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Archives of Electrical Engineering

Archives of Electrical Engineering

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ARCHIVES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (AEE) (previously Archiwum Elektrotechniki), quarterly journal of the Polish Academy of Sciences is OpenAccess (PAN Electronic Library, publishing original scientific articles and short communiques from all branches of Electrical Power Engineering exclusively in English. The main fields of interest are related to the theory & engineering of the components of an electrical power system: switching devices, arresters, reactors, conductors, etc. together with basic questions of their insulation, ampacity, switching capability etc.; electrical machines and transformers; modelling & calculation of circuits; electrical & magnetic fields problems; optimization methods; electromagnetic compatibility; control problems; power electronics; electrical power engineering;renewable energy; nondestructive testing & nondestructive evaluation.

Journal Impact Factor: 2023 – 1.2, Five Year – 0.8

CiteScore metrics from Scopus, CiteScore 2023: 2.4

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023: 0.268

Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023: 0.526

ICI Journal Master List 2023, Index Copernicus Value: 168.00

Scoring assigned by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education: 100 points


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ISSN
ISSN: 1427-4221, eISSN: 2300-2506
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Polish Academy of Sciences

Editor-in-Chief

Andrzej Demenko, Poznan, Poland
Professor at Poznan University of Technology

Managing Editor

Mariusz Baranski, Poznan, Poland
Ph.D. at Poznan University of Technology

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Lukasz Knypinski, Poznan, Poland
Ph.D. at Poznan University of Technology


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Chairman: Mariusz Malinowski, Warsaw, Poland
Professor at Warsaw University of Technology

Secretary: Robert Smolenski, Zielona Gora, Poland
Professor at University of Zielona Gora

Anouar Belahcen, Espoo, Finland
Professor at Aalto University

Frede Blaabjerg, Aalborg, Denmark
Professor at Aalborg University

Ion Boldea, Timisoara, Romania
Professor at University Politehnica of Timisoara

Herbert De Gersem, Darmstadt, Germany
Professor at Technische Universität Darmstadt

Paolo Di Barba, Pavia, Italy
Professor at University of Pavia

Jacek Gieras, Rockford, USA
Professor at University of Technology and Life Sciences

Kay Hameyer, Aachen, Germany
Professor at RWTH Aachen University

Marian K. Kazimierczuk, Dayton, USA
Professor at Wright State University

Stefan Kulig, Dortmund, Germany
Professor at TU Dortmund University of Technology

David A. Lowther, Montreal, Canada
Professor at McGill University

Jacek Marecki, Gdansk, Poland
Professor at Gdansk University of Technology

Sohrab Mirsaeidi, Beijing, China
Professor at Beijing Jiaotong University

Fausto Pedro Garcia Márquez, Ciudad Real, Spain
Professor at Universidad Castilla-La Mancha

Zhuoxiang Ren, Paris, France
Professor at Sorbonne Université

José Rodríguez Pérez, Santiago, Chile
Professor at Universidad Andrés Bello

Ruth V. Sabariego, Leuven, Belgium
Professor at KU Leuven

Ryszard Sikora, Szczecin, Poland
Professor at West Pomeranian University of Technology

Zbigniew Styczyński, Magdeburg, Germany
Professor at Otto-von-Guericke University

Jan Sykulski, Southampton, UK
Professor at University of Southampton

Slawomir Wiak, Lodz, Poland
Professor at Łódź University of Technology

 

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Krystyna Guzek

Statistical Editor

Mariusz Barański, Poznan, Poland
Poznan University of Technology

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Jerzy Barglik, Gliwice, Poland
Professor at Silesian University of Technology

Andrzej Cichon, Opole, Poland
Professor at Opole University of Technology

Lech Grzesiak, Warsaw, Poland
Professor at Warsaw University of Technology

Kazimierz Jakubiuk, Gdansk, Poland
Professor at Gdansk University of Technology

Zbigniew Lubosny, Gdansk, Poland
Professor at Gdańnk University of Technology

Marian Łukaniszyn, Opole, Poland
Professor at Opole University of Technology

Pawel Pijarski, Lublin, Poland
Professor at Lublin University of Technology

Henryka Danuta Stryczewska, Lublin, Poland
Professor at Lublin University of Technology

Jan Sykulski, Southampton, UK
Professor at University of Southampton

Adam Szelag, Warsaw, Poland
Professor at Warsaw University of Technology

Romulad Włodek, Krakow, Poland
Professor at AGH University of Science and Technology

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Archives of Electrical Engineering is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.


