Nauki Techniczne

Metrology and Measurement Systems

Zawartość

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2024 | vol. 31 | No 4

Abstrakt

The gas-liquid two-phase acoustic emission (AE) signal contains rich flow information, but it is also accompanied by a large number of interference signals. To accurately extract the characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow, the removal of interference signals is very important. In this paper, AE technology is used to detect the signal of gas-liquid two-phase flow in a vertical pipeline. The support degree of the sensor is checked by the trust function to confirm the consistency of the sensor and eliminate wrong data. The decomposition level of the wavelet base and wavelet transform is determined by four parameters such as the signal-to-noise ratio. By comparing the wavelet exponential window smoothing method and the wavelet soft threshold method, the wavelet exponential window smoothing method which is more suitable for the denoising effect is selected, and the real-time denoising effect is evaluated by using the measurement dynamic uncertainty theory. The results show that the wavelet exponential window denoising method improves the signal-to-noise ratio, reduces the energy leakage during denoising, and significantly improves the pseudo-Gibbs phenomenon, while dynamic uncertainty can effectively evaluate the denoising effect of AE signals.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Lide Fang
1
Jianzhang Sun
2
Meng Zheng
1
Qiaoqiao Zeng
3
Fang Dong
1
Yue Feng
4

  1. Hebei University, School of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei, Baoding, 071000, China
  2. Institute of Metrology of Hebei Province, 050200, China
  3. Hubei Huangshi Institute of Measurement and Testing, Huangshi, Hubei, Hubei, 435000, China
  4. School of Electronic Information Engineering, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, 065000, China

Abstrakt

Modern devices for dynamic calibration of pressure sensors (shock tubes, power simulators of pressure impulse, etc.) have a number of drawbacks stemming from the principles of creating a test impact. Besides, the problem of rational choice of the method of calibrating pressure sensors depending on the dynamic parameters of the sensor and the required test accuracy has not been solved for modern test systems. The paper presents a solution to the problem of correlation between the test parameters, dynamic parameters of the pressure sensor and test accuracy. The obtained analytical dependencies of such a relationship make it possible to reasonably select or develop a method for studying the dynamic characteristics of sensors. Based on theoretical studies, the principle of creating a test impact has been proposed, and a method and device for implementing dynamic calibration of pressure sensors have been devised. The developed device allows the transient response of the sensor to be obtained, as well as setting the decay time of its natural vibration. Based on the transient response, other dynamic characteristics of the sensor, namely the impulse transient and frequency response, can be calculated.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Myroslav Tykhan
1
Viktor Markovych
1
Vitalii Heneralov
1
Marian Milian
1

  1. Lviv Polytechnic National University, Institute of Computer Technologies, Automation and Metrology, Department of Intelligent Mechatronics and Robotics, Kniazia Romana Str., 19, Lviv, 79013, Ukraine

Abstrakt

This paper presents a novel approach for diagnosing and monitoring Broken Rotor Bar (BRB) faults in induction motors through vibration signal analysis. The method integrates advanced signal processing techniques such as the Hilbert Huang Transform (HHT) with machine learning methods, specifically Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). The study initiates with an HHT application to identify fault-related harmonics, achieved through complete Empirical Ensemble Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) of the vibration signal (Vx), producing intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). A statistical analysis, employing correlation coefficients (CC), facilitates the selection of relevant IMFs indicative of BRB faults. IMFs with CC values equal to or greater than 0.2, notably IMF1, IMF2, IMF3, and IMF4, appear informative. Following IMF selection, signal reconstruction ensues by incorporating these useful IMFs. After rebuilding the signal, we use global thresholding based on a statistical analysis that includes Root Mean Square (RMS) and Energy Coefficient (EC) calculations. The Signal Reconstruction Denoising (SRD) meets the criteria for selection. Spectral envelope analysis of SRD is then employed for BRB fault detection. The subsequent phase employs a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) for BRB localization. Features utilized for training the MLP model include EC and various frequency components ( fvb–, fvb+, 2fvb–, 2fvb+, 4fvb–, 4fvb+, 6fvb–, 6fvb+, 8fvb–, and 8fvb+). Results from MLP demonstrate exceptional performance, achieving a classification rate of 99.99%. The proposed CEEMDAN-MLP method exhibits robust efficiency, validated by experimental results, and offers promising prospects for BRB fault diagnosis and monitoring in induction motors.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Bilal Djamal Eddine Cherif
1
Hilal Rahali
1
Sara Seninete
2

