Applied sciences

Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Krakowie

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Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Krakowie | 2024 | vol. LII/2

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Abstract

The main purpose of this paper is to present the biography, activities and achievements of engineer Marian Lenk: an urban planner educated in Lviv and working in Krakow, whose greatest achievements took place in the mid-1920s. The paper relied mainly on source materials from archives in Krakow (regulatory plans and development plans authored or co-authored by Lenk, as well as information on the course of his professional work) and Lviv (information on the course of his studies). In addition to document analysis, the following methods were used in the study: knowledge gathering, comparative analysis, site studies, interview (with M. Lenk’s grandson). As a result of the research work, it was established that Marian Lenk made at least about 120–130 plans of considerable thematic diversity, most of them in co-authorship. It was also found that the less numerous plans of individual authorship by Lenk are testimony to the designer’s high professional and creative competence. They constitute an important part of the achievements of Kraków urban planning of the interwar period and allow Lenk to be recognised as the leading, next to Andrzej Kłeczek, creator of Kraków urban planning of the 1920s. Particularly distinctive — with their formal, functional and orientation values — are the designs of local, small urban squares that constitute fragments of some of Lenk’s regulatory plans. Among the distinctive features of squares designed by Lenk are both unique and rational shapes of their plans and interiors, as well as excellent connections with urban structures, both existing and planned.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Motak
ORCID: ORCID

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Abstract

This study was to investigate whether the construction of a thermal waste processing plant equipped with additional functions contributed to the functional transformation of the urban structure in which said plant is located and if so, then it what way. Our study was divided into two stages: planning document analysis and field analyses of the existing state. During the first stage, documents from three time periods were analysed: from before the decision to build the plant, from a period when the documents acknowledged its construction, and those that are currently in force. During the second stage, we conducted field studies that included the area’s functional and spatial analysis within two zones of pedestrian accessibility. Our findings led to conclusions concerning not only the impact of the plant on changes in its vicinity but also yielded observations of dependencies between the design assumptions of planning documents and their realization.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Wójtowicz-Wróbel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marian Marschalko
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology Department of Spatial Planning, Urban and Rural Design
  2. VSB — Technical University of Ostrava Department of Geological Engineering
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Abstract

Jurydyka Ordynacka was a part of 18th-century Warsaw, established on the eastern side of Nowy Świat. Not much space has been devoted to it in the literature due to the loss of all files concerning it in 1944 and the few surviving cartographic sources. The aim of the research was to examine the possibility of using data extracted from municipal sources and parish registers in the analysis of the urban layout, and to attempt to reconstruct the chronology of street delineation and the introduction of parcelling. The temporal scope was limited to the period of the jurydyka, from its erection in 1731 to its liquidation in 1791. The research made use of surviving municipal sources, from which the names of the owners of all properties were established, and parish registers, which allowed the identification of many residents’ activities, including marriages, baptisms of children, or participation as witnesses in weddings and baptisms of other residents. The data collected was included in a summary table and marked on the town plan. The research carried out, particularly into the parish registers, has led to the identification of activities testifying to the family, neighbourhood and professional relationships of the inhabitants, confirming the fact that they lived in the erected houses. A chronology was reconstructed for the laying out of streets and the parcelling and development of the various properties of the jurydyka.
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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Neff
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology Faculty of Architecture
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Abstract

Determining the location of primary schools in the urban layout of the town of Police after 1945 required extensive literature research and verification of the information provided. The findings were based on legal acts, as well as verification by officials of the Department of Education and Culture of the Police Town Hall and the staff of each school. The research identified inaccuracies presented in the literature and provided verified information. In addition to a list of primary schools with their location in the urban layout of the town and their operation dates, this information was also presented on a map of Police. For example, Primary School no. 9 was not included in the discussion, as it became operational in 2017. While the information in the literature covers the period up to 2015, the study can be considered up to date for the second half of 2023. Most of the investigated schools are presented in illustrations in the context of the urban layout, based on aerial photographs taken by one of the authors using an unmanned aerial vehicle.
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Authors and Affiliations

