Geodetic Sciences, Śniadeckich 2, 75-453 Koszalin, Poland
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Abstract

Transport infrastructure projects are distinguished by their high levels of investment, lengthy construction periods, and reliance on government subsidies during operation. These factors have far-reaching impacts, not only on the sustainable operation and success of the projects themselves, but also on the orderly functioning of society and the sustainable development of the economy. As such, it is of paramount importance to thoroughly investigate the sustainable operation of transport infrastructure. This paper examines the impact of sustainable operation on transport infrastructure by analysing 30 projects in China’s transport infrastructure sector. The study employs the qualitative comparative analysis method. To achieve the aim of this paper, we identified five dimensions for assessing a project’s sustainability. These include the economic environment of the construction site, operational market demand, government support capacity, and enterprise management level. This analysis offers valuable guidance for future engineering projects. Finally, the study identified seven strategies for achieving sustainable operation of the project. The findings revealed that the economic development status, population size, and government subsidies of the construction site do not effectively promote sustainable operation of the project. Rather, they can hinder enterprises’ market competitiveness. The study’s results can assist decision-makers in determining the feasibility of implementing sustainable management practices in the new project. Examine the factors that influence the achievement of sustainable business while enhancing the operational efficiency of ongoing initiatives. This research aims to produce a valuable addition to risk assessments in sustainable operation research and the advancement of transportation infrastructure reduction.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jie Chen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Chongsen Ma
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Hunan Modern Environment Technology CO.,LTD, Furong South Road 128, Changsha, China
  2. Changsha University of Science & Technology, South Wanjiali Road 960, Changsha, China
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Abstract

Analyzing the impact coefficient of tied arch bridges considering heavy transport vehicles is important for safety assessment. There are few studies on the vehicle-bridge coupled dynamic analysis involving heavy transport vehicles passing through bridges. In order to properly evaluate the impact coefficient of heavy transport vehicles passing through tied-arch bridges, this study takes an 80 m-span tied-arch bridge as an example. Based on the ANSYS platform, a vehicle-bridge coupling model under the load of low-speed heavy transport vehicles is established. By analyzing the vibration characteristics of the vehicle-bridge coupling system, the influence of vehicle speed and load on the impact coefficient of the bridge is discussed. The results show that even when the vehicle travels at a speed of 2 m/s under Class B roughness, the maximum impact coefficient reaches 0.061 when the vehicle is 4 m/s. When evaluating the passage of heavy transport vehicles over tied-arch bridges, the impact effect should be considered even at low speeds. The influence of vehicle load on the internal force impact coefficient of tied-arch bridges is greater than that of the displacement impact coefficient. When the vehicle load is large, the impact on the bridge is small, but an excessive increase in vehicle load will increase the burden on the bridge. A load of 400 t is considered a more ideal value.
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Authors and Affiliations

Shu-Qi He
1
ORCID: ORCID
De-Jian Li
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Bridge Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410075, China
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Abstract

