Applied sciences

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 1

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Abstract

Porosity is one of the major problems in casting operations and there are several discussions in the literature about the porosity formation in aluminum castings. Bifilms are the defects that are introduced into the melt by turbulence. They can be detected with reduced pressure test and presented numerically by measuring bifilm index. The measure of bifilm index is the sum of total oxide length given in millimeters from the cross-section of reduced pressure test sample solidified under 0.01 MPa. In this work, low pressure die casting (LPDC) unit was built in an attempt to enhance the producibility rate. The unit consists of a pump housing that was placed inside the melt in the melting furnace where the pressure was applied instead of the whole melt surface. It was observed that the melt quality of A356 alloy was deteriorated over time which had led to higher porosity. This was attributed to the increased oxide thickness of the bifilm by the consumption of air in between the folded oxides. A relationship was found between bifilm index and pore formation.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

O. Gursoy
1
A. Nordmak
2
F. Syvertsen
2
M. Colak
3
K. Tur
4
D. Dispinar
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Padova, Italy
  2. SINTEF, Norway
  3. University of Bayburt, Turkey
  4. Atilim University, Turkey
  5. Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
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Abstract

Titanium alloys belonging to the group of modern metallic materials used in many industries, including the aerospace industries. Induction crucible vacuum furnaces and induction furnaces with cold crucible are most commonly used for their smelting. When operating these devices, one can deal with an adverse phenomenon of decrease in the content of alloy elements that are characterized by higher equilibrium vapour pressure than the matrix metal or titanium, in the metal bath. In the paper, results of the study on aluminium evaporation from the Ti-Al-Nb, Ti-Al-V and Ti-Al alloys (max 6.2 % wt.) during smelting in a vacuum induction melting (VIM) furnace are presented. The experiments were performed at 10 to 1000 Pa for 1973 K and 2023 K. A significant degree of aluminium loss has been demonstrated during the analysed process. The values of relative aluminium loss for all the alloys ranged from 4 % to 25 %. Lowering the pressure in the melting system from 1000 Pa to 10 Pa resulted in increased values of aluminium evaporation flux from 4.82⋅10-5 to 0.000327 g⋅cm-2⋅s-1 for 1973 K and from 9.28⋅10-5 to 0.000344 g⋅cm-2⋅s-1 for 2023 K. The analysis of the results obtained took into account the value of the actual surface of the liquid metal. In the case of melting metals in an induction furnace, this surface depends on the value of power emitted in the charge. At greater power, we observe a significant increase in the bath surface due to the formation of a meniscus.
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Authors and Affiliations

Albert Smalcerz
ORCID: ORCID
Leszek Blacha
ORCID: ORCID
J. Łabaj
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, ul. Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
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Abstract

This paper presents an overview of a research on six practical cases that were solved in a precise casting company where parts are cast by the mean of the low-wax casting method (investment casting) in order to decrease poor quality production. The steel cast parts production technology by the lost-wax method requires the detailed work procedures observation. On the base of statistical processing data of given types of casting products, it was possible to assess the significance of each particular checking events by using the statistical hypothesis testing. The attention was focused on wax and ceramic departments. The data in technological flow were compared before and after the implementation of the change and statistical confirmative influences were assessed. The target consisted in setting such control manners in order to get the right conditions for decreasing poor quality parts. It was evidenced that the cast part defect cause correct identification and interpretation is important.
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Authors and Affiliations

R. Lakomá
1
L. Čamek
2
P. Lichý
2
ORCID: ORCID
I. Kroupová
1
ORCID: ORCID
F. Radkovský
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Obzina
1

  1. VSB - Technical university of Ostrava, Czech Republic
  2. Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
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Abstract

Aiming at the problems of delay and couple in the sintering temperature control system of lithium batteries, a fuzzy neural network controller that can solve complex nonlinear temperature control is designed in this paper. The influence of heating voltage, air inlet speed and air inlet volume on the control of temperature of lithium battery sintering is analyzed, and a fuzzy control system by using MATLAB toolbox is established. And on this basis, a fuzzy neural network controller is designed, and then a PID control system and a fuzzy neural network control system are established through SIMULINK. The simulation shows that the response time of the fuzzy neural network control system compared with the PID control system is shortened by 24s, the system stability adjustment time is shortened by 160s, and the maximum overshoot is reduced by 6.1%. The research results show that the fuzzy neural network control system can not only realize the adjustment of lithium battery sintering temperature control faster, but also has strong adaptability, fault tolerance and anti-interference ability.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zou Chaoxin
1
Li Rong
1
Xie Zhiping
1
Su Ming
1
Zeng Jingshi
2
Ji Xu
1
Ye Xiaoli
1
Wang Ye
1

  1. Guizhou Normal University, China
  2. Guizhou Zhenhua New Material Co., Ltd., China
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research related to the possibility of inoculation of the AZ91 magnesium alloy casted into ceramic moulds by gadolinium. Effects of gadolinium content (0.1–0.6 wt%) on microstructure of the AZ91 alloy under as-cast state were investigated. The influence of the inoculator on the formation of the microstructure investigated by means of the thermal and derivative analysis by analysing the thermal effects arising during the alloy crystallization resulting from the phases formed. The degree of fragmentation of the microstructure of the tested alloys was assessed by means of the light microscopy studies and an image analysis with statistical analysis was performed. Conducted analyses have aimed at examining on the effect of inoculation of the gadolinium on the differences between the grain diameters and average size of each type of grain by way of measuring their perimeters of all phases, preliminary αMg and eutectics αMg+γ(Mg17Al12) in the prepared examined material.
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[19] Pietrowski, S. & Rapiejko, C. (2011). Temperature and microstructure characteristics of silumin casting AlSi9 made with investment casting method. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 11(3), 177-186.
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Authors and Affiliations