Elżbieta Czekiel-Świtalska
1
Alicja Świtalska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Krakow University of TechnologyFaculty of Architecture and Fine Arts
  2. Krakow University of Technology Faculty of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Abstract

The urban structure of cities plays a crucial role in recording the ideas of planning for centres and in correctly determining the directions of their development. It reveals historical events and ongoing civilizational processes that leave a lasting mark on the urban landscape. The article will discuss the key elements forming the urban structure of Kołobrzeg, in which functionally and spatially distinct areas have created a balanced organism. The process of shaping the urban fabric inscribed in the surrounding landscape is shown in a cross-sectional manner. It combines methods of morphology, iconography, and urban analysis, revealing a sustainable structure resulting from historical spatial and functional development. This allowed identifying the relationships between the durability and flexibility of the urban fabric, integrating new socio- economic functions in successive stages. Our interdisciplinary approach to the urban development of Kołobrzeg also takes into account contemporary threats related to landscape changes caused by excessive growth and the monocentricity of cities. Our analysis emphasizes that the urban structure of Kołobrzeg, characterized by a networked nature, forms the basis for spatial-functional balance. As a result, the example of Kołobrzeg demonstrates that an urban structure based on network principles serves as a foundation for complementary functional-social equilibrium, which can counteract contemporary threats to the urban landscape and support the process of sustainable development.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adrianna Brechelke
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hanna Grzeszczuk-Brendel
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology Division of History, Theory and Heritage Protection
  2. Poznan University of TechnologyDivision of History, Theory and Heritage Protection
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Abstract

The study presented in this paper was an attempt to determine the characteristic features and elements of attractive public spaces in small towns. Interviews were conducted in selected small towns in Poland and field research was performed in towns in south-eastern Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The analysis of small-town market squares as public spaces of key importance in a small town found that a wide range of services, user interaction and good accessibility were the main elements that define the attractiveness of these places.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Ciepiela
1
ORCID: ORCID
Martin Vaščák
1

  1. Krakow University of TechnologyDepartment of Spatial Planning, Urban and Rural Design
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Abstract

According to the concept of sustainable urban planning, cities need a diverse and rich urban life and should consider social, cultural, economic, and ecological dimensions. As a result of joining the European Union, Polish cities and towns have faced a tremendous opportunity to improve living conditions and mitigate existing spatial conflicts. The greatest hopes for the renewal of small towns in Poland are associated with urban revitalization programmes in conjunction with the priorities of the ‘new’ spatial planning, where, as in EU countries, the most important are: care for the environment, sustainable development, and the protection and creation of jobs (Skalski, 2006, p. 10). This paper presents a proposal for transformations of the historical centre of Góra Kalwaria, in terms of sustainable development, with respect for the identity of the place, so that the historical centre unites the local community and becomes a place of integration for residents. During the work, available source materials (cartographic and planning sources) were analysed, an urban and photographic inventory was conducted, and then a research problem related to the transformation of the historic center of a small town towards pro-climate solutions was defined. In line with the trends of sustainable urbanism, projects are being implemented modernization of land use and street infrastructure, creation of new recreational zones enabling interpersonal contacts, complete or partial exclusion of car traffic, and a return to the urban shopping street and active ground floors.
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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Denis
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Majewska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kinga Rosa

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography Department of Spatial Planning and Environmental Sciences
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Abstract