The article investigates the author’s method of estimating the final cost of a construction investment. A list of proposed methods of calculating the value of the planned final cost of the EAC investment available in the world literature was used. The modification consisted in the first place in the verification and elimination of formulas that do not match the use in construction projects and the combination of formulas resulting in the same result. The study was aimed at enabling the right choice of the method of estimating the final cost of construction investments and determining the accuracy of this estimate. It should be emphasized that the analyzed investments were annexed many times during their implementation. On the basis of the obtained results of research carried out on real construction investments, it was found that 3 methods best predict the final cost of the investment. Finally, improvements were introduced, which were analyzed, the final effect of the article is a proposal of an original, universal formula, which in each of the analyzed construction investments, regardless of the trends, deviations from the cost at the time of the inspection, forecasts the most accurate result, consistent with reality. The conducted research gives the possibility of more effective financial management of a construction investment using the corrected EAC formula in EVM method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Starczyk-Kołbyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00–908 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The paper analyses 100 multi-family residential buildings with basements made in traditional technology, with a usable area from 604.50 m2 to 2315.00 m2, built between 1952 and 1958 in the Masovian Voivodship. For the analysed buildings, individual elements were inspected once a year and their technical condition was determined. The research was conducted in 2018–2022 and focused on three selected buildings. The results of the study carried out by the authors were used to determine the degree of their aging using the visual method and to compare the results with those obtained from computational methods, e.g., time methods: linear, non-linear, parabolic. The main emphasis in the article is on faulty repairs of buildings, often without proper supervision and the impact of this phenomenon on the accelerated aging of buildings. Although the faulty repairs are common, they are omitted in the methods of predicting the aging of buildings. The paper also presents the analysis of the repair management carried out on the basis of post-inspection recommendations. The results of the conducted analysis confirm that the visual method is the most accurate to determine the degree of wear and tear of the building due to the possibility to determine its actual condition, considering account of the renovations carried out and their quality. The value of the degree of technical wear of selected buildings Sz was similar for visual and time methods.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Wrzesiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jan Kowalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Pawluk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marzena Lendo-Siwicka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Institute of Civil Engineering, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The rheological properties of fresh mortars and self-compacting concretes (SCC) at rest – the static yield value gs and the thixotropy factor AT – at temperatures from 10 to 30°C were investigated. The static yield value gs and the thixotropy factor AT of SCC depends on the temperature and the w/c ratio. Immediately after casting, the static yield value gs of the SCC is the higher the higher the temperature and/or w/c ratio are. Thixotropy factor AT of fresh SCC depends mainly on w/c ratio – the higher w/c ratio the lower AT is. The increase in temperature of SCC reduces thixotropy factor AT , but the effect is insignificant. During the 40 minutes that the SCC remain at rest, the static yield value gs increases and this increase is faster for mixes with a higher w/c ratio. Thixotropy factor AT of SCC left in rest first increases over time, but then, after just 20 to 40 minutes, begins to decrease. Temperature does not affect static yield value gs and thixotropy factor AT changes in time. The nature of the effect of temperature on the rheological properties of mortars and SCC is analogous. It was proven that model mortars can be used to predict the effect of temperature on the rheological properties of SCC both in the flow phase and at rest and to predict changes in these parameters over time. The implications of the temperature effect on the rheological properties of SCC in terms of formwork pressure were also discussed
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Gołaszewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Grzegorz Cygan
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Railway bridges are critical in the transportation network and vital to the profitability of the industry. Maintaining the bridge condition to safety standards is a priority for all railroad owners. However, the accumulation of damage that is not visible during regular inspections may cause catastrophic failures. The recent railroad bridge collapse over the Yellowstone River caused a train carrying toxic materials to fall into the river. The question arises “Could we predict and prevent this bridge collapse?”. The railroad bridge’s dynamic response under the train traversed can enable the assessment of structural conditions and may reveal structural issues that are not visible during the visual inspection itself. The onboard vehicle-based system is a novel concept that allows an autonomous evaluation of the existing railway bridge structures and substructures. An onboard system provides observations for multiple bridges, as opposed to a structural health monitoring system that is capable of monitoring only a single bridge. In 2016 the potential use of existing onboard systems to detect weak bridge stringers and changes in pier elevations was proved by a set of tests performed in the Transportation Technology Center (TTC) in Colorado, USA under controlled conditions. Recently, the research expanded to evaluate bridges in service. Several short, open-deck, railway bridges on the Polish Railway were examined using track geometry cars. The data were analyzed to compare and observe the changes in bridge response. This paper provides a summary of the findings of the analyzed data and future steps for research implementation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna M. Rakoczy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Karwowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Monika Płudowska-Zagrajek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Pałyga
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Biuro Dróg Kolejowych PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A., ul. Targowa 74, 03-734 Warszawa
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Abstract