C. Rapiejko
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Mikusek
1
P. Just
1
T. Pacyniak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Department of Materials Engineering and Production Systems, ul. Stefanowskiego 1, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
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Abstract

Chromium low alloyed steel substrate was subjected to aluminizing by hot dipping in pure aluminium and Al-Si eutectic alloy at 750°C and 650°C respectively, for dipping time up to 45 minutes. The coated samples were subjected for investigation using an optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Cyclic thermal oxidation test was carried out at 500°C for 72 hours to study the oxidation behaviour of hot-dipped aluminized steel. Electrochemical corrosion behavior was conducted in 3wt. %NaCl aqueous solution at room temperature. The cyclic thermal oxidation resistance was highly improved for both coating systems because of the formation of a thin protective oxide film in the outermost coating layer. The gain in weight was decreased by 24 times. The corrosion rate was decreased from 0.11 mmpy for uncoated specimen to be 2.9 x10-3 mmpy for Aluminum coated steel and 5.7x 10-3 mmpy for Al-Si eutectic coated specimens. The presence of silicon in hot dipping molten bath inhabit the growth of coating intermetallic layers, decrease the total coating thickness and change the interface boundaries from tongue like shape to be more regular with flatter interface. Two distinct coating layers were observed after hot dipping aluminizing in Al bath, while three distinct layers were observed after hot dipping in Al-Si molten bath.
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Authors and Affiliations

G.M. Attia
1
W.M.A. Afify
1
M.I. Ammar
1

  1. Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering Suez University, Egypt
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Abstract

The present paper is concerned with the practical interconnection between virtual engineering tools and additive model manufacturing technologies and the subsequent production of a ceramic shell by rapid prototyping with the use of Cyclone technology to produce the aluminium casting prototype. Prototypes were developed as part of the student formula project, where several parts originally produced by machining were replaced by castings. The techniques of topological optimization and the combination with the tools of the numerical simulation were used to optimise the virtual prototype before a real production of the first prototype. 3D printing of wax pattern ensured direct and fast assembly of the cluster without any additional operations and troubles during dewaxing. The shell was manufactured in 6 hours thanks to a system of quick-drying of individual layers of ceramic shell. It has been verified that the right combination of individual virtual tools with the rapid prototyping can shorten the development time and delivery of the first prototypes from a few months to a few weeks.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

V. Krutiš
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Šprta
1
V. Kaňa
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Zadera
1
J. Cileček
2

  1. Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
  2. Alucast s.r.o., Czech Republic
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Abstract

For research purposes and to demonstrate the differences between materials obtained from the carbonaceous additives to classic green moulding sands, five lustrous carbon carriers available on the market were selected. The following carbonaceous additives were tested: two coal dusts (CD1 and CD2), two hydrocarbon resins (HR1 and HR2) and amorphous graphite (AG1). The studies of products and material effects resulting from the high-temperature pyrolysis of lustrous carbon carriers were focused on determining the tendency to gas evolution, including harmful compounds from the BTEX group (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene). Moreover, the content of lustrous carbon (LC), the content of volatile matter and loss on ignition (LOI) of the carbonaceous additives were tested. The solid products formed during high-temperature pyrolysis were used for the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of elemental composition after the exposure to temperatures of 875oC in a protective atmosphere and 950oC in an oxidizing atmosphere. The conducted studies have indicated the necessity to examine the additives to classic green moulding sands, which is of particular importance for the processing, rebonding and storage of waste sand. The studies have also revealed some differences in the quantitative and qualitative composition of elements introduced to classic moulding sands together with the carbonaceous additives that are lustrous carbon carriers. It was also considered necessary to conduct a research on lustrous carbon carriers for their proper and environmentally friendly use in the widely propagated technology of classic green sand system.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Kamińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Stachowicz
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Kubecki
3

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
  2. Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poland
  3. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents results of research on steel castings GX120Mn13 (L120G13 by PN-89/H-83160), zone-reinforced by elektrocorundum particles (Al2O3), with a grain size from 2 to 3.5 mm. Studies revealed continuity at interface between composite components and formation of a diffusion zone in the surface layer of electrocorundum grains. In the area of this zone, simple manganese segregation and reverse iron and chromium segregation were found. The transfer of these elements from cast steel to electrocorundum grains resulted superficial depletion in aluminum and oxygen in this area. No porosity was observed at the interface between two components of the composite. We found it very beneficial from an exploitation point of view, as confirmed by the study of resistance to abrasive wear.
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Authors and Affiliations

Daniel Medyński
ORCID: ORCID
A.J. Janus
1

  1. Witelon State University of Applied Science in Legnica ul. Sejmowa 5A, 59 – 220 Legnica, Poland
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Abstract

Finite Element Method FEM via commercially available software has been used for numerical simulation of the compaction process of bentonite-bonded sand mould. The mathematical model of soil plasticity which involved Drucker-Prager model match with Mohr-Coulomb model was selected. The individual parameters which required for the simulation process were determined through direct shear test based on the variation of sand compactability. The novelty of this research work is that the individual micro-mechanical parameters were adopted depend on its directly proportional to the change of sand density during the compaction process. Boundary conditions of the applied load, roller and fixed constraint were specified. An extremely coarse mesh was used and the solution by time-dependent study was done for investigation of material-dependent behaviour of green sand during the compaction process. The research implemented also simulation of the desired points in sand mould to predict behaviour of moulding process, and prevent failure of the sand mould. Distance-dependent displacement and distance-dependent pressure have been determined to investigate the effective moulding parameters without spent further energy and cost for obtaining green sand mould. The obtained numerical results of the sand displacement show good agreement with the practical results.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Dheya Abdulamer
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kadauw
1 2