This paper outlines the results of a review of the transformation of the urban structure of Wolności Square, in Bydgoszcz from the time of its creation to the present day. For decades, Wolności Square, has created the image of the centre of Bydgoszcz, giving residents a sense of identity with the local space. Over the last thirty years, the area has lost its function public space. It has been covered by numerous planning studies and redevelopment projects. Such actions are continued with, among others, revitalisation of the area, which began in 2020. The research carried out aimed to identify spatial phenomena in the area and to indicate existing problems in relation to the history, tradition and identity of the place, functional changes and sustainable development. Archival material, including urban plans and iconographic sources, planning materials and square regeneration projects. Research showed that the area, despite partial loss of its role and function, is still an area with a preserved historical urban layout with greenery and an important image site for Bydgoszcz and its cultural landscape. It still contributes to the sense of belonging of the city’s residents to a specific territory and continues the tradition of the place.
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Authors and Affiliations

Iga Grześkow
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology Department of Architecture and Urban Planning
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Abstract

This paper describes the activities carried out during the revitalization of K.W. Scheibler’s post-factory complex against the background of the transformation of the entire district, called the riverside industrial complexes (posiadła wodno-fabryczne). It was here in the early 19th century that industrial Lodz was born. This study is an overview report, depicting the spatial transformation at different scales and scopes, from a holistic assessment of the value of the existing cultural heritage, through urban planning vision to architectural decisions and implementation. The presented activities are an example of conducting spatial policy systematically and consistently, resulting in the revitalization of the K.W. Scheibler post-factory complex, which constitutes another link in the renewal of the entire district. This is a rare example of a post-industrial complex which fits in the system of public spaces and the green bloodstream of the city through a coherent urban vision for the entire district. The research and design materials come mainly from the collections of the Municipal Urban Planning Office in Łódź, where the authors conducted the process presented at the urban scale in the years 2013–2021.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Aneta Tomczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Robert Warsza
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lodz University of Technology Institute of Architecture and Urban Planning
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Abstract

Narrative in architecture is investigated increasingly often. The 21st-century’s direct linking of architectural narratives with the urban space and the perceptions of its users, which influences the popularity of this space, is a research gap. This paper presents an original method for analysing spatial narratives in public urban interiors and demonstrates that architectural narrative is an important element of urban space. The comparative case study of Prague and Kraków examples is descriptive and contributes unique insights into the ‘storytelling’ of urban space. Five cases in Prague, Czech Republic, and Kraków, Poland, were studied using a mixed methods approach, combining spatial and functional analysis with literature and media queries, behavioural mapping, and Space Syntax, and then compared with each other in their respective categories, where applicable: Mariánské náměstí against Mały Rynek, the Holešovice Brewery against the Lubicz Brewery, and Lennon’s Wall. In the study, the narrative potential of the spaces investigated is linked to social potential (against exclusion), functional flexibility, and the characteristics of a sustainable urban environment. The analyses identified the following architectural narrative types: historical, contemporary, tropes, costume, and informal. The method has application potential, but it can be further enhanced with questionnaires about the users’ perceptions of space.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ernestyna Szpakowska-Loranc
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jana Zdráhalová
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology Faculty of Architecture
  2. Czech Technical University in Prague Faculty of Architecture
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Abstract

The role of green space is increasingly often emphasized both in the concepts of shaping a sustainable urban structure and in the concepts of city space management. Being a multifunctional element of urban landscape, green areas not only increase the aesthetic value of the city, but also the quality of life of its inhabitants. During the spatial development of cities their green space systems are transformed to a different extent and at different rates. Each planning process involves the need to identify contemporary problems, the most important of which are: climate changes and the shrinking of natural resources The overriding goals of sustainable urban planning are to manage resources more efficiently, and maintain balance between the ecological, economic, functional, and compositional value of green areas. Poznań is a city in Poland where dynamic changes in spatial development can be observed. The local urban green space system results from natural landscape characteristics as well as historical and cultural conditions. Poznań has a characteristic wedge green space system (WGSS), which was consolidated in a concept prepared in the 1930s. by Władysław Czarnecki, an architect and urban planner, who collaborated with Adam Wodziczko, a naturalist. The overall aim of the study was to assess the current state of the WGSS in Poznań and its potential in the context of contemporary urban planning and management concept, as well as to indicate the possibilities of strengthening and supplementing this system. We focused our attention on such issues as: the share of green areas in the total city area, the distribution and availability of green areas, the dominant forms and composition of greenery, the continuity of WGSS and the possibilities of further development of green space in Poznań — towards a sustainable city
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Dudzińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Barbara Szpakowska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Life Sciences Department of Landscape Architecture
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Abstract