The mechanical properties and failure characteristics of joined rocks have an important impact on the disaster prevention of underground engineering and the sustainable development of mineral resources. The effects of confining pressure, joint location, and joint thickness on the mechanical properties of rock-like specimens under triaxial test have been studied. Furthermore, using the "DFN-age" function of PFC numerical simulation, the stress characteristics, and failure characteristics of rock specimens under different confining pressure, joint location and joint thickness are analyzed. The research results indicate that as the thickness of the joint increases and the joint position approaches the center of the specimen, the compressive strength of the specimen decreases. As the confining pressure increases, the compressive strength increases and failure modes of rock like specimens with different joint types also tend to be similar. The specimens manifest complex shear-tensile composite failures. In addition, the initiation cracks and main control cracks at the joint terminus can be classified as reverse tensile wing cracks, reverse shear cracks, shear cracks and tensile wing cracks. When the joint thickness of the specimen is 1.0 mm and the distance from the joint position to the center of the specimen is 10–20 mm, the crack evolution characteristics and stress distribution law of the specimen will undergo a transformation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wei Jing
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bingpeng Lu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Laiwang Jing
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rencai Jin
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Anhui University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, 168 Taifeng Street, Huainan City, Anhui Province, China
  2. China MCC17 Group Co., LTD., Civil Engineering Post-doctoral Research Workstation, No. 88 Yushan East Road, Huashan District, Ma’anshan City, Anhui Province, China
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Abstract

To investigate the effect of polypropylene fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete structures in cold regions, obtain an appropriate amount of polypropylene fiber content, and improve the frost resistance of the structure, freeze-thaw cycle tests were conducted on three groups of reinforced concrete short column specimens with different polypropylene fiber contents. The depth of surface damage of the specimen was detected using ultrasonic method. The stress process and failure of the specimen were analyzed through axial compression test, and the corresponding changes in compressive toughness were discussed. A formula for calculating the axial compressive bearing capacity of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete short columns after freeze-thaw cycles was established. The test results indicate that the addition of polypropylene fibers can reduce the compressive bearing capacity of reinforced concrete short columns. An appropriate amount of polypropylene fiber can enhance the frost resistance, ductility and toughness of concrete components, and the recommended volume fraction of polypropylene fiber is 0.08–0.12%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zhenyu Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Quan Jin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Haitao Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yantao Jiang
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. CCCC Third Highway Engineering Co. Ltd, Beijing 100011, China
  2. Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
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Abstract

Mobile structures are one of directions of shaping recreational facilities. In terms of their geometry, geodesic domes and quasi-dome systems deserve special attention. Panel shell domes were the subject of consideration, e.g. Buckminster Fuller and David Geiger, whose patent solutions are referred to in the article. Combining a system of layered self-supporting panels with the geometry of geodesic domes was one of the significant construction and material challenges as part of the ReSa research and the respective implementation project carried out at the Wroclaw University of Technology in 2021–2023 as part of a competition organized by The National Center of Research and Development. Concerning the preliminary analysis, it was necessary to determine the types of dome solutions intended for the implementation of research models. The article presents a detailed analysis of shell geodesic domes with different geometries. The differentiation resulted from the type and the rotation of the base polyhedron relative to the base plane. The main objective of the study was to rank the types of panel geodesic domes in relation to their use in the construction of mobile recreational facilities. The development of 12 virtual dome models made it possible to evaluate their parameters in five main research areas – energy efficiency, environmental impact, support reactions, ergonomics and complexity of prefabrication and assembly process. An extensive evaluation of the parameters in each field, a summary within each domain, and a global evaluation of the shells were performed. The study allowed to develop a hierarchy of panel dome types in relation to the assumed criteria and to check the possibility of using multi-aspect, parametric evaluation. In addition, a detailed study of the geometrical parameters of the shells carried out as part of the indirect tests made it possible to identify the most effective structures in this aspect. This study has proven that parametric evaluation of criteria is a good tool for evaluating shell geodesic domes. This method is developing both in the field of scientific research and in terms of the implementation of domes. It allows for flexible introduction of basic data (here: energy efficiency, environmental impact, support reactions, ergonomics and complexity of prefabrication and assembly process), determination of coefficients and the use of additional weight criteria for individual research fields in relation to the assumed goal.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Berbesz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kajetan Sadowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jakub Onyszkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Architecture, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, B. Prusa 53/55, 50-317 Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

