Applied sciences

Opto-Electronics Review

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Opto-Electronics Review | 2024 | 32 | 3

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Abstract

Owing to their remarkable capability to modify electromagnetic waves at microwave and optical frequencies, metasurfaces are now the subject of a substantial amount of study and find utility in a wide variety of applications. These artificial sheet materials, which are typically made up of metallic patches or dielectric etchings in planar or multi-layer confi¬gurations with a thickness of subwavelength, have the benefits of being lightweight, easy to fabricate, and able to control wave propagation both on the surface and in the free space that surrounds it. This article provides an overview of recent advancements in the discipline and organizes those advancements according to their applications. The one-of-a-kind capabilities of many types of metasurfaces have come to light, beginning with the invention of frequency selective surfaces, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, and metamaterials. Patterning the metasurface unit cells allows for surface impedance to be altered and modified, which has wide-ranging applications in surface wave absorbers and surface waveguides. First and foremost, the purpose of this review article is to provide introductions to the fundamental metasurface, its important features, and application ideas. The authors address the most recent progress in metamaterial-inspired antennas and how they can be used to miniaturize antennas, increase gain and bandwidth, achieve circular polarization, and inhibit mutual coupling in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems. In conclusion, exploring the research implications of the metasurface development trend and the significant engineering practical applications are shown in the conclusions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anitha C.
1 2
Vivek Singh
3 2
ORCID: ORCID
Ajay Kumar Dwivedi
3 2
ORCID: ORCID
Nagesh Kallollu Narayanaswamy
3 2

  1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SJC Institute of Technology, Chickballapur, Karnataka, India
  2. Visveswaraya Technological University, Belgaum, India
  3. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Nagarjuna College of Engineering and Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Abstract

Ferroelectric liquid crystals exhibiting a chiral smectic C* phase are deposited on z cut periodically poled lithium niobate substrates and investigated by polarized optical microscopy. While the pure substrates placed between crossed polarizers and observed in transmission appear dark, uniformly aligned liquid crystal films deposited on these substrates show alternating domains with varying brightness. This effect can be attributed to the well-known coupling between the direction of the spontaneous polarization and the optical axis in the birefringent ferroelectric smectic C* phase. Quantitative measurements of the tilt angle between the local optical axis and the smectic layer normal confirm antiparallel orientations of spontaneous polarization of the liquid crystal from domain to domain, as expected by the periodic poling of the lithium niobate substrate. This effect provides a valuable non-destructive method of optical inspection of the quality of periodically poled ferroelectric substrates, which plays an important role in achieving quasi-phase-matching in non-linear optical applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Patrick A. Meier
1
Susanne Keuker-Baumann
1
Thorsten Röder
1 2
Harald Herrmann
1
Raimund Ricken
1
Christine Silberhorn
1
Heinz-S. Kitzerow
1

  1. Faculty of Science and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
  2. Institut für Chemische Verfahrenstechnik, Hochschule Mannheim, Paul-Wittsack-Straße 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
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Abstract

Frustrated phases in chiral liquid crystalline systems, such as the blue phase (BP) and the twist grain boundary (TGB) phase, can create new opportunities in liquid crystal research. These frustrated phases have unique optical properties which can be used for specific applications. A new binary mixture system composed of a chiral rod-like ferroelectric liquid crystal and an achiral hockey stick-shaped compound was designed. This binary system exhibits induced frustration, resulting in the emergence of the BP-III and TGB*A phases in addition to the chiral ferroelectric Smectic-C* phase. We report a comprehensive study on several binary mixtures (xH-22.5= 0.162, 0.25, 0.396, 0.562) designed of a chiral ferroelectric liquid crystal derived from the lactic acid, namely 4-(octyloxy)phenyl 3-methoxy-4-((4-((2-(pentyloxy)­propanoyl)­oxy)benzoyl)oxybenzoate and achiral hockey stick-shaped compound, namely (E)-4-((E-((3-(decyloxy)-2-methylphenyl)imino)methyl)-phenyl 3-(4-(dodecyloxy)phenyl)acrylate. These mixtures induced the blue phase (BP-III, ~2.5–6.2K) and the twist grain boundary Smectic-A*phase (TGB*~1.8–6K). Polarizing optical microscopy, birefringence, and dielectric spectroscopy were employed to investigate the BP-III and  phases, as those techniques provide insights into their structural and dynamic properties. The ferroelectric behaviour of the SmC* mesophase was investigated by electro-optics. The obtained results are discussed in relation to the molecular structures of the used materials.
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Authors and Affiliations