  1. Electrical Engineering Laboratory (LGE), Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of M’sila, University Pole, Bourdj Bou Arreiridj Road, 28000 M’sila
  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Mostaganem, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria

Abstrakt

This paper presents a non-destructive approach for evaluating steel fiber distribution in Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC). The method utilizes a measurement system based on eddy currents combined with an automated scanning system, enabling precise sensor movements along the SFRC sample. The proposed method is first applied to a set of samples with known fiber distribution along the samples to test its effectiveness. The impedance response clearly indicates the highest and lowest fiber volume fractions along the samples, allowing for a straightforward correlation between the impedance data and fiber distribution through the established methodology. Then it is applied to another set of samples with random fiber distribution. In this case, the impedance response is compared to the Brazilian destructive test results. The obtained results affirm a robust correlation between impedance measurements and the observed cracks on the SFRC samples. This approach proves instrumental in identifying vulnerable areas susceptible to crack development in the SFRC sample. The comprehensive insights gained through this method contribute significantly to showing the detailed zonal distribution of SFRC which allows an understanding of the behaviour of the SFRC under mechanical stress.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Loukmane Gherdaoui
1
Samir Bensaid
1
Nacira Saoudi
2
Didier Trichet
3
Hamza Houassine
4

  1. Laboratory of Materials and Sustainable Development (LM2D), Sciences and Applied Sciences Faculty, Bouira University, Algeria
  2. Department of Civil Engineering , Sciences and Applied Sciences Faculty, Bouira University, Algeria
  3. Nantes Atlantique Electrical Energy Research Institute, IREENA, UR 4642, 44600 Saint-Nazaire, France
  4. Laboratory of Electric and Automatic Systems Engineering, Sciences and Applied Sciences Faculty, Bouira University, Algeria

Abstrakt

Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has emerged as the primary treatment option for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgeries. The intricate hemodynamics within the AAA region often leads to various complications in post-stent-graft placement, such as endoleaks. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the risk of stent-graft migration attributable to the appearance of endoleaks, employing spatial configuration analysis and wall shear stress (WSS) assessment. AngioCT data from 20 patients aged 50–60 years, who had undergone stent-graft placement at the Medical University of Vienna, were utilized. Three-dimensional geometries were reconstructed using ANSYS software (ANSYS, Canonsburg, Pa, USA) for blood flow simulation. The blood flow was assumed to be incompressible and laminar. The stent-graft’s area and height were scrutinized, alongside the formulation of a shape factor connecting the real stent-graft’s volume with a virtually reconstructed cylinder. Prostheses with endoleaks exhibited an averageWSS of 328.23 ± 107.63 Pa, while the average WSS within the endoleak area was 30.00 ± 9.57 Pa. In contrast, prostheses without endoleaks displayed a WSS of 367.90 ± 119.42 Pa. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) algorithms facilitated the analysis of WSS values pre- and post-endoleak appearance, as well as within the endoleak region. Additionally, the proposed shape factor facilitated the spatial configuration of stent-grafts with and without endoleaks, incorporating the pushing forces.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Andrzej Polanczyk
1
Aleksandra Piechota-Polanczyk
2
Agnieszka W. Piastowska-Ciesielska
2
Ihor Huk
3
Christoph Neumayer
3
Patricia Pia Wadowski
4
Julia Balcer
5
Michal Strzelecki
5

  1. Faculty of Safety Engineering and Civil Protection, Fire University, ul. J. Słowackiego 52/54, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Medical University of Lodz, Department of Cell Cultures and Genomic Analysis, ul. gen. L. Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Łódz, Poland
  3. Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20,1090 Vienna, Austria
  4. Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
  5. Institute of Electronics, Lodz University of Technology, Al. Politechniki 10, 93-590 Lodz, Poland