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Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1

1 Torque ripple reduction in BLDC motor based on a PWM technique for open-end winding
Marcin Baszynski
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 5-23 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.136049
Keywords: BLDC motor open-end winding PWM technique unipolar modulation
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Abstract

The article presents a modulation method for BLDC motors with unconnected windings. This method uses two full bridges (or three 12-switch H-bridges). The use of the described modulation enables reducing the motor current variable and increasing (fourfold in relation to the switching frequency) the motor current ripple frequency. The most important benefit of using a 12-switch inverter is the twofold reduction of the dc-link voltage while maintaining the rated rpm (voltage reduction in comparison to a typical supply method). A voltage reduction causes a reduction in losses on semi-conductor elements. The article also demonstrates that the proposed modulation technique significantly shortens the time of current commutation between windings.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Baszynski
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH – University of Science and Technology, Poland
2 Grid Search of Convolutional Neural Network model in the case of load forecasting
Thanh Ngoc Tran
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 25-30 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.136050
Keywords: load forecasting Grid Search Convolutional Neural Network
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Abstract

The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model is one of the most effective models for load forecasting with hyperparameters which can be used not only to determine the CNN structure and but also to train the CNN model. This paper proposes a framework for Grid Search hyperparameters of the CNN model. In a training process, the optimal models will specify conditions that satisfy requirement for minimum of accuracy scores of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). In the testing process, these optimal models will be used to evaluate the results along with all other ones. The results indicated that the optimal models have accuracy scores near the minimum values. Load demand data of Queensland (Australia) and Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) were utilized to verify the accuracy and reliability of the Grid Search framework.
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Authors and Affiliations

Thanh Ngoc Tran
1
  1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, 12 Nguyen Van Bao, Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
3 Experimental study on fault ride-through capability of VSC-based HVDC transmission system
Ngo Minh Khoa , Nguyen An Toan , Doan Duc Tung
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 37-51 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.136051
Keywords: converter system experimental waveform fault ride-through high-voltage direct current voltage sag
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Abstract

For voltage-source-converter based high-voltage-direct-current (VSC-HVDC) transmission systems, fault ride-through (FRT) capability is a very important grid requirement in order to enhance its operational availability under an alternating current (AC) grid fault condition. Voltage sags during a short-circuit fault in power transmission lines can lead to fluctuations in the direct current (DC) link voltage of converter systems, and may induce reversed power flow and even trip a VSC-HVDC transmission system. A practical method is developed in this paper for investigating FRT capability of VSC-HVDC transmission system characteristics during a voltage sag event using experimental results from Smart Grid Laboratory. Symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage sag events with different remaining voltages are applied to an AC grid that lasts with a variable duration. The experimental waveforms of the two converter systems are recorded and analyzed in order to evaluate the FRT capability of VSC-HVDC transmission systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ngo Minh Khoa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nguyen An Toan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Doan Duc Tung
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Quynhon University, Vietnam
4 Subsynchronous oscillation and its mitigation of VSC-MTDC with doubly-fed induction generator-based wind farm integration
Miaohong Su , Haiying Dong , Kaiqi Liu , Weiwei Zou
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 53-72 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.136052
Keywords: doubly-fed induction generator eigenvalue analysis multi-channel variable parameter subsynchronous damping controller subsynchronous oscillation voltage source converter based multi-terminal direct current transmission system
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Abstract