Smriti Mitra
1
ORCID: ORCID
Priyanta Barman
1
Malay K. Das
1
Věra Hamplová
2
ORCID: ORCID
Alexej Bubnov
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Physics, University of North Bengal, Siliguri-734013, West Bengal, India
  2. Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Science, 18200, Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract

The dynamics of semiconductor lasers are modelled in the time domain using a pair of differential equations known as rate equations. The analysis, based on temporal solutions of these equations, yields practical results utilised in various applications. Alternatively, an analysis employing the phase space method, a well-established analytical tool in applied mathematics, provides a more comprehensive perspective on semiconductor laser dynamics. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed and intuitive introduction to phase space analysis in the context of semiconductor laser dynamics. The goal is to offer an easily comprehensible description of the mentioned method, placing emphasis on the graphical representation and physical interpretation of the results. The method effectiveness is shown through its application to selected practical problems. Furthermore, semiconductor laser dynamics can be treated as an illustrative example, showcasing the applicability of the method, which can be readily extended to other types of lasers or even more advanced dynamic systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Grześ
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maria Michalska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Świderski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, ul. gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The paper provides a detailed treatment of the expected range performance for the laser rangefinder (LRF) developed for the Polish ImAging SaTellites (PIAST) space mission, where the distance between satellites within a constellation has to be measured during orbital flight. The satellites are equipped with corner cube retroreflectors (CCR) to increase the efficiency of laser back-reflection. A theoretical signal-to-noise range-dependence model was developed to determine the maximum expected range of the measurements. This model included the tilt-angle-dependent properties of the CCR far-field diffraction patterns (FFDP) which were measured experimentally. In addition, the specific parameters of the receiving optoelectronic circuit used were considered. The obtained results show that in the case of the constructed PIAST LRF (peak laser pulse power of 100 W, laser beam divergence of 5 mrad, receiving optical aperture diameter of 2 in, CCR diameter of 2 in), depending on the CCR angular inclination, a maximum measurement distance of 15–40 km is expected.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Wojtanowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Jakubaszek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Zygmunt
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bartosz Sędek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Konrad Wójcik
1

  1. Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, ul. gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The work focuses on vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) made of nitride materials that emit a wavelength of 445 nm. Two structures were examined: a laser with a tunnel junction and implantation (TJ VCSEL) and an ITO contact (ITO VCSEL). The analysis delves into capacitance phenomena influencing the modulation speed of these lasers. The results highlight differences in active currents between two structures, i.e., currents which contribute to the modulation of the laser emission. According to the authors’ simulations, the TJ VCSEL is more effective in modulating the number of carriers in the active region than the ITO VCSEL, assuming the same modulation amplitude of driving current.
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Authors and Affiliations

Patrycja Śpiewak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Wasiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Robert P. Sarzała
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wólczańska 217/221, 93-005 Lodz, Poland
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Abstract

In the rapidly evolving landscape of smart cities, the integration of advanced technologies is crucial for ensuring safety, optimizing traffic flow, and enhancing the urban living experience. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication and visible light communication (VLC) have emerged as promising solutions to address these challenges. This paper explores the integration of V2V communication and VLC at smart pedestrian crosswalks to enhance pedestrian safety and traffic management in smart cities. It explores the impact of neighbouring vehicles on V2V-VLC performance and proposes novel methodologies to assess traffic density effects. Results indicate a significant chance of encountering nearby cars during rush hours, emphasizing the importance of these integrated systems for safety and mobility in urban environments. The outcomes show that the chance of running into extra cars in nearby lanes is independent of the particular lane and increases to 80% through rush hours, but falls to a lower amount than 20% through off-peak and initial morning hours.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zeyad T. Yaseen
1
Mokhalad Alghrairi
2

  1. Department of Medical Device Technology Engineering, Al Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Iraq
  2. Department of Computer Techniques Engineering, Imam Al Kadhum College (IKC), 10087, Baghdad, Iraq
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Abstract