Scaffolds are temporary structures that include anchors, elements, and platforms that are used during the construction of steel or concrete structures to support equipment or workers at height. Since these structures have aimed to guarantee safety and support workers at heights, the stability of scaffold systems is of significant importance. These systems have some disadvantages. For example, they are sensitive to vibrations. This feature reduces their stability under service-, cyclic-, or earthquake loadings. Furthermore, the vibrating nature of scaffolds can impose additional axial loads and consequently additional moment loads on the scaffold columns and decrease the safety of workers and increase the accidents of use of them. In this paper, a review of some research has been performed that aimed to solve this problem and improve the stability of scaffolds. These articles have investigated the behaviour of anchors and joints and the influence of imperfections and inaccuracies on scaffolds. A summary of research has been presented that has proposed new methods for predicting the behaviour, damage, and collapse of scaffolds using some structural health monitoring (SHM) methods. Finally, the research gaps and limitations of previous studies have been investigated, with a focus on monitoring and solving the problems of the scaffolds and critical elements so that these problems can be solved and evaluated in future studies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Amin Ramezantitkanloo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dariusz Czepiżak
1
Michał Pieńko
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
  2. Lublin University of Technology, Department of Structural Mechanics, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

In the traditional, standard, computational approach, the shear resistance of a single headed-stud connector, ensuring the composite connection between a steel beam and a reinforced concrete slab resting on this beam, is determined by comparing the load capacity PRs – determined by the destruction of the steel connector itself, and the load capacity PRc – conditioned by the destruction of the concrete surrounding this connector. In a single implementation, the smaller of these both values, i.e. PR = min (PRs, PRc ), is authoritative for the designer. If, however, both combined strengths are treated as the random variables and a statistically homogeneous sample grouping potentially possible implementations of this type is taken into account, then the design resistance PR;d = [min (PRs, PRc )]d, representative for the verification of ultimate limit state for the considered connection, will be quantitatively different from the value PR,d = [min (PRs,d, PRc,d ) recommended for use in this regard in the standard EN 1994-1-1. In this paper a detailed algorithm for the correct specification of this value is presented in detail. The dependence of such value on the mutual relationship between the coefficients determining the statistical variability of the strength of the connector steel as well as the strength of the concrete from which the floor slab was made is also demonstrated. The proposed approach is based on the fully probabilistic design format, according to which the appropriate level of the probability of reliable work of the analyzed connection is ensured. The presented considerations are illustrated with a numerical example. On its basis, the degree of simplification of such evaluation is estimated, as well as its consequences, resulting from the use of a conventional standard model in this respect.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Domański
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mariusz Maślak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. State University of Applied Sciences in Jaroslaw, Institute of Technical Engineering, Czarnieckiego 16, 37-500 Jaroslaw, Poland
  2. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Chair of Bridge, Metal and Timber Structures, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

The presented research program is focused on harnessing lunar regolith as raw material for the production of aggregates and concrete-like composites on the Moon. The proposed complex technological solution covers technology of lunar aggregate production, lunar concrete-like composites, shape of a lunar habitat, a type of its structure and erection technique. Each element of the proposed solution is supported by tests or calculations. In authors’ opinion magnetic separation seems to be the most promising technology of lunar aggregate production, habitats should be in egg-shaped form and the structure should be 3D printed as a Voronoi mesh. The research program was conducted using scientifically proven lunar soil simulants which were thoroughly tested by the authors. Production of lunar aggregate and subsequently concrete-like composite based on it is inevitable. The authors’ proposed approach to the erection of lunar habitats is fully based on in-situ resource utilization philosophy increasing its feasibility. Necessary future research areas were pointed out.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Katzer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Kobaka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Geoengineering, ul. Michała Oczapowskiego 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Abstract

In order to improve the application of BIM technology in reinforced concrete structure design. Methods: This paper takes the housing project in District A of Guangzhou as the research object, and uses BIM technology to design the precast part of the reinforced concrete structure in the C household, including the deepening design of the reinforced concrete structure, production management of the precast components, tracking, address data modeling, hoisting and deployment, etc., which penetrates into all aspects of the design of the reinforced concrete structure. It was found that after the application of BIM technology, the construction period was reduced from the originally established 13 days per floor to 7 days per floor, and the on-site construction errors were reduced, the construction efficiency and construction quality were improved, and the project was successfully completed. It can be seen that the application of BIM technology in the design of reinforced concrete structures in urban buildings can shorten the construction period and ensure the construction quality at the same time. It is a favorable means to promote the development of urban construction industry and should be actively promoted.
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Authors and Affiliations