Wind power integration through the voltage source converter-based high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) system will be a potential solution for delivering large-scale wind power to the “Three-North Regions” of China. However, the interaction between the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and VSC-HVDC system may cause the risk of subsynchronous oscillation (SSO). This paper establishes a small-signal model of the VSC based multi-terminal direct current (VSC-MTDC) system with new energy access for the problem, and the influencing factors causing SSO are analyzed based on the eigenvalue analysis method. The theoretical analysis results show that the SSO in the system is related to the wind farm operating conditions, the rotor-side controller (RSC) of the DFIG and the interaction of the controller in the VSC-MTDC system. Then, the phase lag characteristic is obtained based on the signal test method, and a multi-channel variable-parameter subsynchronous damping controller (SSDC) is designed via selecting reasonable parameters. Finally, the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the multi-channel variable-parameter SSDC are verified based on time-domain simulation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Miaohong Su
1
ORCID: ORCID
Haiying Dong
1 2
Kaiqi Liu
1
Weiwei Zou
1
  1. School of Automatic and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China
  2. School of New Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China
5 Fault diagnosis of T-type three-level inverter based on bridge voltages
Danjiang Chen , Yutian Liu , Shaozhong Zhang
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 73-87 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.136053
Keywords: bridge voltage fault diagnosis fault signal open-circuit fault T-type three-level inverter
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Abstract

Multilevel inverters have been widely used in various occasions due to their advantages such as lowharmonic content of the outputwaveform. However, because multilevel inverters use a large number of devices, the possibility of circuit failure is also higher than that of traditional inverters. A T-type three-level inverter is taken as the research object, and a diagnostic study is performed on the open-circuit fault of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) devices in the inverter. Firstly, the change of the current path in the inverter when an open-circuit fault of the device occurred, and the effect on the circuit switching states and the bridge voltages were analyzed. Then comprehensively considered the bridge voltages, and proposed a fault diagnosis method for a T-type three-level inverter based on specific fault diagnosis signals. Finally, the simulation verification was performed. The simulation results prove that the proposed method can accurately locate the open-circuit fault of the inverter device, and has the advantage of being easy to implement.
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Authors and Affiliations

Danjiang Chen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yutian Liu
1
Shaozhong Zhang
1
  1. College of Information and Intelligence Engineering, Zhejiang Wanli University, China
6 Modified Voronin models of electric arc with disturbed geometric dimensions and increased energy dissipation
Antoni Sawicki
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 89-102 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.136054
Keywords: electric arc Mayr model Cassie model Voronin model
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Abstract

Mathematical models of electric an arc with disturbed geometric sizes were created based on initial assumptions adopted from theMayr and Cassie models. Two cases of approximation of arc characteristics were considered separately. The Mayr–Voronin model was created in the low-current range with an exponential dependence of conductance on plasma enthalpy. However, the Cassie–Voronin model created is valid in the high-current range with a linear dependence of conductance on plasma enthalpy. In addition, the effect of two different assumptions about the method of energy dissipation, proportional to the lateral surface of the column or proportional to the volume of the column, on the parameters of both mathematical models was compared. It has been shown that under constant geometrical parameter values, created models can be reduced to classic Mayr and Cassie models. Then, these modelswere modified by taking into account the additional increase in heat dissipation as the current increases. Increasing voltage and current characteristics correspond to such an arc. Using the computer simulations, the effectiveness of using developed mathematical models in mapping the dynamic characteristics of the electric arc has been shown.
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Authors and Affiliations

Antoni Sawicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Association of Polish Electrical Engineers (NOT-SEP), Czestochowa Division, Poland
7 Design and application of comprehensive evaluation index system of smart grid based on coordinated planning of major network and power distribution network
Guangtao Ning , Bing Fang , Dan Qin , Yafeng Liang , Lijuan Zheng
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 103-113 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.136055
Keywords: coordinated planning index system major network power distribution network smart power grid
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Abstract

The comprehensive evaluation of the smart grid is of great significance to the development of the power grid. This study mainly analyzed the coordinated planning of major networks and power distribution networks of the grid. Firstly, the coordinated planning of major networks and power distribution networks was introduced, then a comprehensive evaluation index system was established based on six domains, i.e., economy, safety, reliability, coordination, environmental protection, and automation. The evaluation of the indexes was realized through the expert scoring method. Finally, taking the power grid planning of Boao Town, Qionghai City, Hainan Province, China, as an example, the current scheme and planning scheme were evaluated. The results showed that the planning scheme had better performance in aspects such as economy and reliability, and its score was 15.39% higher than the current scheme, which verifies the effectiveness of the planning scheme and its feasible application in practical projects.
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Authors and Affiliations