  1. IMKF. TU - Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
  2. Salahddin University-Erbil, Iraq
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Abstract

The foundry industry is looking for solutions that improve the quality of the finished product and solutions that reduce the negative impact of the industry on the natural environment [26]. This process leads to work on the use of new or previously unused materials for binders. Organic and inorganic foundry binders are replaced by renewable materials of plant origin to meet the requirements of both the foundry customers and the environmental and health and safety regulations. The aim of this work was to identify the applicability of renewable and organic malted barley binder in moulding sand technology. The influence of the malt binder content on dry tensile strength, dry bending strength, dry permeability, dry wear resistance and flowability were evaluated. The results show that the malted barley binder can be self-contained material binding the high-silica sand grains. Selected mechanical properties of moulding sands were found to increase with an increase in binder content. It was observed that malted barley binder creates smooth bonding bridges between high-silica sand grains.
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Authors and Affiliations

B. Samociuk
1
B. Gal
1
D. Nowak
1

  1. Department of Foundry Engineering, Plastics and Automation, Wroclaw University of Technology, ul. Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract

In this research, the quality of manufactured cast metal-ceramic foams (manufactured using blowing gas) was tested. The causes responsible for defect formation in the composite foams and their consequences were analyzed using the FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) method, which is a useful tool for minimizing losses caused by low product quality. This method involves analytically determining correlations between the cause and consequences of potential product defects, and it takes into account the criticality factor (risk). The FMEA analysis showed that pore breaks were the most "critical defect" (with the highest number of effects on the product, the Risk Priority Number, affecting the quality of the composite foam). The second most critical defect was discontinuities in the foam frame structure. Destruction or damage to the foam structure (although very rare) deprived the composite foam of its primary function, which is to reinforce the product. The third most critical defect was non-uniform foam pore size.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Popielarski
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Sika
1
D. Czarnecka-Komorowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Szymański
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Rogalewicz
1
K. Gawdzińska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
  2. Faculty of Marine Engineering, Maritime University of Szczecin, Willowa 2-4, 71-650 Szczecin, Poland
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Abstract

Diesel engine components in the combustion chamber have been exposed to cyclic loadings under environmental effects, including high temperatures and corrosive fluids. Therefore, knowing the corrosion-fatigue behavior of materials is essential for designer engineers. In this article, pure fatigue and corrosion-fatigue behaviors of the piston aluminum alloy have been experimentally investigated. For such an objective, as-cast and pre-corrosive standard samples were tested by the rotary bending fatigue machine, under 4 stress levels. Some specimens were exposed to the corrosive fluid with 0.00235 % of the sulfuric acid for 100 and 200 hours. The results showed higher weight losses for 200 hours immersion times. As another result, it could be concluded that the lifetime decreased in pre-corrosive samples for both 100 and 200 hours of the immersion time, compared to that of as-cast specimens. However, such a lifetime reduction was more significant for 200 hours of the immersion time, especially within the high-cycle fatigue regime (or lower stress levels). Under high stress levels, both pre-corrosive sample types had almost similar behaviors. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy images of specimen fracture surfaces indicated that the brittle region of the fractured surface was larger for specimens after the 200 hours of corrosion-fatigue testing than the other specimen.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Azadi
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Aroo
1
M.. Azadi
1
M.S.A. Parast
1

  1. Semnan University, Iran
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Abstract

The article focused primarily on comparing the achieved mechanical results for AlSi7Mg0.3Cu0.5Zr and AlSi7Mg0.3Cu0.5Zr0.15Ti experimental alloys. Experimental variants with the addition of Zr ≥ 0.05 wt. % demonstrated the ability of Zr to precipitate in the form of Al3Zr or AlSiZr intermetallic phases. Zr precipitated in the form of long smooth needles with split ends. When evaluating the thermal analyses, the repeated peak was observed already with the initial addition of Zr in the range of approximately 630 °C. It was interesting to observe the increased interaction with other intermetallic phases. EDX analysis confirmed that the individual phases are based on Cu, Mg but also Fe. Similar phenomena were observed in experimental alloys with a constant addition of Zr and a gradual increase in Ti by 0.1 wt. %. A significant change occurred in the amount of precipitated Zr phases. A more significant increase in mechanical properties after heat treatment of AlSi7Mg0.3Cu0.5Zr experimental alloys was observed mainly above the Zr content ≥ 0.15 wt. % Zr. The improvement of yield and tensile strength over the AlSi7Mg0.3Cu0.5 reference alloy after heat treatment was minimal, not exceeding 1 %. A more significant improvement after heat treatment occurred in modulus of elongation with an increase by 6 %, and in hardness with an increase by 7 %. The most significant drop occurred in ductility where a decrease by 31 % was observed compared to the reference alloy. AlSi7Mg0.3Cu0.5Zr0.15Ti experimental alloys, characterized by varying Ti content, achieved a more significant improvement. The improvement in tensile strength over the AlSi7Mg0.3Cu0.5 reference alloy after heat treatment was minimal, not exceeding 1 %. A more significant improvement after heat treatment occurred in modulus of elongation with an increase by 12 %, in hardness with an increase by 12 % and the most significant improvement occurred in yield strengthwith a value of 18 %. The most significant decrease also occurred in ductility where, compared to the reference alloy, the ductility drop was by up to 67 %.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Kuriš
1
D. Bolibruchova
1
M. Matejka
1
ORCID: ORCID
E. Kantoríková
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Zilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Technological Engineering, Univerzitna 1, 010 26 Zilina, Slovak Republic
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Abstract