Qianhong Bao
1

  1. Department of Construction Engineering and Art Design, Suzhou Vocational Institute of Industrial Technology, Jiangsu 215000, China
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Abstract

The article presents an algorithm for assessing the resistance and stiffness of a reinforced column base, which is based on the component method. The main part of the study formulates a mechanical model of the reinforced column bases, in the form of a stiffened base plate fixed to the concrete by eight anchor bolts. The adopted structural solution was analyzed using the component method for calculations. By referring to standard guidelines and existing literature, the mechanical properties, such as resistance and stiffness, of individual components of the column base are determined. Equivalent mechanical models were then formulated using equilibrium conditions and deflection compatibility, enabling the derivation of formulas for the bending resistance Mj .Rd and the initial stiffness Sj .ini of the entire column base. In the final part of the work, a comprehensive numerical example is provided to demonstrate the application of the presented method in calculations of the reinforced column bases.
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Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Krystosik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Koszalin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environment and Geodetic Sciences, Śniadeckich 2, 75-453 Koszalin, Poland
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Abstract

Circular reinforced concrete columns with spiral reinforcement exhibit an increased ductility and resistance due to the confinement effect. Many experimental investigations and theoretical studies related to this topic are focused on columns under axial load, while those for eccentric load are seldom. The scope of the paper is to present a developed calculation model of resistance for eccentrically loaded confined circular concrete columns. The model assumptions extend procedures of the ACI and Eurocode to the confined concrete case. In order to determine the resistance of columns in the form of the force-moment interaction diagrams, a special procedure is elaborated and described in detail. The peak stress and corresponding strain for axially loaded confined concrete is calculated using the Richart’s model. Then, an increase of ultimate strength capacity due to confinement is related to the axial strain level. The more the eccentricity, the less the confinement effect is engaged in the column resistance. The contribution of spiral reinforcement in the bearing capacity is the greatest in concentrically loaded columns and it vanishes at the point where axial strain in the concrete column is equal to zero, which initially governed the beneficial effect of the spiral reinforcement. A sample interaction diagram is obtained for the selected design case and compared with the diagram for unconfined column.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Lutomirska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksander Szwed
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aneta Krystyna Łuszczynska
2
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Andrzej Lutomirski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Auburn University, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 238 Harbert Center, Auburn, Alabama 36849 , USA
  3. Gaz-System S.A., ul. Jana Kazimierza 578, 05-126 Nieporęt, Rembelszczyzna, Poland
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Abstract

Spatial data are used in a variety of projects. Their quality directly contributes to the project’s success. One of the risk sources for underground utility damage in construction works is the quality of spatial data. The article presents the results of research on a method for estimating underground utility damage risk. It consists in calculating the risk (both qualitative and quantitative risk) from specific risk factors and impact weights. The primary risk factors are incomplete spatial datasets and horizontal and vertical position accuracy of objects in the database. The calculated risk value is within 7.0 to 34.2 points. This means that the minimum risk of damage to underground utilities during construction works is 7.0 points and the maximum risk of 34.2 points is nearly five times higher. We also developed a risk map of underground utility damage. It is a thematic map with qualitative project risk. The proposed map is a 2D and 3D cartographic document that represents the actual risk of damage to underground utilities due to spatial data quality.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Ślusarski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Przewięźlikowska
2

  1. Krakow University of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Department of Geodesy, Mickiewicza 21 Street, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
  2. Krakow AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, Department of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, Mickiewicza 30 Street, 30-059 Krakow, Poland,
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Abstract

As the economy develops with the continuous acceleration of modern urban construction, the demand for subway construction has been increasing. When constructing subway stations, the safety management of deep foundation pit support engineering is particularly important. To balance the absolute safety and economic benefits of subway station construction projects, the safety management of subway station deep excavation projects based on soil mechanics response simulation analysis is studied. Taking the deep foundation pit project of Wuhan Metro Station as an example, this study uses numerical simulation analysis technology and actual monitoring data to conduct in-depth analysis of the deformation of the deep foundation pit. Meanwhile, through finite element technology, the influence of internal support system structural parameters on deep foundation pit deformation in deep foundation pit support engineering is studied, and the parameters of the original support structure are optimized. Results showed that the maximum horizontal displacement of the original scheme reached 25.7 mm, while that of the optimized parameter scheme was only 18.6 mm, which is a decrease of 27.62% compared to the original scheme. In summary, the research on safety management of subway station deep foundation pit engineering based on soil mechanics response simulation analysis is important in promoting the development of modern urban subway construction.
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Authors and Affiliations