Guangtao Ning
1
Bing Fang
1
Dan Qin
1
Yafeng Liang
1
Lijuan Zheng
2
  1. Power Grid Planning and Design Research Center, Hainan Power Grid Co., Ltd., China
  2. Tellhow Software Co., Ltd, China
8 Study on the distribution of SAR and temperature in human brain during radio-frequency cosmetic treatment
Xinzhe Qi , Mai Lu
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 115-127 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.136056
Keywords: electromagnetic exposure human head model ICNIRP guidelines radiofrequency cosmetic instruments safety assessment
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Abstract

This paper established a radio-frequency electrode model and human head model used in RF cosmetic instruments. The distribution of electric field strength, a specific absorption rate (SAR), and temperature distribution in the human brain at 1 MHz and 6 MHz were studied and the results compared with the International Commission on Nonionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines. The results showed that under those two frequencies the maximum value of electric field strength in the human brain was 1.52 V/m and it was about 5.4% of the ICNIRP basic restrictions, the maximum SAR in human brain was about 2:21 ? 10??3 W/kg, which was far less than 2 W/kg of ICNIRP basic restrictions, the maximum temperature of the human brainwas 37:6? located in thewounded skin, which was the same as the normal temperature 37?. Since all the results were within the ICNIRP basic restrictions, the electromagnetic exposure generated by the RF cosmetic electrode will not pose a threat to the human health.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xinzhe Qi
1
Mai Lu
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Key Laboratory of Opt-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu Province, P.R. China
9 Research on a novel hybrid shielding structure of magnetic coupler for inductive power transfer system
Yun Rui Liu , Chunfang Wang , Dongwei Xia , Rui Yue
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 129-143 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.136057
Keywords: coupling coefficient electromagnetic shielding finite element simulation optimization design wireless power transfer
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Abstract

With the development of wireless power transfer technology, more and more attention has been paid to its electromagnetic safety. In this paper, a novel hybrid shielding structure composed of the innermost fan-shaped ferrite, the interlayer nanocrystalline strip and the outermost aluminum foil is proposed to shield the electromagnetic field of the inductive power transfer system. Eight structure parameters of the proposed shielding are optimized by finite element simulation, in order to reduce the magnetic leakage of the system and improve the utilization rate of shielding materials. In addition, the proposed structure is compared with two types of typical double-layer hybrid shielding from the perspectives of the weight, the coupling coefficient and the magnetic flux leakage. Both simulation and experiment results show that the cost and weight of the proposed shield are about 60% lower than the traditional disk shield. Moreover, the shielding layer proposed in this paper can not only effectively reduce the magnetic flux leakage of the system, but also maintain a high coupling coefficient.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yun Rui Liu
1
Chunfang Wang
1
Dongwei Xia
1
Rui Yue
1
  1. Qingdao University, China
10 Research on regional emergency DC power support strategy of VSC-MTDC transmission system
Congshan Li , Tingyu Sheng , Yan Fang , Yikai Li
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 145-160 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.136058
Keywords: coordinated control dynamic active power support emergency DC power support VSC-MTDC
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Abstract

In the asynchronous interconnected power grid that is composed of the multiterminal voltage-source converter high voltage direct current (VSC-MTDC) system, the control methods of each converter station and the frequency of the connected AC system are not the same. When a fault occurs in any place of the asynchronous interconnected system, it will cause the system to have power shortage or surplus, affecting the safe and stable operation of the interconnected power grid. In order to solve the problem of insufficient regional active power reserve, based on the VSC-MTDC asynchronous regional interconnection system and the principle of regional sharing, the dynamic power controller under disturbance conditions is established, and the controller parameters are set to achieve the accuracy of unbalanced power in the disturbance area measuring. Then, according to the degree of the disturbance power, considering the factors that affect the support effect of the converter station, an emergency DC power support (EDCPS) scheme under different power disturbances is formulated to achieve power compensation for the disturbance area. Based on PSCAD/EMTDC software, the proposed control strategy is simulated. The result shows that the converter station closer to the disturbance area has a better support effect, and the dynamic active power controller can timely and accurately deliver to the disturbance area when the active power reserve is insufficient.
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Authors and Affiliations