Due to their lower productivity, lower reliability, and lower economic stability, older power plants are leading to higher carbon emissions. Rather than simply focusing on the retirement and recuperation of power plants, this study focuses on generation expansion planning (GEP). Considering recuperation is economically and environmentally beneficial to power the power generating company. These criteria have made the GEP problem more complex. Hence, the applications of optimization algorithms are required to solve these complex, constrained, and large-scale problems. In this study, an effective hybrid spotted hyena-particle swarm optimization (HSHPSO) algorithm is proposed to handle the GEP problem for the Tamil Nadu power system. This case study addresses the GEP problem for a 7-year planning horizon (2020–2027), as well as a 14-year planning horizon (2020–2034). A significant reduction in total cost and pollution occurs by including retirement and recuperation in GEP. To prove the effectiveness of the proposed HSHPSO technique, it is compared with the existing technologies such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) and differential evolution (DE). Compared to GEP with no recuperation or retirement, the total cost and CO2 emissions of the GEP have been reduced by 11.07% and 9.48%, respectively. Also, the results demonstrate that the HSHPSO algorithm outperformed other algorithms.
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Authors and Affiliations

Arun Kumar A.
1
Suresh S.
2
Ramkumar A.
3
Bhuvanesh A.
4

  1. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ramco Institute of Technology, Rajapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
  2. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
  3. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, India
  4. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PSN College of Engineering and Technology, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract

The paper presents a study of the luminescence properties in the visible spectral range of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) doped with organic dye-methyl red and CdSe quantum dots. The emission spectra of polymer-doped composite structures were investigated and compared with pure PMMA. Optical characterisation was carried out, focused on the measurement and analysis of excitation and luminescence spectra. Comparison of the spectroscopic characteristics of the developed materials allowed comparing the effect of doping on the luminescence properties of the obtained materials and considering their potential application as luminescent materials in fibre optic sensors.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Kiczor
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Mergo
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Laboratory of Optical Fibres Technology, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents the results of a method based on asynchronous delay-tap sampling (ADTS) and convolutional neural network (CNN) for determining simultaneously occurring disturbances described using the chromatic dispersion (CD), crosstalk and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) parameters. The ADTS method was used to generate training and test data for the convolutional network, which in turn was used to learn to recognize interference from said data. The tests were carried out for a transmission speed of 10 Gbit/s and for on-off keying (OOK) and differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulation. Very good results were obtained in recognizing simultaneously occurring phenomena. Accuracy of over 99% was achieved for CD and crosstalk for DPSK modulation and over 98% for OOK modulation. In the case of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, slightly weaker results were obtained, above 95–96% for both modulations. Based on the conducted research, it was determined that the use of ADTS and CNN methods enables monitoring of simultaneously occurring CD, crosstalk, and ASE noise in the physical layer of the optical network, while maintaining the requirements for modern monitoring systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Mrozek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Perlicki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Telecommunications, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

In this study, we revealed the impact of pumping scheme, fibre length, pumping power, and the reflectivity of the output fibre Bragg grating on the performance of a Tm3+-doped fibre laser (TDFL) operating at a wavelength of 1.72 μm. Numerical simulations enabled the optimization of output power and the reduction of losses due to reabsorption, as well as amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) around 1820 nm. The Tm3+-doped fibre (TDF) was bi-directionally pumped at 1570 nm to enhance pump absorption. The simulations suggest that a maximum power of 5.96 W at 1.72 μm and a slope efficiency of 64% are achievable using a Tm3+-doped silica fibre with a bi-directional pump of 4 W forward and 6 W backward.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohamed Zaki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mostafa Abouricha
1
Said Amrane
2

  1. LPTHE, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Ibnou Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
  2. STIC, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco

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Opto-Electronics Review was established in 1992 for the publication of scientific papers concerning optoelectronics and photonics materials, system and signal processing. This journal covers the whole field of theory, experimental verification, techniques and instrumentation and brings together, within one journal, contributions from a wide range of disciplines. Papers covering novel topics extending the frontiers in optoelectronics and photonics are very encouraged. The main goal of this magazine is promotion of papers presented by European scientific teams, especially those submitted by important team from Central and Eastern Europe. However, contributions from other parts of the world are by no means excluded.

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Authors of review papers are encouraged to write articles of relevance to a wide readership including both those established in this field of research and non-specialists working in related areas. Papers considered as “letters” are not published in OPELRE.

Opto-Electronics Review is published quarterly as a journal of the Association of Polish Electrical Engineers (SEP) and Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS) in cooperation with the Military University of Technology and under the auspices of the Polish Optoelectronics Committee of SEP.

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