Deqiu Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jingyan Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin, 150000, China
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Abstract

Effective planning is crucial in the construction sector to ensure projects are completed on time and on budget. However, the construction industry faces various challenges that can complicate the planning process. There are often delays, exceedances of the baseline and increases in investment costs. One planning method is Time Couplings Methods (TCM), which can be improved using predictive multivariate statistical model method (MMSM) construction process times and standard deviations. A new scheduling method in the probabilistic approach was developed – Probabilistic Time Couplings Method II (PTCM II). In PTCM II, the priority is to maintain the continuity of work on working sectors, because sector downtime is unfavorable and extends the investment implementation time. The work presents a case study and compares it with other planning methods and with the real time of the considered investment. he results clearly indicate that the developed methodology is correct, provides good mapping and can be successfully used in planning construction works.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paulina Kostrzewa-Demczuk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Rogalska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
  2. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nadbystrzycka St. 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

To improve the seismic performance of traditional reinforced concrete structures, this study proposes a self-resetting steel-concrete hybrid structure. The key force for resetting is obtained through the elastic deformation of prestressed reinforcement. The seismic energy is then dissipated in stages through the sliding friction between steel beam sections and column bases, thereby reducing structural damage. The results show that the calculation errors of the peak load and initial stiffness of the research framework model are small, within 10%. The actual values of the resetting capacity of the research specimens are highly consistent with its calculated value. At the maximum displacement for energy dissipation capacity, the calculated value of one specimen is 294.12 kN ∙ m, while the actual value is 295.18 kN ∙ m, indicating a high level of accuracy in the research framework’s calculations. When compared with traditional frame specimens, the research framework exhibits superior resetting capacity, stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity. This validates the superiority of the research method and demonstrates that the concrete structure has excellent seismic performance. Furthermore, the research method provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the application of the structural design in various engineering fields such as buildings, bridges, and tunnels.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mian Tang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kaiwen Luo
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. College of Physical Education and health, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621000, China
  2. Capital Construction Department, Sichuan Preschool Education College, Mianyang, 621000, China
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Abstract

The status quo of low sustainability of urban landscape symbiosis design programme and low referability of the corresponding comprehensive evaluation method, the study will take the environmental and ecological value as the symbiosis goal to design the urban landscape. The study constructs a comprehensive evaluation model of industrial heritage urban landscape ecology, researches each index affecting landscape ecology, and determines the weight of each influence index by combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The maximum influence factors of the four criteria layers of emotion, culture, material and ecology are pleasure, obvious cultural symbols, appropriate scale and microclimate regulation, and the corresponding values are 0.313, 0.404, 0.315 and 0.495, respectively. Compared with that before the introduction of the self-organised neural network fusion K-Means clustering algorithm, the ecological evaluation scores of the urban landscape of the industrial heritage are much closer to the real situation, and the overall error is much higher. The ecological evaluation model of industrial heritage buildings is closer to the real situation, and the overall error fluctuation is 0.012–0.020. The precision-recall curve of the comprehensive evaluation model of industrial heritage buildings is more advantageous than that of other comprehensive evaluation models. The results of the study provide a scientific reference basis for the design of the external landscape environment of industrial heritage buildings, and provide a strong scientific support for the ecological symbiosis between old industrial buildings and the environment under the concept of sustainability.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beibei Zu
1
Wen Cao
1
Haixia Fan
1