Congshan Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tingyu Sheng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yan Fang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yikai Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, China
11 Optimal placement and sizing of FACTS devices based on Autonomous Groups Particle Swarm Optimization technique
Ahmed A. Shehata , Ahmed Refaat , Mamdouh K. Ahmed , Nikolay V. Korovkin
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 161-172 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.136059
Keywords: active power losses minimization AGPSO FACTS MFO PSO SVC
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Abstract

This paper presents the application of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices based on heuristic algorithms in power systems. The work proposes the Autonomous Groups Particle Swarm Optimization (AGPSO) approach for the optimal placement and sizing of the Static Var Compensator (SVC) to minimize the total active power losses in transmission lines. A comparative study is conducted with other heuristic optimization algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Timevarying Acceleration Coefficients PSO (TACPSO), Improved PSO (IPSO), Modified PSO (MPSO), and Moth-Flam Optimization (MFO) algorithms to confirm the efficacy of the proposed algorithm. Computer simulations have been carried out on MATLAB with the MATPOWER additional package to evaluate the performance of the AGPSO algorithm on the IEEE 14 and 30 bus systems. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm offers the best performance among all algorithms with the lowest active power losses and the highest convergence rate.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ahmed A. Shehata
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ahmed Refaat
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mamdouh K. Ahmed
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nikolay V. Korovkin
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Energy, Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia
  2. Electrical Engineering Department, Port-Said University, Egypt
12 An advanced IoT system for monitoring and analysing chosen power quality parameters in micro-grid solution
Ngo Minh Khoa , Le Van Dai , Doan Duc Tung , Nguyen An Toan
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 173-188 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.136060
Keywords: energy management Internet of Thing (IoT) micro-grid power quality (PQ) ThingSpeak cloud
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Abstract

This paper proposes an advanced Internet of Things (IoT) system for measuring, monitoring, and recording some power quality (PQ) parameters. The proposed system is designed and developed for both hardware and software. For the hardware unit, three PZEM-004T modules with non-invasive current transformer (CT) sensors are used to measure the PQ parameters and an Arduino WeMos D1 R1 ESP8266 microcontroller is used to receive data from the sensors and send this data to the server via the internet. For the software unit, an algorithm using Matlab software is developed to send measurement data to the ThingSpeak cloud. The proposed system can monitor and analyse the PQ parameters including frequency, root mean square (RMS) voltage, RMS current, active power, and the power factor of a low-voltage load in real-time. These PQ parameters can be stored on the ThingSpeak cloud during the monitoring period; hence the standard deviation in statistics of the voltage and frequency is applied to analyse and evaluate PQ at the monitoring point. The experimental tests are carried out on low-voltage networks 380/220 V. The obtained results show that the proposed system can be usefully applied for monitoring and analysing chosen PQ parameters in micro-grid solutions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ngo Minh Khoa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Le Van Dai
2
Doan Duc Tung
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nguyen An Toan
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Quy Nhon University, Vietnam
  2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
13 The slewing drive system for tower crane with permanent magnet synchronous motor
Łukasz Knypiński , Jacek Krupiński
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 189-201 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.136061
Keywords: energy conversion efficiency permanent magnet synchronous motor slewing drive system System efficiency tower cranes
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Abstract

The paper presents a method of determining the efficiency of the slewing drive system applied in tower cranes. An algorithm for the proper selection of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) for crane applications is presented. In the first stage of our research the proper PMSM was proposed on the basis of the simulation calculation. Next, the PM motor was examined on a special test bench. The experimental setup allows determining major electrical and mechanical parameters of the motor drive system. The applied slewing system consists of: an inverter, gear, cable drum and a permanent magnet motor. The performance and efficiency of the system were experimentally determined. Selected results of the experimental measurement are presented and discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Knypiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Krupiński
2
  1. Poznan University of Technology, Poland
  2. Krupinski Cranes, Poland
14 Improved virtual space vector modulation for neutral point voltage oscillation and common-mode voltage reduction in neutral point clamped three-level inverter
Junlong Fang , Guangya Wang , Ran Li , Siyuan Liu , Shuyu Wang
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 203-218 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.136062
Keywords: three-level inverter vector conversion virtual space vector modulation
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Abstract