Abstrakt

The article proposes and investigates a simple and accurate evaluation of the standard and expanded uncertainty of the Laplace population median. With the number of observations n, the known probability distribution describing the sample median for n-2 observations was used to approximate the uncertainty of the population median. The proposed approximation was tested by comparison with exact results for n  ≤  10 and with the Monte Carlo method. It has been shown that the standard and expanded (confidence level p = 0.90, 0.95, and 0.99) uncertainties determined by the proposed approximation differ from values determined by MCM by less than about 1%. Using the median instead of the mean value as the measurement result provides a measurement uncertainty lower by about 25% when n ≥ 35, and over 29% when n ≥ 70.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mykhaylo Dorozhovets
1 2

  1. Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Metrology and Diagnostic Systems, ul. Wincentego Pola 2A, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
  2. Lviv Polytechnic National University, Institute of Computer Technologies, Automation and Metrology, Department of Information Measuring Technology, Bandera Str.,12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine

Abstrakt

The paper presents the theoretical properties of power-of-sine time windows, including the property of maximum sidelobe decay. This family of windows is a generalisation of the widely known Maximum Sidelobe Decay (MSD) windows and is referred to as Generalised Maximum Sidelobe Decay (GMSD) windows. GMSD windows are used in methods such as DFT spectrum interpolation (IpDFT), due to their desirable properties for such applications. The paper presents the key results, including the analytical form of the frequency characteristics of GMSD windows and some of their properties. The formulas derived are useful for describing these properties.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Józef Borkowski
1
Adam Matusiak
1

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Chair of Electronic and Photonic Metrology, Bolesława Prusa 53/55, 50-317 Wrocław, Poland

Abstrakt

This research introduces a novel technique for non-contact vibration measurement: the laser speckle stroboscope. Non-contact vibration measurement always yields superior results compared to contact methods as it does not impose any sensor load on the system, making it crucial for sensitive systems. Non-contact measurement techniques are also employed to assess vibrations in extreme temperatures and chemical environments where conventional sensors are prone to damage. This system, built with a laser, lenses, and a photodiode, offers significant improvements in precision compared to traditional stroboscopes. Conventional stroboscopes struggle to accurately measure linear vibrations, while high-precision alternatives like Laser Doppler Vibrometers (LDVs), are expensive. This study attempts to address the limitations associated with laser vibrometers. The laser speckle stroboscope addresses these limitations with a compact and cost-effective design. The system works by creating a laser-generated speckle pattern on the vibrating surface. The pattern is then sampled using a stroboscopic method in which the sampling period is synchronized with the vibration frequency. Rigorous testing confirmed the system’s effectiveness. The focused laser beam precisely captured the rotational movements. For linear vibrations, the system detected deviations as low as 3 Hz for specific frequencies. The rotational measurements showed a maximum deviation of 2 Hz for two out of four tested speeds. These results were validated using an external laser vibrometer, proving the system’s reliability.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ibrahim Yildiz
1

  1. Necmettin Erbakan University, Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Koycegiz, Meram, Turkey

Abstrakt

Inductive loop (IL) sensors are permanently installed in road to create output signals for the evaluation of vehicle magnetic profiles (VMPs) as vehicles pass over them. VMPs are acquired using a multi-frequency impedance measurement (MFIM) system equipped with advanced electronic, signal processing, and data management capabilities. Vehicle speed is calculated by measuring the time shift (delay, lag) between VMPs obtained from two distant IL sensors. The cross-correlation sequence (CCS) estimate is a widely accepted method for estimating time shifts that are integer multiples of the sampling period, i.e., the time resolution of the CCS is limited by the sampling period. In this paper, we present a fully operational MFIM system equipped with two wide and two slim IL sensors.We apply the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) to estimate fractional time shifts, i.e. we obtain a time resolution higher than the sampling period. Field measurement signals demonstrate that the proposed application of the DFT for fractional shift estimation offers higher accuracy, lower computational complexity, and better noise immunity compared to the CCS-based estimation. For shortduration signals, the DFT-based shift estimation is unbiased, while the CCS is a biased time-shift estimator.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Krzysztof Duda
1
Zbigniew Marszalek
1