In this work, the free vibration behaviour of A357 composite plate reinforced with dual particle size (DPS) (3 wt.% coarse + 3 wt.% fine, 4 wt.% coarse + 2 wt.% fine, and 2 wt.% coarse + 4 wt.% fine) SiC is evaluated using the finite element method. To this end, first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) has been used. The equations of motion have been derived using Hamilton’s principle and the solution has been obtained through condensation technique. A thorough parametric study was conducted to understand the effect of reinforcement size and weight fraction, boundary conditions, aspect ratio and length-to-width ratio of plate geometry on natural frequencies of A357/DPS-SiC composite plates. Results reveal significant influence of all the above variables on natural frequency of the composite plates. In all the cases, A357 composite plate reinforced with 4 wt.% coarse and 2 wt.% fine SiC particles displayed the highest natural frequency owing to its higher elastic and rigidity modulus. Further, the natural frequencies increase with decrease in aspect ratio of the plate geometry. Natural frequency also decreases with increase in the number of free edges. Lastly, increasing the length-to-width ratio drastically improves the natural frequency of the plates.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Lakshmikanthan
1 2
V. Mahesh
3
ORCID: ORCID
R.T. Prabhu
4
M.G.C. Patel
5
S. Bontha

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore-575025, Karnataka, India
  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India-560064
  3. Nonlinear Multifunctional Composites Analysis and Design (NMCAD) Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India-560012
  4. CEMILAC, Defence R&D Organisation, Bangalore, India-560093
  5. Department of Mechanical Engineering, PES Institute of Technology and Management, Shivamogga, India-577204
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Abstract

The paper presents results of influence microwave drying on strength and technological properties of molding sand with gypsum binder researches, which, immediately after making and after the natural initial setting in air for 1, 2 or 5 hours, was heated with 250 W microwave power for 3, 6, 9 and 12 min time periods. The test was carried out on a mass containing (% -wt.): 88% Grudzeń-Las quartz sand, 12% "Dolina Nidy" plaster gypsum and 6% water. The loss of moisture content during natural drying and then microwave drying was determined, significant from the point of view of using the mass with gypsum binder in the production of products, using an environmentally friendly technology without casting incompatibilities. Additionally, the compressive strength of the mass was measured. The influence of both drying methods on the binder crystallization process and the associated mass strength was demonstrated, especially in terms of the possibility of selecting parameters and / or intensifying a specific drying method for use in the technology of manufacturing molds and foundry cores.
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[28] PN-83 / H-11070
[29] PN-83/H-11073

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Authors and Affiliations

P.J. Paduchowicz
1
K. Granat
1
P. Biały
1

  1. Department of Foundry Engineering, Plastics and Automation, Wroclaw University of Technology, ul. Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract

The austenitic stainless steels are a group of alloys normally used under high mechanical and thermal requests, in which high temperature oxidation is normally present due to oxygen presence. This study examines the oxide layer evolution for Fe24Cr12NiXNb modified austenitic stainless steel A297 HH with 0,09%Nb and 0,77%Nb content at 900°C under atmospheric air and isothermal oxidation. The modifiers elements such as Mo, Co and Ti, added to provide high mechanical strength, varied due to the casting procedure, however main elements such as Cr, Ni, Mn and Si were kept at balanced levels to avoid microstructure changing. The oxide layer analysis was performed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elemental analysis of the different phases was measured with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The Nb-alloyed steel generated a thicker Cr oxide layer. Generally elemental Nb did not provide any noticeable difference in oxide scale growth, for the specific range of Nb amount and temperature studied. High temperature oxidation up to 120h was characterized by protective Cr oxidation, after this period a non-protective Fe-based oxidation took place. Cr, Fe and Ni oxides were observed in the multilayer oxide scale.
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[15] Joubert, J.M., St-Fleur, W., Sarthou, J., Steckmeyer, A. & Fournier, B. (2014). Equilibrium characterization and thermodynamic calculations on highly alloyed refractory steels. Calphad Comput. Coupling Phase Diagrams Thermochem. 46, 55-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.calphad. 2014.02.002.
[16] Ramos, P.A., Coelho, R.S., Pinto, H.C., Soldera, F., Mücklich, F. & Brito, P. (2021). Microstructure and cyclic oxidation behavior of modified Nb-alloyed A297 HH refractory austenitic stainless steel. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 263, 124361. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys. 2021.124361.
[17] Ramos, P.A., Coelho, R.S., Soldera, F., Pinto, H.C., Mücklich, F. & Brito,P. (2020). Residual stress analysis in thermally grown oxide scales developed on Nb-alloyed refractory austenitic stainless steels. Corrosion Science. 178, 109066. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2020.109066.
[18] McCafferty E. (2010). Introduction to corrosion science. Springer Science & Business Media. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0455-3.