The study focuses on the green wedges within Wrocław’s green system: the Southern, Klecina, and Wojszyce- Jagodno wedges, located in a rapidly developing part of the city. The aim of the study was to outline the history of their planning, identify the areas they comprise, discuss top-down actions, grassroots initiatives, and proposed and planned changes. It was also important to formulate general recommendations for the further shaping of the green wedges. The methods used included analysis, observation, and focus group interviews. Planning documents, cartographic materials, and spatial data were analysed using QGIS. The green wedges were introduced into Wrocław’s development plans in the 20th century. They constitute a mosaic of areas significantly transformed by human activity. The southern wedge has the longest history and includes the most public green spaces. The other two green wedges were established in the 1980s and are primarily composed of informal green areas and agricultural lands. Grassroots initiatives and top-down actions are mainly driven by the need to ensure access to public green spaces, while land ownership and legal regulations pose limitations to their implementation. The most significant changes are planned for the Wojszyce- Jagodno wedge, where a community forest is proposed on agricultural land. The strategy for shaping green wedges as elements of the city’s green infrastructure should aim to strengthen their ecological role while simultaneously supporting the sustainable development of social functions. The findings broaden the knowledge on green wedges and provide some practical recommendations for Wrocław and other cities with similar conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Justyna Anna Rubaszek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Environmental Life and Sciences Department of Spatial Management and Landscape Architecture
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Abstract

This paper constitutes a research summary on urban, mixed-use facilities that combine commercial, service, industrial and accompanying functions, with urban commercial agriculture implemented mainly as rooftop farming. The facilities in question were built between 2010 and 2020. The conducted study proves the thesis that urban agriculture can become a component of the transformation process, fulfilling livelihood and social purposes in its area of occurrence, being one of the components of mixed-use facilities. It is therefore a good solution for degraded spaces and facilities. The paper identifies the characteristics of buildings that are more likely to be adapted for new purposes and shows the strong relationship between industrial, storage and commercial areas found in cities and urban agriculture. The research mainly used the mixed historical-interpretive research method related to the analysis of case studies collected from a catalogue of 14 examples of urban rooftop farm developments from France, Belgium, US and Canada.
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Authors and Affiliations

Justyna Kleszcz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Opole University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture
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Abstract

The architectural work of Władysław Marconi, one of the leading representatives of the mature, and in particular the late phase of historicism in Polish architecture, although it seems to be widely known, is generally only in the field of works completed by him in the peak period of his career, from about 1900 to 1915. The main objective of the research was therefore to identify, on the basis of source publications and preserved archival materials, the so far unstudied design activity of W. Marconi from the period of about twenty years preceding his achievement of the status of one of the most outstanding Warsaw architects at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The first part of the article discusses the architect’s achievements in the years 1877–1888, when he laboriously built the foundations of his professional independence. In its currently published part, I present the results of research on the architectural oeuvre of W. Marconi from the years 1888–1898. Years in which his design practice in Warsaw and in the provinces of the Kingdom of Poland began to stabilize, and then to develop more and more rapidly — initially mainly towards the design of religious buildings and tenement houses, and from 1893 urban and rural residential buildings, as well as the conservation and modernization of historic residences. Which, taking into account his parallel growing social and organizational activity, already in the late 1890s, allowed W. Marconi to achieve the position of one of the most famous and respected Warsaw architects.
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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Maria Rozbicka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of TechnologyUnit of Polish Architecture
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Abstract