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Measurement and Electronics, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

Abstrakt

Given the potential negative impact of delayed response from a magnetorheological (MR) damper on the effectiveness of semi-active suspension (SAS), a specialized time-delay dependent H robust controller has been developed to address this issue. The controller accounts for the actuator response delay and determines the system theoretical critical delay. To mitigate the response delay within the electromagnetic loop of the actuator, a technique has been proposed and tested. The technique minimizes the overall response delay, ensuring it is less than the theoretical critical delay. Subsequently, feedback gain is determined and comparative performance tests are conducted to validate the efficacy of the proposed control method. Compared with a delay-independent H robust controller, it has been demonstrated that the body acceleration and dynamic tire load peak-to-peak responses generated by the proposed controller are decreased by 16.4% and 7.4% respectively under bumpy road conditions, while under stochastic road conditions, body acceleration decreases by 3.5%, suspension deflection by 17.1%, and DTL by 0.89%.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Renkai Ding
1 2
Ping Wang
3
Anze Li
2
Ruochen Wang
4
Dong Sun
4
Ke Xu
5

  1. State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130015, China
  2. Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
  3. School of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130015, China
  4. School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
  5. iangsu Tangchen Automotive Parts Co., Ltd, Nantong 226500, China

Abstrakt

Compliant mechanisms are the state-of-the-art in precision Compliant Parallelogram Stage (CPS) due to their many beneficial features. However, the translational motion of CPS is accompanied by parasitic displacement and coupling error in these mechanisms. In this paper, the parasitic displacements are analysed by firstly applying the pseudo-rigid-body theory to One-Degree of Freedom (1-DoF) CPS. Then the theoretical model of the Coupling Error Transfer Matrix (CETM) is presented on a Three-Degree of Freedom (3-DoF) serial CPS. Moreover, the general forms of CETM are developed for the various configurations of 3-DoF-compliant mechanisms. In addition, the coupling error model is validated through experiment on a 1-DoF CPS. Meanwhile, the analytical results are validated with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) by comparing the parasitic displacements on each coordination axial direction. Compared with the analysis results between theoretical calculation and the FEA method, the maximum difference of the parasitic displacement is about 0.18 and the relative error of about 6.22%. This result offers effective ways to calculate and compensate for the coupling errors and serves to facilitate further work regarding the precision analysis of compliant mechanisms.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Huaibo Qiang
1
Hongxi Wang
1
Qiang Huang
2

  1. Xi’an Technological University, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Xi’an 710021, China
  2. Northwest Institute of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xianyang 712099, China

Abstrakt

Induction motors (IMs) are the most widely used electrical machines in industrial applications. However, they are subject to various mechanical and electrical faults. Eccentricity faults are among the common mechanical faults of IMs. This study compares the performance of four commonly used machine learning (ML) methods, including k-nearest neighbours (k-NN), decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF) along with the statistical features in detecting eccentricity faults of IMs with an automated machine learning (AutoML) model. The aim of using AutoML in this study is to fully automate the process of detection of eccentricity faults of IMs by selecting the classifier with the highest accuracy rate and shortest computation time along with the most effective feature(s). The eccentricity fault analysed in this study was experimentally implemented in the laboratory. Three-axis vibration signals were collected for healthy and eccentricity-faulty IMs. In the proposed study the three-axis vibration signals are pre-processed to determine the statistical features that are used as input to the ML methods. The proposed study offers the best ML method among the four studied algorithms and the need for expert knowledge of ML and eccentricity fault detection. The proposed AutoML model offers the DT method along with the z-axis rms feature for the highest accuracy rate and the shortest computation time in detecting the eccentricity fault.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Eyüp Irgat
1
Abdurrahman Ünsal
2