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Authors and Affiliations

P.A. Ramos
1 2
R.S. Coelho
3
H.C. Pinto
4
F. Soldera
5
F. Mücklich
5
P.P. Brito
1

  1. Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
  2. Federal Institute of Science and Technology of Minas Gerais, Brazil
  3. SENAI CIMATEC, Institute of Innovation for Forming and Joining of Materials, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845, Piatã, 41650-010, Salvador-BA, Brazil
  4. Department of Materials Engineering - SMM, São Carlos School of Engineering – EESC, University of São Paulo – USP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
  5. Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
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Abstract

The article describes the design of a proven technology for the production of metal foam and porous metal by the foundry. Porous metal formed by infiltrating liquid metal into a mould cavity appears to be the fastest and most economical method. However, even here we cannot do without the right production parameters. Based on the research, the production process was optimised and subsequently a functional sample of metal foam with an irregular internal structure - a filter - was produced. The copper alloy filter was cast into a gypsum mould using an evaporable model.
Furthermore, a functional sample of porous metal with a regular internal structure was produced - a heat exchanger. The aluminium alloy heat exchanger was cast into a green sand mould using preforms. Also, a porous metal casting with a regular internal structure was formed for use as an element in deformation zones. This aluminium alloy casting was made by the Lost Foam method. The aim is therefore to ensure the production of healthy castings, which would find use in the field of filtration of liquid metal or flue gases, in vehicles in the field of shock energy absorption and also in energy as a heat exchanger.
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Bibliography

[1] Lefebvre, L.P., Banhart, J. & Dunand, D. (2008). Porous metals and metallic foams: current status and recent developments. Advanced Engineering Materials. 10(9), 775-787.
[2] Banhart, J. (2001). Manufacture, characterisation and application of cellular metals and metal foams. Progress in Materials Science. 46(6), 559-632.
[3] Banhart, J. (2007). Metal Foams - from Fundamental Research to Applications [online], URL: < https://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/media/media/spezial/people/banhart/html/B-Conferences/b097_banhart2007.pdf>.
[4] Gaillard, Y., Dairon, J., & Fleuriot, M. (2011). Porous materials: innovations with many uses. Slévárenství. 11-12, roč. LIX, 374-378. (in Czech).
[5] Banhart, J. (2005). Aluminium foams for lighter vehicles. International Journal of Vehicle Design. 37, Nos. 2/3, 114-125. [online]. URL: < http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/media/media/spezial/people/banhart/html/A-Journals/open/article/a082_banhart2005.pdf>.
[6] García-Moreno, F. Commercial Applications of Metal Foams: Their Properties and Production. [online]. URL: < http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/9/2/85/html>.
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[8] Landolsi, M.W. (2016). Metal foam - an innovative material. [online]. URL: < https://conceptec.net/actualites/innovations/ 111-mousse-metallique-un-materiau-innovant>. (in Czech).
[9] Lulusoso. Composite cladding panel manufacturers [online]. URL: < http://www.lulusoso.com/products/ Composite-Cladding-Panel-Manufacturers.html>.
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[11] Kroupová, I., Lichý, P., Ličev, L., Hendrych, J. & Souček, K. (2018). Evaluation of properties of cast metal foams with irregular inner structure. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 63(4), 1845-1849. ISSN 1733-3490.
[12] Kroupova, I., Bednarova, V., Elbel, T. & Radkovsky, F. (2014). Proposal of method of removal of mould material from the fine structure of metallic foams used as filters. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 59(2), 727-730. ISSN 1733-3490.
[13] Yamada. Y., Shimojima, K., Sakaguchi, Y., Mabuchi, M., Nakamura, M., Asahina, T., Mukai, T., Kanahashi, H. & Higashi, K. (2000). Effects of heat treatment on compressive properties of AZ91 Mg and SG91A Al foams with open-cell structure. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 280(1), 225-228. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00671-1.
[14] Gawdzinska, K., Chybowski, L. & Przetakiewicz, W. (2017). Study of thermal properties of cast metal-ceramic composite foams. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 17(4), 47-50. ISSN 1897-3310.
[15] Haack, P.D., Butcher, R.P., Kim, T. & Lu, J.T. (2001). Novel lightweight metal foam heat exchangers. porvair fuel cell technology, Inc., Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge. January, [online]. URL: < https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267721239_Novel_Lightweight_Metal_Foam_Heat_Exchangers>.
[16] Radkovský, F., Merta, V. (2020). Use of numerical simulation in production of porous metal casting. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 54(2), 259-261. ISSN 1580-2949. DOI: 10.17222/mit.2019.145.
[17] Radkovský, F., Gebauer, M., Kroupová, I., Lichý, P. (2017). Metal foam as a heat exchanger. In METAL 2017, Conference proceedings, 26th Anniversary International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, Tanger Ltd., Ostrava, 24. - 26. 5. 2017, Hotel Voroněž I, Brno.
[18] Lu, T.J., Stone, H.A. & Ashby, M.F. (1998). Heat transfer in open-cell metal foams. Acta Materialia. 46(10, 12) June, 3619-3635. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(98) 00031-7
[19] Boomsma, K., Poulikakos, D. & Zwick, F. (2003). Metal foams as compact high performance heat exchangers. Mechanics of Materials, 35(12), 1161-1176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2003.02.001.
[20] Hutter, C., Büchi, D., Zuber, V. & Rohr, R. (2011). Heat transfer in metal foams and designed porous media. Chemical Engineering Science. 66(17), 1 September 2011, 3806-3814. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2011.05.005
[21] Lichý, P., Elbel, T., Kroupová, I. & Radkovský, F. (2017). Preparation and evaluation of properties of cast metallic foams with regular inner structure. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62(3), 1643-1646. ISSN 1733-3490. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2017-0251.
[22] Romanek, T. (2017). Manufacturing and Properties of Cast Metallic Foams with Regular Structure, Ostrava, Diploma thesis, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, [online]. URL: http://www.ergaerospace.com/products/fuel-cells.htm>.
[23] Radkovský, F., Gebauer, M. & Merta, V. (2018). Optimizing of metal foam design for the use as a heat exchanger. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 63(4), 1875-1881. ISSN 1733-3490.