  1. Xuchang Vocational Technical College, Xuchang 461000
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Abstract

Effective engineering design of structures requires a thorough understanding of the groundwater conditions of the substrate. In some situations, a three-dimensional survey is necessary. Landslides are examples of such cases. They are complex phenomena, and the main factors significantly influencing their behaviour over time are changes in slope geometry, inclination and water conditions. The article discusses the reconnaissance of the substrate structure in an area threatened by mass movements along a modernized section of a railway line. The analysed area is located in the marginal zone of the North Polish glacial moraine. The geological structure of the substrate consists of: glacial tills, glaciofluvial sands, lacustrine clays, and organic soils found in periodically waterlogged areas and depressions in the terrain. Colluvial deposits, mainly consisting of clayey formations, occur on the slope of the escarpment. Surface geomorphology was interpreted using LIDAR data and field observations. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was used to obtain a detailed subsurface image, which was verified by borehole drilling and laboratory analysis of soil samples for physical properties, including grain size distribution and plasticity, as well as mechanical properties of soils. This research enabled the creation of a three-dimensional substrate model, showing the spatial distribution of colluvium and areas at risk of active landslides. The results indicate that an integrated approach, combining geophysical imaging and geotechnical reconnaissance, allows for a detailed understanding of the structure and lithology of landslide areas.
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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Superczynska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Maslakowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Radosław Mieszkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Sustainable building modernisation is an important step towards reducing the negative environmental impact of buildings, reducing energy consumption in existing residential buildings, creating more comfortable and functional living conditions, and improving their technical condition. Unfortunately, this is a burdensome, time-consuming and costly process that requires difficult decision-making. They must reasonably enable the intended sustainability goals to be achieved. Bearing this in mind, the article presents research on the issue of modernisation residential buildings. The aim is to provide up-to-date knowledge aimed at supporting modernisation decision-making. A study of the literature shows that research on sustainable modernisation of residential buildings is very extensive and unsystematic. Research areas include issues focused primarily on environmental and economic sustainability goals. More and more research is being conducted towards modernisation that takes into account wider social needs. Recent research points to the need to implement more holistic modernisation scenarios that meet a broader set of sustainability goals and criteria and that involve more stakeholders at earlier stages of modernisation. However, achieving sustainable building goals requires decision support for contrasting objectives when selecting optimal modernisation strategies. Therefore, increasingly better and more efficient tools, methods and decision support systems are being developed that provide systematic approaches for carrying out sustainable building modernisations. Building renovation decisions also require the identification and removal of barriers to modernisation and the skilful management of the various types of knowledge in terms of its creation, processing and use, providing the various stakeholders with appropriately processed knowledge during the residential modernisation stage.
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Bucon
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

In this paper, a vision-based measurement is proposed, so as to realize quick and convenient tests on the cable force of single-cable plane cable-stayed bridge. Firstly, laser is used to lay out the reference points, and pictures are taken by mobile phone or camera, gaining cable sag by serial image processing. The next step is to calculate the cable force by its relation with sag. According to laboratory test of cable force, the measuring error of cable force is within 3%, which meets the engineering precision requirements. This simple, efficient and low-risk method is easy to operate, and can solve the difficulty of marker installation during visual measurement.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yanhao Li
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mustafasanie M. Yussof
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xing Tan
2
ORCID: ORCID
Shicai Yuan
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Civil Engineering, University Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
  2. School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
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Abstract

The article presents selected results of the assessment of the harmfulness of building vibrations and the impact of railway traffic on people staying in buildings. The research presented in the article concerns a long-term field study. Field research was conducted in various locations and with the movement of various types of rolling stock. The results were the basis for determining the zones of influence of railway vibrations on the building structure. The criteria adopted in the research were the conditions of the impact of vibrations on the structure of buildings as well as the vibration comfort for people staying in buildings and passively perceiving vibrations. The paper presents the methodology of field research and selected results from the conducted research. The proposed zones vary depending on the type of trains (freight and passenger). The range of zones also depends on the structure of the building and human perception of passively perceived vibrations. All analyses carried out for the purposes of this work are in accordance with Polish regulations and were performed by an accredited laboratory for testing vibrations and deformations of buildings. The proposed zones were adopted for use in design and diagnostic practice regarding the impact of vibrations on buildings and people in buildings.
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Authors and Affiliations

Filip Pachla
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bartosz Radecki-Pawlik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tadeusz Tatara
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland

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2. The authors should follow the principle of originality, which is submitting only their own original works, and in the case of using the works of other authors, marking them in accordance with the rules of quotation, or obtaining consent for the publication of previously published materials from their owners or administrators;
3. An author should not in general publish manuscripts describing essentially the same research in more than one journal or primary publication. Parallel submission of the same manuscript to more than one journal constitutes unethical publishing behaviour and is unacceptable.
4. Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study and phenomena such as ghostwriting or guest authorship in the event of their detection must be actively counteracted.
5. All authors should report in a Reliable manner the sources they used to create their own study and their inclusion in the attachment bibliography;
6. All those who have made significant contributions should be listed as co-authors. Where there are others who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the research project, they should be named in an Acknowledgement section.
7. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors (according to the above definition) and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the author list of the manuscript, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
8. All authors should disclose in their manuscript any financial or other substantive conflict of interest that might be construed to influence the results or their interpretation in the manuscript. All sources of financial support for the project should be disclosed.
9. When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal’s editor or publisher and cooperate with them to either retract the paper or to publish an appropriate erratum.

Publisher’s Confirmation
In cases of alleged or proven scientific misconduct, fraudulent publication or plagiarism the publisher, in close collaboration with the editors, will take all appropriate measures to clarify the situation and to amend the article in question. This includes the prompt publication of an erratum or, in the most severe cases, the complete retraction of the affected work.

Peer-review Procedure

Manuscript Peer-Review Procedure

”Archives of Civil Engineering” makes sure to provide transparent policies for peer-review, and reviewers have an obligation to conduct reviews in an ethical and accountable manner. There is clear communication between the journal and the reviewers which facilitates consistent, fair, and timely review.

-The model of peer-review is double-blind: the reviewers do not know the names of the authors, and the authors do not know who reviewed their manuscript (but if the research is published reviewers can eventually know the names of the authors). A complete list of reviewers is published in a traditional version of the journal: in-print.
-It is the editor who appoints two reviewers; however, if there are discrepancies in the assessment the third reviewer can be appointed.
-After having accepted to review the manuscript (one-week deadline), the reviewers have approximately 6 weeks to finish the process.
-The paper is published in ACE provided that the reviews are positive. All manuscripts receive grades from 1-5, 5 being positive, 1 negative, the authors receive reviews to read and consider the comments.
-Manuscript evaluations are assigned one of five outcomes: accept without changes, accept after changes suggested by the reviewer, rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review, reject, withdraw.
-Manuscripts requiring minor revision (accept after changes suggested by the reviewer) does not require a second review. All manuscripts receiving a "Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review " evaluation must be subjected to a second review. Rejected manuscripts are given no further consideration. There are cases when the article can be withdrawn, often upon the request of an author, technical reason (e.g. names of authors are placed in the text, lack of references, or inappropriate structure of the text), or plagiarism.
-The revised version of the manuscript should be uploaded to the Editorial System within six weeks. If the author(s) failed to make satisfactory changes, the manuscript is rejected.
-On acceptance, manuscripts are subject to editorial amendment to suit house style.
-Paper publication requires the author's final approval.
- As soon as the publication appears in print and in electronic forms on the Internet there is no possibility to change the content of the article.

Editor’s responsibilities
-The editor decides whether the paper fulfills all requirements i.e. formal and scientific and which articles submitted to the journal should be published.
-In making these decisions, the editor may be guided by the policies of the journal’s editorial board as well as by legal requirements regarding libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism.
-The editor maintains the integrity of the academic record, precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards, and is always willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed.
-The editor evaluates manuscripts for intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the author(s).
-The editor does not disclose any information about a manuscript under consideration to anyone other than the author(s), reviewers and potential reviewers, and in some instances the editorial board members, as appropriate.

Reviewers' responsibilities
Any manuscripts received for review are treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except if authorized by the editor. Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review is kept confidential and not used for personal advantage Any invited reviewer who feels unqualified to review the manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should immediately notify the editor so that alternative reviewers can be contacted. Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published data of which they have personal knowledge. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the submission. Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is unacceptable. Referees should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments. All reviews must be carried out on a special form available in the Editorial System.

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