  1. Department of Kutahya Technical Sciences Vocational School, Kutahya Dumlupinar University, Evliya Celebi Campus, 43100 Kutahya, Turkey
  2. Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, Kutahya Dumlupinar University, Evliya Celebi Campus, 43100 Kutahya, Turkey

Abstrakt

Gas sensors, like any other type of sensors, are affected by external influencing factors among which the most aggressive are the ambient temperature and humidity. If the influence is small, their effect on the global accuracy of the sensor is reduced, and the error caused by these factors is included in the admissible error provided in the datasheet. However, if the influence ais significant, their effect can no longer be neglected and compensation of these errors is necessary based on the known influence characteristics found in the datasheet of the sensor. Unfortunately, these characteristics are not linear and the compensation must be accomplished according to an analytical relationship, if it can be known, or based on look-up tables implemented in the memory of the measuring device. Things get complicated when there are several influence factors. The paper describes a method for compensating the influence of ambient temperature and humidity on an MQ7 metal oxide gas (MOG) sensor, mainly dedicated to measuring carbon monoxide (CO), by mathematically modelling the surfaces of the characteristics given in the sensor’s datasheet and their implementation on a microcontroller platform. Experimental data show that, for a temperature variation between 10 and 50 Celsius degrees (°C) and a relative humidity (RH) variation between 30 and 90%, a reduction of the total amount of error is obtained by compensating the influence quantities resulting in an accuracy improvement of more than 60%.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Cristian Fosalau
1
Doru Cornei
1
Cristian Zet
1

  1. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Iasi, Romania

Abstrakt

This study enables justified selection of suitable sensors for the extended cross-float method for the calibration of piston gauges. Three sensor types were tested: a triangulation laser sensor, a capacitive sensor, and a high-precision accelerometer. The extended cross-float method is employed to avoid determining the equilibrium point between interconnected manometers during piston gauge calibration, assessing the fall rate and displacement of the piston. Thus, this makes the parameters above the most relevant and crucial for the mentioned method. The performance of each sensor was evaluated under identical load-pressure conditions to ascertain the accuracy in measuring piston displacement and fall rate. The laser sensor demonstrated the highest measurement precision, while the capacitive sensor effectively smoothed data, mitigating the impact of surface irregularities. Despite its ease of use and installation, the accelerometer showed notable data noise and less accurate results than the other sensors. These findings provide a comparative analysis of sensor performance, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations in the context of high-precision pressure measurement applications.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Adam Brzozowski
1 2
Roman Szewczyk
3
Piotr Gazda
1
Michał Nowicki
4

  1. Institute of Metrology and Measuring Systems, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. św. A. Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Central Office of Measures, ul. Elektoralna 2, 00-139 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Industrial Research Institute for Automation and Measurements PIAP, Al. Jerozolimskie 202; 02-486 Warsaw, Poland
  4. Department of Mechatronics, Robotics and Digital Manufacturing, Faculty of Mechanics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Plytinės g. 25, LT-10105 Vilnius, Lithuania

Instrukcja dla autorów



Sample article with Author guidelines



Author guidelines



Types of contributions

Metrology and Measurement Systems welcomes submissions of the following article types:

• invited special issue or review papers presenting the current stage of the knowledge within scope of the journal (about 20 edited pages, approximately 3000 characters each),
• research papers reporting high-quality original scientific or technological advancements (max. 12 pages),
• papers based on extended and updated contributions presented at scientific conferences (max. 12 pages),
• short notes, i.e. book reviews, conference reports, short news (max. 2 pages).