The late-Modernist pavilions in the Upper Silesian area constitute a unique group of buildings that are the cultural and artistic heritage of the region. Their small scale and simple adaptability to a variety of uses made them easily fit into the existing context. They were built in large numbers, and, in many cases, their creators were prominent Silesian architects. The purpose of this paper is to identify pavilion buildings, present their typology and analyse their state of preservation with regard to original appearance, both in terms of architecture and details. The research used the method of library and archive searches and historical analysis of iconographic materials, as well as the method of comparative analysis of the materials collected during the on-site research. The multifaceted activity made it possible to identify the features of typical pavilions and document their gradual disappearance caused by uncontrolled interventions. The numerous redevelopments and modernizations of these buildings have obliterated their original appearance, which is a legacy of Modernism. The findings also shed new light on the problem of lack of conservation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Anna Uherek-Bradecka
ORCID: ORCID
Karolina Dudzic-Gyurkovich
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jakub Stojecki
2
ORCID: ORCID
Michael Laar
3

  1. Krakow University of Technology Faculty of Architecture
  2. Kaiserbrecht Investment Sp z .o.o.
  3. Deggendorf Institute of TechnologyFaculty of European Campus Rottal-Inn
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Abstract

endeavours. In some instances, contemporary urban planning may inadvertently result in the destruction of natural elements that are essential for maintaining a healthy and balanced lifestyle. This study aims to contribute to the ongoing discussion on the humanistic dimension of architecture and urban planning in the context of contemporary tendencies to verticalize the landscape. This was presented based on a review of the relevant literature and a case analysis, which focused on the urban development of Rzeszów. We conducted field and chamber studies, including analyses of archival and contemporary cartographic materials, which allowed to gain insights into the history of urban development in the capital of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship. The case of Rzeszów, which has been referred to as the ‘capital of innovation’, offers an illustrative example of the dynamic transformation of a small town into an important urban centre. It also illustrates a shift in focus from urban planning to environmental considerations, with the aim of creating a modern city. It would seem that the construction of the skyscrapers is more a consequence of the prevailing economic situation than a result of rational decision-making. The river and its natural backwaters are facing the threat of destruction as a result of the rapid expansion of the city. It would be beneficial to consider ways of minimising the impact of this expansion and to seek a balance between the humanistic aspects of architectural design and the more popular architectural and urban solutions associated with modernity and the innovation of cities.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agata Gajdek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Mizia
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Rzeszów Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Environmental Management and Protection
  2. Academy of Silesia Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering, and Applied Arts
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Abstract

This paper concerns the rooting of architecture in place by means of operating with sunlight. It discusses the features of rooted architecture and its value as a contemporary method of design that answers current environmental needs. Afterwards, it analyses operating with sunlight in architecture and points to its role in building mutual and strong place–architecture relations. In a multiple-case study, it presents selected projects from the Japanese and Western cultural regions by Peter Zumthor and Kengo Kuma, who are architects that accentuate the character of a place and the role of light in their designs. It was found that operating with sunlight in architecture can be an important factor in its rootedness if it expresses the natural and cultural place-based constraints. The methods of operating with sunlight used to do so are identified, especially choreography and orchestration of sunlight, as well as the methods that stem from identifying and either continuing or interpreting the cultural aspects of light in a given place.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Stec
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski UniversityDepartment of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Abstract

This study is focused on the problematic idea of implementing the concepts of biomimetics and biomimicry in architecture. Both terms refer to the imitation of nature in order to find solutions for problems arising in various scientific disciplines and human activity. Currently, biomimetics most often means the scientific translation of nature’s forms, functions, and processes for the purposes of technological innovation, and biomimicry postulates mimicking nature at the ecosystem level, introducing sustainability. This paper aims to answer the question whether biomimetic architecture can still be perceived as a visual art. The ideas of biomimetics are confronted with the traditional (historical) perception of architecture in four aspects: a building’s form, material, the creative process, and purpose. According to the concepts of biomimetics and biomimicry, a building’s form is completely dependent on its function, and should not be shaped by the architect, but ‘found’ through optimization. Architecture’s goal is primarily ecological and social. Therefore, the implementation of all radical biomimetic principles causes the rejection of the expressive, aesthetic, and symbolic values of architecture. It also ends up with the denial of the architect’s creative act of design, replaced by an evolutionary ‘form-finding‘ process. Consequently, architecture might lose a part of its identity as a domain of art. However, if we want architecture to remain an artistic discipline, inspiration with nature cannot lead to a complete rejection of attention to form and all non-functional objectives.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Jadwiga Białkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Krakow University of Technology Faculty of Architecture
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Abstract