The neutral point clamped (NPC) three-level inverter is widely used in highvoltage and high-power applications. However, neutral point voltage oscillation (NPVO) and common-mode voltage (CMV) problems exist in the NPC three-level inverter. In this paper, an improved virtual space vector modulation (VSVM) is proposed based on the reconstruction of a virtual small vector and a virtual medium vector. Compared with the traditional VSVM, an improved VSVM can effectively reduce the CMV. On this basis, a vector conversion method is proposed to further reduce the NPVO in the whole range. Simulation results verify the effectiveness and superiority of the improved VSVM.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Junlong Fang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Guangya Wang
1
Ran Li
1
Siyuan Liu
1
Shuyu Wang
1
  1. School of Electricity and Information, Northeast Agricultural University, China
15 A novel two-phase interleaved parallel bi-directional DC/DC converter
Baoge Zhang , Deyu Hong , Tianpeng Wang , Zhen Zhang , Donghao Wang
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 219-231 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.136063
Keywords: bi-directional DC/DC converter energy storage system interleaved parallel structure voltage stress Z-source network
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Abstract

The energy storage system (ESS) is an important way to improve the power quality of renewable energy sources (such as solar energy and wind energy). A bi-directional DC/DC converter is an essential part of the ESS to achieve bi-directional energy transfer. According to the characteristics of the low-voltage gain and high-voltage stress of switches in the existing bi-directional DC/DC converter, this study proposes a novel two-phase interleaved parallel bi-directional DC/DC converter. The converter can effectively combine the advantages of a Z-source network and interleaved parallel structure. The working principle, the boost mode and buck mode of the converter are analyzed in detail. In addition, the voltage conversion ratios under the two modes are deduced. The control strategy of the two-phase interleaved parallel bi-directional DC/DC converter is introduced in detail. Furthermore, the main working waveforms of the system under each working mode are verified by building a simulation experiment model using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results show that the system has advantages of high-voltage gain, low-voltage stress of switches and automatic current sharing between inductors.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Baoge Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Deyu Hong
1
Tianpeng Wang
1
Zhen Zhang
1
Donghao Wang
1
  1. Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China
16 Influence of thermal-mechanical stress on the insulation system of a low voltage electrical machine
Liguo Yang , Florian Pauli , Kay Hameyer
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 1 | 233-244 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.136064
Keywords: hotspot insulation system material fatigue thermal-mechanical stress
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Abstract

Varying ohmic loss in the winding of electrical machines, which are operated at various operating points, results in temperature changes during operation. Particularly, when the temperature is varying dynamically, the insulation system suffers from repeated thermalmechanical stress, since the thermal expansion coefficients of the insulating materials and copper conductors are different. For the appropriate design of an insulation system, the effect of thermal-mechanical stress must be known. In the present work, motorettes are subjected to repeated thermal cycles. The expected lifetime is estimated and compared to the lifetime which is achieved by applying a lifetime-model which only considers thermal aging while ignoring thermal-mechanical stress effects. In addition, the hotspot temperature is simulated, the lifetime at the hotspot is estimated as theworst case. As expected, the results indicate that the thermal-mechanical stress plays a significant role during dynamic thermal aging of the winding insulation system. To better understand the thermal-mechanical stress effect, the resulting thermal-mechanical stress in a single wire is analyzed by the finite element method. A preliminary analysis of the aging mechanism of materials due to cyclic thermal-mechanical stress is performed with the theory of material fatigue.
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[5] Arrhenius S., On the heat of dissociation and the influence of temperature on the degree of dissociation of the electrolytes, Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie (in German, Über die Dissociationswärme und den Einfluss der Temperatur auf den Dissociationsgrad der Elektrolyte), vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 96–116 (1889).
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[7] Ruf A., Pauli F., Schröder M., Hameyer K., Lifetime modelling of non-partial discharge resistant insulation systems of electrical machines in dynamic load collectives, e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik (in German, Lebensdauermodellierung von nicht-teilentladungsresistenten isoliersystemen elektrischer maschinen in dynamischen lastkollektiven), vol. 135, no. 2, pp. 131–144 (2018).
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[9] Madonna V., Giangrande P., Lusuardi L., Cavallini A., Gerada C., Galea M., Thermal overload and insulation aging of short duty cycle, aerospace motors, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 2618–2629 (2019).
[10] Sciascera C., Galea M., Giangrande P., Gerada C., Lifetime consumption and degradation analysis of the winding insulation of electrical machines, 2016 8th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD), Glasgow, UK, pp. 1–5 (2016).
[11] IEC 60505, Evaluation and qualification of electrical insulation systems (2011).
[12] Ruf A., Paustenbach J., Franck D., Hameyer K., A methodology to identify electrical ageing of winding insulation systems, 2017 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC), Miami, FL, USA, pp. 1–7 (2017).
[13] Pauli F., Ruf A., Hameyer K., Low voltage winding insulation systems under the influence of high du/dt slew rate inverter voltage, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 187–202 (2020).
[14] IEC 60034–18–41, Rotating electrical machines – Part 18–41: Partial discharge free electrical insulation system (Type I) used in rotating electrical machines fed from voltage converters – Qualification and quality control tests (2014).
[15] Nikolova G., Ivanova J., Interfacial shear and peeling stresses in a two-plate structure subjected to monotonically increasing thermal loading, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, vol. 51 (2013).
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Authors and Affiliations