Manuscript preparation

General The text of a manuscript should be written in clear and concise English. The camera-ready format – with attached separate files containing illustrations, tables and photographs – is required. A cover letter with clear explanation of scientific novelty of the paper is strongly recommended. Papers based on extended and updated contributions presented at scientific conferences, or strongly related to previous authors’ works, must be accompanied with a cover letter file, which should explain in details changes made in the manuscript in comparison with the original conference paper and highlight the novelty in reference to other authors’ works.
The main text of a manuscript should be printed on an A4 page (with margins of 2.5 cm) using Times New Roman style with a font size of 12 pt; the paragraphs should start with the indentation of 5 mm, and titles should be written in bold. That text can be divided into sections (numbered 1, 2, …), first-order subsections (numbered 1.1., 1.2., …, written in italics), and – if needed – second-order subsections (numbered 1.1.1., 1.1.2., …, written same as first-order subsections). The only acceptable manuscript formats are in Microsoft Word (.doc, .docx).

The Editor encourages the Authors of submitted papers who are not English native speakers, to use a language service checking the language correctness not only with respect to grammar, but also in the way of presentation of research results accepted by renowned publishers, e.g. presented on the website of the European Association of Science Editors. The Editor encourages the Authors of submitted papers who are not English native speakers, to use a language service checking the language correctness not only with respect to grammar, but also in the way of presentation of research results accepted by renowned publishers, e.g. presented on the website of the European Association of Science Editors.


Figures
Figures (illustrations, photographs) and tables, provided in the camera-ready form suitable for reproduction (which may include reduction), should be additionally submitted (one per page), larger than the final size. While preparing figures we encourage to start with defining expected size and minimum font size that fit to all graphics in the manuscript – using the same style in all of your graphics visually improves the article. Final figure formats must be in one of the following: (vectors) .eps, .pdf, .ai or .cdr, and (bitmaps) .bmp, .gif, .tif or .jpg.
As far as plots, block diagrams, schematics etc. are concerned, we suggest to use one of vector formats to improve quality and scalability. Figures in vector formats must be saved using RGB colours and with fully white background (0% K). Hidden layers are unacceptable. Minimum line thickness printed in a single colour is 0.25 pt (0.09 mm), and 1 pt (0.36 mm) when using more colours. Typically we suggest 0.2-0.5 mm but in particular cases the range 0.1–1.0 mm will be accepted. Lines in plots should be distinguished not only by using different colours but also using different line types and markers, if needed.


Equation
All equations must be numbered consecutively throughout the text. Each equation should be preceded and followed by a 6-point spacing. Punctuate equations when they are part of a sentence. Equation numbers should be enclosed in parentheses. Equations should be prepared with the use of MathType or Microsoft Equation editors. The type size in the equation is the same as for the text. To make your equations more compact, you may use the appropriate mathematical symbols or expressions. The symbols used in an equation have to be defined before that equation or immediately after it. Use italics for variables (e.g. i, x, n), physical quantity symbol (e.g. voltage U, temperature T), letter pointers and general function symbols. Do not use italics for constants, indexes, minimum, maximum and trigonometric functions, mathematical operators, differentials, etc. To refer to the equation use “(1)”, not “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1)”, except at the beginning of a sentence where “Equation (1)” should be used. We recommend to use International System of Units SI i.e. metre-kilogram-second system of units. As a decimal separator dot should be used in the entire manuscript (text, figures, tables).


References
The paper has to be clearly positioned in the context of relevant literature in the field of measurements and instrumentation. Note that lack of references from the main field of Metrology and Measurement Systems interest may suggest that the content of manuscript does not exactly correspond to the scope of metrological journals. It may reduce possibility that a proposed paper will be read by audience society. In such a case our Editorial Board may suggest to send the manuscript to a more appropriate journal. Also note that the use of possibly up-to-date references may indicate importance of your work. Table below gives examples of some relevant and renewable journals related to widely understood metrology.