The growing number of people falling ill with cancer is accompanied by the development of treatment methods that allow for the recovery or significant extension of the patients’ lives. Some solutions come to the rescue, which, even in terminal cases, can affect their quality of life. These comprise modern hospices, including those that are daycare. This category includes Maggie’s centres, under the patronage of the organisation of the same name, operating on the basis of (developed over time) thoughts on palliative care left by Maggie Keswick Jencks. They stand out from others with a clearly defined program and original architecture designed by outstanding designers. Its properties as a therapeutic environment have been analysed so far using qualitative methods, used by researchers representing various scientific disciplines. The results of these analyses have been compared with studies conducted using the space syntax method. This enabled us to draw conclusions of an application nature that can support a more informed approach to the design of such facilities in order to optimize their impact on the well-being of both patients and their loved ones and staff.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bogusław Wowrzeczka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. KUiA Oddział PAN Kraków, Wroclaw University of Technology Faculty of Architecture, Wydział Architektury, Katedra Projektowania Architektoniczno-Konstrukcyjnego
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Abstract

The aim of this work is to respond to the need to organize an area (greenery) in close proximity to the entrances to the university’s buildings. Those are the areas used by the students to spend time during short (15-minute) breaks between academic classes. Due to this need, a lack of research was noticed, devoted to the adaptation possibilities of campuses, i.e., the spending of breaks outside the building, which has gained importance after the COVID-19 pandemic. The main objective of this work is to improve the well-being of students by providing them with the quality of green areas on campuses. This leads to the specific objective: to determine the location potential of a green area designed for 15-minute breaks on the main campus of the Białystok University of Technology in Białystok, Poland, and in the Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación (ETSEM) and Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid (ETSAM) as part of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid in Madrid, Spain. The adopted methodology was based on a literature review and analysis of historical and contemporary university campuses, and the criterion of social and semi-social space in relation to campus green areas. The comparative method was used to conduct the analyses of campuses located in different climatic zones. The conclusions refer to modernization of a relatively small green area on campuses (till about 5%), which will improve the quality of the university’s functional programme, as it may affect up to 25% of the time spent by students at faculties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dorota Gawryluk
2
ORCID: ORCID
Maria Aurora Florez De La Colina
3
ORCID: ORCID
Pilar Cristina Izquierdo Gracia
1
Marta Baum
2

  1. Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
  2. Politechnika Białostocka, Instytut Architektury i Urbanistyki
  3. Politechnika Białostocka, Instytut Architektury i Urbanistyki, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
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Abstract

This study was carried out in the Koronowo Municipality. It was assumed that this area may be characterized by a varied structure of natural and cultural elements, which in turn may determine the attractiveness of the area for tourists. The aim of the work was to determine the potential of natural and cultural elements that would allow the development of a concept for a new tourist trail. The research work was based on the proven point bonitation method, which allows for the separation of areas of high visual attractiveness. This method was subjected to scrutiny. It was checked whether, based on data from airborne laser scanning (ALS), it is possible to develop field models based on a cloud of measurement points with designated XYZ coordinates, which would confirm the results of classical landscape valorization. The natural assessment showed the attractiveness of the landscape, varied relief, the presence of forested and bushy areas, and numerous water bodies. A total of 32 cultural sites were identified, including the ruins of a medieval castle. The analysis of elements supporting the development of tourism, characterized by a diversified network of communication routes and a rich accommodation offer, was very successful. It was possible to mark out a new tourist trail.
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Authors and Affiliations