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Authors and Affiliations

F. Radkovský
1
ORCID: ORCID
V. Merta
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Obzina
1

  1. VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Abstract

One of the main reason for decreased internal homogeneity of aluminium alloy castings is reoxidation. The resulting products of reoxidation are doubled oxides, so called "bifilms". Submitted paper deals with optimization of gating system design in order to reduce reoxidation processes taking place in mold cavity. Experimental work compares and evaluates three gating systems designs based on non-pressurized and naturally pressurized principles. Unconventional spin trap extension of runner was used in third design. Among the evaluated aspects were: mechanical properties, hot tearing index, visual inspection of average porosity amount, numerical simulation of velocity, turbulence and oxide amount. Paper aim is also to clarify the reoxidation phenomenon by visualization with the aid of ProCAST numerical simulation software. Results of mechanical properties and hot tear index clearly confirmed the positive effect of the naturally pressurized gating system with applied element for velocity reduction.
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Bibliography

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[2] Campbell, J. (2006). Entrainment defects. Materials Science and Technology. 22(2), 127-145. ISSN 0267-0836. https://doi.org/10.1179/174328406X74248.
[3] Campbell, J. (1993). Invisible Macrodefects in castings. Journal de Physique Archives. 03(C7), 861-872. https://doi.org/10.1051/jp4:19937135.
[4] Dojka, R. Jezierski, J. & Campbell, J. (2018) Optimized gating system for steel castings. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 10. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-018-3497-1.
[5] Sladek, A., Patek, M. & Mician, M. (2017). Behavior of steel branch connections during fatigue loading‎. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62 (3), 1597-1601‏.
[6] Brůna, M., Bolibruchová, D. & Pastirčák, R. (2017). Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17, 23-26. https://doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0084.
[7] Lin, S., Aliravci, C. & Pekguleryuz, N.I.O. (2007). Hot-tear susceptibility of aluminum wrought alloys and the effect of grain refining. Materials Science and Engineering. A Sci. 38A, 1056-1068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-007-9132-7.
[8] Campbell, J. (2006). An overview of the effects of bifilms on the structure and properties of cast alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transaction B. 37, 857-863. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/BF0273500.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Bruna
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Galčík
1

  1. Department of Technological Engineering, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 1, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia
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Abstract

High tin bronze alloy (Cu>17wt.%Sn) is commonly as raw material to fabricate musical instruments. Gamelan musical instruments in Indonesia are produced using tin bronze alloy raw materials. The tin bronze alloy used by each gamelan craftsman has a different tin composition, generally in the range of Cu(20-24) wt.% Sn. This study aims to investigate the effect of microstructure, density, and mechanical properties of Cu(20-24)wt.%Sn against the acoustic properties processed by the sand casting method. The material is melted in a crucible furnace until it reaches a pouring temperature of 1100ºC by the sand casting method. The specimens were subjected to microstructure observations, density and porosity as well as mechanical properties testing including tensile strength, bending strength, hardness, and modulus of elasticity. Mechanical properties data then used to calculate several parameters of acoustic properties including speed of sound (c), impedance (z) and radiation coefficient (R). Processes simulation using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Experiment Method Analysis (EMA) were carried out to determine acoustic properties including sound intensity, natural frequency and damping capacity.
The experimental result shows that the increase in tin composition in Cu(20-24) wt.% Sn changed the microstructure of coarse grains into dendrite-columned fine grains. Physical properties of density decrease, while porosity increases. Mechanical properties including tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and bending strength decreased, while the hardness of the alloy increases. The calculation of acoustic parameters such as the speed of sound (c), impedance (z) and radiation coefficient (R) has decreased. Moreover, sound intensity (dB), natural frequency (Hz) and damping capacity also decrease with increasing tin composition. Hence, tin bronze alloy Cu20wt.%Sn is the recommended raw material for the manufacture of gamelan instruments through the sand casting method.
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Bibliography