Journal

Publisher

ISSN

Metrologia

IOP Publishing

0026-1394

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

IEEE

0018-9456

Measurement

Elsevier

0263-2241

Measurement Science and Technology

IOP Publishing

0957-0233

Metrology and Measurement Systems

PAS

0860-8229

Review of Scientific Instruments

IOP Publishing

0034-6748

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

IEEE

1557-9948

IET Science, Measurement & Technology

IET

1751-8822

Journal of Instrumentation

SISSA, IOP Publishing

1748-0221

Measurement Science Review

Walter de Gruyter

1335-8871

IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine

IEEE

1094-6969

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences

PAS

2300-1917

Opto-Electronics Review

PAS

1896-3757

IEEE Sensors Journal

IEEE

1558-1748

Sensors

MDPI

1424-8220




References should be inserted in the text in square brackets, i.e. [1]; their list, numbered in citation order, should appear at the end of the manuscript. The format of the references should follow the APA 7th edition formatting style, i.e.: for an journal paper – surname(s) and initial(s) of author(s), year in brackets, title of the paper, full journal name, volume, issue (in brackets) and page numbers. Put all author names unless there are more than 20. Otherwise, after the first 19 authors’ names, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names. Then, end with the final author’s name (do not place an ampersand before it).


Submission process
Manuscript should be submitted via the Internet Editorial System (IES) – an online submission and peer review system. In order to submit the manuscript via the IES, the authors (first-time users) must create an author account to obtain a user ID and password required to enter the system. The submission of the manuscript in a single file, i.e. “Article File” containing the complete manuscript (with all figures of high quality and tables embedded in the text), is preferred. All figures have to be uploaded in separate files. The generated PDF file has to be approved. The PDF file has lower quality of the embedded figures to limit its size only.
The submission of a manuscript means that its content has not been published previously, it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that – if accepted – it will not be published elsewhere. The Author hereby grants the Polish Academy of Sciences (the Journal Owner) the license for commercial use of the article according to the Open Access License ( CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which has to be signed before publication. The copyright form is available in the IES.
The Authors are urged to suggest 4 to 5 reviewers in their application (with names, affiliations and addresses) with whom the Editorial Board could co-operate while processing the paper. Proposed reviewers should be experts deeply involved in issues related to the subject matter of the paper and they are intended to come from different universities or research centres.
Each submitted manuscript is subject to a single-blind peer-review procedure, and the publication decision is based on the reviewers’ comments. If necessary, the authors may be invited to revise their manuscripts. On acceptance, manuscripts are subject to editorial amendment to exactly fit the journal style.
An essential criterion for the evaluation of submitted manuscripts is their potential impact on the research field, measured by the number of repeated quotations. Such papers are preferred at the evaluation and publication stages.
Proofs will be sent to the corresponding author by e-mail and should be returned within 48 hours from receipt. The publication in the journal is free of charge. A sample copy of the journal will be sent to the corresponding author free of charge. For colour pages the authors will be charged at the rate of 160 PLN or 80 EUR per page. The payment to the bank account of the main distributor (given in “Subscription Information”) must be completed before the date indicated by the Editorial Office.


Other information
It is possible to include supplementary files related to the article content, such as e.g. developed databases. These files can be then used by other researchers to compare their algorithms using the same input data. For more details about supplementary files please contact the Editorial Board: metrology@wat.edu.pl. The biographical statements, at the very end of the article, are not obligatory, however, they are kindly recommended. Each statement should include the author’s full name and brief personal history focused on areas of research and scientific achievements. The biographical statement may not exceed 100 words and should be written using Times New Roman style with a font size of 8 pt.
The publication of your article is a great achievement but then it needs to be further promoted to make it more visible to the research community. Responsibility for this task lies with the Authors and our Editorial Board. We guarantee free access to the article in the Journals PAN of the Polish Academy of Science, including articles in Early Access form (published just after acceptance decision), indexing in popular and renewable databases (e.g. Thomson Scientific Master Journal List, Elsevier’s Scopus, Google Scholar). Furthermore, selected articles are highlighted on the journal website and are reprinted for promotion at conferences and other events. The Authors can share the final form of the article on various social networks and research-sharing platforms, such as Twitter, Facebook, Linkedin, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, SciProfiles. They are also encouraged to update personal and institutional webpages by adding the title and a link of the article. Feel free also to share your work with your colleagues using any other methods that do not conflict with the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.
For more detailed description about how to write a paper for the Metrology and Measurement Systems journal please look at the Author guidelines for manuscript preparation. We strongly recommend using this file as a template for manuscript preparation.


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