Liguo Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Florian Pauli
1
Kay Hameyer
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Electrical Machines (IEM), RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 4, 52062 Aachen, Germany

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Si units are recommended for use in formulas, drawings and tables., for example the SI unit for magnetic field strength H is A/m. Apply the center dot to separate compound units.

Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of units: "Wb/m2" or "webers per square meter," not "webers/m2." Spell units when they appear in text: "...a few henries…", not "...a few H…".

Use a zero before decimal points: "0.25," not ".25." Use "cm3," not "cc."

Unit Symbols, SI Prefixes as well as Abbreviations should be writing in accordance with the IEEE standard

Tables, figures (illustrations) and captions:

The illustrations (line diagrams and photographs) should be suitable for direct reproduction. The lettering as well the details should have proportional dimensions to maintain their legibility after the usual reduction. All illustrations should be numbered consecutively (Fig. X). Tables are numbered with Arabic numerals.

All figures, figure captions, and tables in the text must be inserted into the correct places.

Figures, photos, tables or other parts of a manuscript that have previously appeared in another publication or are not the property of the authors must be properly acknowledged in the manuscript. Permission to republish these items must be obtained by the corresponding author from a person or institution holding the copyright, usually the publisher.

Authors are requested to send all drawings used in the article in additional files. Create a separate file for each image. Images should be submitted in a bitmap format (.jpeg) or/and in a vector format (.eps, .pdf or .cdr). Each file must be saved according to the number in the original article, e.g.: FIG1.JPG, FIG2.EPS, or FIG3.PDF. Bitmap illustrations must be “flattened”, which means no additional layers, for example, covering old descriptions.

Photographs, colour, and greyscale figures should be at least at a resolution of 400 dpi.

All colour figures should be generated in the RGB or CMYK colour space, while greyscale images in the greyscale colour space.

When preparing your figures/graphics etc., we suggest the use of the Arial 8 point font for axis numbers and Arial 9 point font for axis names. Figures/graphics etc. can be prepared in one of two proposed ways - see Template AEE.

Tables are numbered with Arabic numerals. Use 9 point Times New Roman for the title of the table and 9 point Times New Roman for the filling of the table (9 in the case of symbols with subscripts).

AEE journal allows an author to publish color figures in e-version at no charge, and automatically convert them to grayscale for print versions. Authors wishing to use the facility of color printing should consult the editors.

Conclusions:

A conclusion might elaborate on the importance of the work or suggest applications and extensions. Although a conclusion may review the main points of the manuscript, do not replicate the abstract as the conclusion.

References:

References in text must be numbered consecutively by Arabic numerals placed in square brackets. Please make sure that you use full names of journals i.e. Archives of Electrical Engineering. Please ensure that all references in the Reference list are cited in the text and vice versa.