[1] Sumarsam. (2002). Introduction to Javanese gamelan (Javanese gamelan-beginners). Wesleyan University. Middletown.
[2] Sutton, R.A. (2007). Gamelan: The Traditional Sounds of Indonesia (review). Asian Music. 38(1), 142-144.
[3] Suyanto, Tjokronegoro H.A, Merthayasa I.G.N. & Supanggah R. (2015). Acoustic parameter for javanese gamelan performance in pendopo mangkunegaran Surakarta. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences. 184. 322-327.
[4] Goodway, M. (1992). Metals of music. Materials Characterization. 29. 177-184.
[5] Audy, J. & Audy, K. (2008). Analysis of bell materials: Tin bronzes. China Foundry. 5(3). 199-204.
[6] Debut, V. Carvalho, M. Figueiredo, E. Antunes, J. & Silva, R. (2016). The sound of bronze: Virtual resurrection of a broken medieval bell. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 19. 544-554.
[7] Sugita, I.K.G. Soekrisno, R. Miasa, I.M. & Suyitno. (2011). Mechanical and damping properties of silicon bronze alloys for music applications. International Journal of Engineering &. Technology. 11(6). 81-85.
[8] Sugita, I.K.G. Soekrisno, R. & Miasa, I.M. (2011). The effect of annealing temperature on damping capacity of the bronze 20 % Sn alloy. International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering. IJMME-IJENS. 11(4).1-5.
[9] Slamet, S. Suyitno, & Kusumaningtyas, I. (2019). Effect of composition and pouring temperature of Cu (20-24) wt.% Sn by sand casting on fluidity and Mechanical Properties, Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Science. 13(4). 6022-6035.
[10] Sugita, I.K.G. & Miasa, I.M. (2013). Feasibility Study On The Use Of Silicon-Bronze Alloys As An Alternative Material For Balinese Musical Instruments. 20th International Congress on Sound & Vibration; 7-11 July 2013.1-5. Bangkok, Thailand
[11] Prayoga, B.T. Suyitno, Dharmastiti, R. & Akbar, F. (2018). Microstructural characterization, defect, and hardness of titanium femoral knee joint produced using vertical centrifugal investment casting. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology.32(1).149-156.
[12] Salonitis, K. Jolly, M. & Zeng, B. (2017). Simulation-based energy and resource-efficient casting process chain selection : A case study. Procedia Manufacturing. 8. 67-74.
[13] Wegst, U.G. (2006). Wood For Sound. American Journal of Botany. 93.1439-1448.
[14] Adams, R. D. & Fox, M.A.O. (1973). Correlation of the damping capacity of cast iron with its mechanical properties and microstructure. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science. 15(2). 81-94.
[15] Grafov, B.M. (1994). The archimedes law and electrocapillarity. Electrochimica Acta. 39. 467-469.
[16] ASTM. (2015). Standard test methods for bend testing of material for ductility.1.1-10.
[17] Sutiyoko & Suyitno. (2012). Effect of pouring temperature and casting thickness on fluidity, porosity and surface roughness in lost foam casting of gray cast iron. Procedia Engineering. 50. 88-94.
[18] Halvaee, A. & Talebi, A. (2001). Effect of process variables on microstructure and segregation in the centrifugal casting of C92200 alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 118, 123-127.
[19] Sutiyoko. Suyitno. & Mahardika. M. (2016). Effect of gating system on porosity and surface roughness of femoral stem in centrifugal casting. Adv. Sci. Technol. Soc. AIP Conference Proceedings. 1755, 1-6.
[20] Sulaiman, S. & Hamouda, A.M.S. (2004). Modeling and experimental investigation of the solidification process in sand casting. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 156, 1723-1726.
[21] Nadolski, M. (2017). The Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of High-tin Bronzes. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(1), 127-130.
[22] Nimbulkar, S.L. & Dalu. R.S. (2016). Design optimization of gating and feeding system through simulation technique for sand casting of wear plate. Perspectives in Science. 8.39-42.
[23] Singh, R. & Singh, S. (2013). Effect of process parameters on surface hardness, dimensional accuracy, and surface roughness of investment cast components; Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology. 27(1), 191-197.
[24] Bartocha, D. & Baron, C. (2016). Influence of tin-bronze melting and pouring parameters on its properties and bells ’ tone. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(4), 17-22.

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Slamet
1 2
S. Suyitnoa
1
I. Kusumaningtyasa
1
I.M. Miasaa
1

  1. Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Muria Kudus, Kudus, Indonesia

Instructions for authors

Submission


To submit the article, please use the Editorial System provided here:

https://www.editorialsystem.com/afe


Papers submitted in any other way will not be accepted.



The Journal does not have submission charges.


The APC Article Processing Charge is 110 euros (500zł for Polish authors). In some cases, the APC is paid as a part of the scientific conference fee, for which the AFE journal is a supportive one. If not, it is payable after the acceptance of the final article by direct money transfer.


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Instructions for the preparation of an Archives of Foundry Engineering Paper

Publication Ethics Policy


Publication Ethics Policy

The standards of expected ethical behavior for all parties involved in publishing in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal: the author, the journal editor and editorial board, the peer reviewers and the publisher are listed below.

All the articles submitted for publication in Archives of Foundry Engineering are peer reviewed for authenticity, ethical issues and usefulness as per Review Procedure document.

Duties of Editors
1. Monitoring the ethical standards: Editorial Board monitors the ethical standards of the submitted manuscripts and takes all possible measures against any publication malpractices.
2. Fair play: Submitted manuscripts are evaluated for their scientific content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, citizenship, political ideology or any other issues that is a personal or human right.
3. Publication decisions: The Editor in Chief is responsible for deciding which of the submitted articles should or should not be published. The decision to accept or reject the article is based on its importance, originality, clarity, and its relevance to the scope of the journal and is made after the review process.
4. Confidentiality: The Editor in Chief and the members of the Editorial Board t ensure that all materials submitted to the journal remain confidential during the review process. They must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the parties involved in the publishing process i.e., authors, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher.
5. Disclosure and conflict of interest: Unpublished materials disclosed in the submitted manuscript must not be used by the Editor and the Editorial Board in their own research without written consent of authors. Editors always precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards.
6. Maintain the integrity of the academic record: The editors will guard the integrity of the published academic record by issuing corrections and retractions when needed and pursuing suspected or alleged research and publication misconduct. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable. Editorial Board always be willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions and apologies when needed.

Retractions of the articles: the Editor in Chief will consider retracting a publication if:
- there are clear evidences that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of misconduct (e.g. data fabrication) or honest error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error)
- the findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission or justification (cases of redundant publication)
- it constitutes plagiarism or reports unethical research.
Notice of the retraction will be linked to the retracted article (by including the title and authors in the retraction heading), clearly identifies the retracted article and state who is retracting the article. Retraction notices should always mention the reason(s) for retraction to distinguish honest error from misconduct.
Retracted articles will not be removed from printed copies of the journal nor from electronic archives but their retracted status will be indicated as clearly as possible.