Patryk Czerwiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Gęsiński
1
Zofia Stypczyńska
1

  1. Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology
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Abstract

This paper discusses the state of preservation of Orthodox church trees in southeastern Poland, using the example of sites in the Low Beskids region. Trees around Orthodox churches are an integral part of their historical structure and perform a number of functions from symbolic, landscaping, protective, to environmental. Due to the turbulent history of the region, associated with the Lemko population expulsion, the Orthodox churches are one of the most important features of the cultural landscape, widely disseminated for tourism purposes. The changes in the immediate surroundings of these sacred places, together with the improper care of the trees and the new plantings, incompatible with the cultural code of the region, are irreversibly destroying the unique landscape of the Low Beskids. Therefore, the authors point to the urgent need for local authorities to implement standards for the proper care of the tall greenery that is part of religious sites, to adopt a more integrated approach to historic sacred buildings and their dendroflora, and to promote the diverse values of local historic landscapes to local landowners.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sylwia Joanna Mucha
1
ORCID: ORCID
Justyna Nowak
2
Damian Nowak
3

  1. University of Life Sciences in Lublin Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture
  2. Fundacja ToPole
  3. Muzeum Ziemi Bieckiej
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Abstract

Contemporary cities face many challenges, including climate change, which adversely affects the environment and biodiversity. Efforts are made to maintain existing and design new green areas, which, in addition to ecological benefits, also have a positive impact on the health and well-being of residents. Elements of nature are introduced in cities in various ways, as well as in new, not entirely obvious locations, e.g., as accompanying facilities related to transport. The study of three cases of green area solutions accompanying transport infrastructure facilities in the context of enhancing urban biodiversity and fulfilling social functions is the main sub of this work. The functional and spatial layouts of the areas and their position in relation to the ground level will also be analysed. An additional aim is to present current emerging trends in urban green areas design, characterized by the reuse of abandoned and undeveloped areas, the combination of functions and the integration with architecture and infrastructure facilities. The method of analysing source materials on the discussed examples was used and the site visits were carried out in 2013 (High Line), 2022 (Salesforce Transit Center Park) and 2023 (Platform Park). The analysis has shown that, regardless of the location of the transport infrastructure in relation to the level of the ground, the time of its construction and the way in which it is connected to the surroundings, there are great opportunities to introduce green spaces as an accompanying transport infrastructure which can affect biodiversity and the implementation of social functions in cities.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agata Pięt
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Applied Sciences in Nysa Faculty of Technical Sciencese
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Abstract

Gerard Ciolek is primarily known as an outstanding researcher and conservator of historic gardens. The purpose of this research is to analyse a less recognised part of his work — the gardens designed using the style influences of his contemporaries: pre-war Modernism and socialist Modernism. This issue is presented based on the example of his works for the Orangery Garden and the garden in front of the Fig Tree Conservatory in Wilanów. The archival research carried out made it possible to recognise the phases of development of the area examined, with particular emphasis on the years 1944–1962 when Gerard Ciołek’s designs were created, as well as the implementation works that were carried out on their basis. Analysing Ciołek’s ideas for the Orangery Garden and the garden in front of the Fig Tree Conservatory, it was found that they are distinguished by many features attributed by researchers to modernist gardens, and while the Orangery Garden rather represents the aesthetics of pre-war Modernism, the slightly later garden in front of the Fig Tree Conservatory follows the trend of Socialist Modernism. The results of the field survey showed that elements of the garden composition derived from G. Ciołek’s designs have survived to the present day. They are much clearer in the Orangery Garden than in the garden in front of the Fig Tree Conservatory. Both of these gardens require restoration works, which should take into account relics of all historical periods, including the solutions introduced here by Gerard Ciołek.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dorota Julitta Sikora
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Department of Landscape Art

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