Please provide name(s) and initials of author(s), the title of the manuscript, editors (if any), the title of the journal or book, a volume number, the page range, and finally the year of publication in brackets.

You can use the rules presented on the site: IEEE standard.

Examples of the ways in which references should be cited are given below:

Journal manuscript

[1] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of paper, Title of periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[1] Steentjes S., von Pfingsten G., Hombitzer M., Hameyer K., Iron-loss model with consideration of minor loops applied to FE-simulations of electrical machines, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 3945-3948 (2013).

[2] Idziak P., Computer Investigation of Diagnostic Signals in Dynamic Torque of Damaged Induction Motor, Electrical Review (in Polish), to be published.

[3] Cardwell W., Finite element analysis of transient electromagnetic-thermal phenomena in a squirrel cage motor, submitted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

Conference manuscript

[4] Author A., Title of conference paper, Unabbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf., Country of Conf., pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[4] Popescu M., Staton D.A., Thermal aspects in power traction motors with permanent magnets, Proceedings of XXIII Symposium Electromagnetic Phenomena in Nonlinear Circuits, Pilsen, Czech Republic, pp. 35-36 (2016).

Book, book chapter and manual

[5] Author1 A., Author2 A.B., Title of book, Name of the publisher (YEAR).

example

[5] Zienkiewicz O., Taylor R.L., Finite Element method, McGraw-Hill Book Company (2000).

Patent

[6] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of patent, European Patent, EP xxx xxx (YEAR).

example

[6] Piech Z., Szelag W., Elevator brake with magneto-rheological fluid, European Patent, EP 2 197 774 B1 (2011).

Thesis

[7] Author A., Title of thesis, PhD Thesis, Department, University, City of Univ. (YEAR).

example

[7] Driesen J., Coupled electromagnetic-thermal problems in electrical energy transducers, PhD Thesis, Faculty of Applied Science, K.U. Leuven, Leuven (2000).

For on electronic forms

[8] Author A., Title of article, in Title of Conference, record as it appears on the copyright page], © [applicable copyright holder of the Conference Record] (copyright year), doi: [DOI number].

example

[8] Kubo M., Yamamoto Y., Kondo T., Rajashekara K., Zhu B., Zero-sequence current suppression for open-end winding induction motor drive with resonant controller,in IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), © APEC (2016), doi: 10.1109/APEC.2016.7468259

Website

[9] http://www.aee.put.poznan.pl, accessed April 2010.

Proofs:

Authors will receive proofs for correction, which should be returned promptly. All joint contributions must indicate the name and address of the authors to whom proofs should be sent.

Fees for printing the papers in Archives of Electrical Engineering:

AEE is published in Open Access, which means that all articles are available on the internet to all users immediately upon publication free of charge for the readers. Authors will be asked to a declaration that they are ready to cover the costs of printing their article.

The fee for the publication of an article in the AEE journal is 200 Euro.

Abstracting & Indexing:

Archives of Electrical Engineering is covered by the following services:

  • Arianta
  • Baidu Scholar
  • BazTech
  • Celdes
  • CNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastucture)
  • CNPIEC
  • DOAJ
  • EBSCO - TOC Premie
  • EBSCO (relevant databases)
  • EBSCO Discovery Service
  • Elsevier - Compendex
  • Elsevier - Engineering Village
  • Elsevier - SCOPUS
  • Genamics JournalSeek
  • Google Scholar
  • ICI Journals Master List
  • Inspec
  • J-Gate
  • Naviga (Softweco)
  • POL-Index
  • Primo Central (ExLibris)
  • ProQuest - Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace
  • ProQuest - Electronics and Communications Abstracts
  • ProQuest - Engineering Journals
  • ProQuest - High Tech Research Database
  • ProQuest - Illustrata: Technology
  • ProQuest - SciTech Journals
  • ProQuest - Technology Journals
  • ProQuest - Technology Research Database
  • SCImago (SJR)
  • Summon (Serials Solutions/ProQuest)
  • TDOne (TDNet)
  • TEMA Technik und Management
  • Thomson Reuters - Emerging Sources Citation Index
  • Ulrich's Periodicals Directory/ulrichsweb
  • WorldCat (OCLC)

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