Duties of Authors
1. Reporting standards: Authors of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the paper. The paper should contain sufficient details and references to permit others to replicate the work. The fabrication of results and making of fraudulent or inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and will cause rejection or retraction of a manuscript or a published article.
2. Originality and plagiarism: Authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if the authors have used the work and/or words of others they need to be cited or quoted. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable.
3. Data access retention: Authors may be asked to provide the raw data for editorial review, should be prepared to provide public access to such data, and should be prepared to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication of their paper.
4. Multiple or concurrent publication: Authors should not in general publish a manuscript describing essentially the same research in more than one journal. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable.
5. Authorship of the manuscript: Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the report study. All those who have made contributions should be listed as co-authors. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the paper, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
6. Acknowledgement of sources: The proper acknowledgment of the work of others must always be given. The authors should cite publications that have been influential in determining the scope of the reported work.
7. Fundamental errors in published works: When the author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.

Duties of Reviewers
1. Contribution to editorial decisions: Peer reviews assist the editor in making editorial decisions and may also help authors to improve their manuscript.
2. Promptness: Any selected reviewer who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself/herself from the review process.
3. Confidentiality: All manuscript received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except those authorized by the editor.
4. Standards of objectivity: Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Reviewers should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.
5. Acknowledgement of sources: Reviewers should identify the relevant published work that has not been cited by authors. Any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper should be reported to the editor.
6. Disclosure and conflict of Interest: Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relations with any of the authors, companies, or institutions involved in writing a paper.

Peer-review Procedure


Review Procedure


The Review Procedure for articles submitted to the Archives of Foundry Engineering agrees with the recommendations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education published in a booklet: ‘Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce’ (MNiSW, Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce, Warszawa 2011).

Papers submitted to the Editorial System are primarily screened by editors with respect to scope, formal issues and used template. Texts with obvious errors (formatting other than requested, missing references, evidently low scientific quality) will be rejected at this stage or will be sent for the adjustments.

Once verified each article is checked by the anti-plagiarism system Cross Check powered by iThenticate®. After the positive response, the article is moved into: Initially verified manuscripts. When the similarity level is too high, the article will be rejected. There is no strict rule (i.e., percentage of the similarity), and it is always subject to the Editor’s decision.
Initially verified manuscripts are then sent to at least four independent referees outside the author’s institution and at least two of them outside of Poland, who:

have no conflict of interests with the author,
are not in professional relationships with the author,
are competent in a given discipline and have at least a doctorate degree and respective
scientific achievements,
have a good reputation as reviewers.


The review form is available online at the Journal’s Editorial System and contains the following sections:

1. Article number and title in the Editorial System

2. The statement of the Reviewer (to choose the right options):

I declare that I have not guessed the identity of the Author. I declare that I have guessed the identity of the Author, but there is no conflict of interest

3. Detailed evaluation of the manuscript against other researches published to this point:

Do you think that the paper title corresponds with its contents?
Yes No
Do you think that the abstract expresses the paper contents well?
Yes No
Are the results or methods presented in the paper novel?
Yes No
Do the author(s) state clearly what they have achieved?
Yes No
Do you find the terminology employed proper?
Yes No
Do you find the bibliography representative and up-to-date?
Yes No
Do you find all necessary illustrations and tables?
Yes No
Do you think that the paper will be of interest to the journal readers?
Yes No

4. Reviewer conclusion

Accept without changes
Accept after changes suggested by reviewer.
Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review
Reject


5. Information for Editors (not visible for authors).

6. Information for Authors


Reviewing is carried out in the double blind process (authors and reviewers do not know each other’s names).

The appointed reviewers obtain summary of the text and it is his/her decision upon accepting/rejecting the paper for review within a given time period 21 days.

The reviewers are obliged to keep opinions about the paper confidential and to not use knowledge about it before publication.

The reviewers send their review to the Archives of Foundry Engineering by Editorial System. The review is archived in the system.

Editors do not accept reviews, which do not conform to merit and formal rules of scientific reviewing like short positive or negative remarks not supported by a close scrutiny or definitely critical reviews with positive final conclusion. The reviewer’s remarks are sent to the author. He/she has to consider all remarks and revise the text accordingly.

The author of the text has the right to comment on the conclusions in case he/she does not agree with them. He/she can request the article withdrawal at any step of the article processing.

The Editor-in-Chief (supported by members of the Editorial Board) decides on publication based on remarks and conclusions presented by the reviewers, author’s comments and the final version of the manuscript.

The final Editor’s decision can be as follows:
Accept without changes
Reject


The rules for acceptance or rejection of the paper and the review form are available on the Web page of the AFE publisher.

Once a year Editorial Office publishes present list of cooperating reviewers.
Reviewing is free of charge.
All articles, including those rejected and withdrawn, are archived in the Editorial System.

Reviewers

List of Reviewers 2022

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Vivek Ayar - Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Azwinur Azwinur - Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Iwona Bednarczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Łukasz Bohdal - Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Joanna Borowiecka-Jamrozek- The Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Debashish Bose - Metso Outotec India Private Limited, Vadodara, India
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
Murat Çolak - Bayburt University, Turkey
Adam Cwudziński - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Derya Dispinar- Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Flora Faleschini - University of Padova, Italy
Imre Felde - Obuda University, Hungary
Róbert Findorák - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Marek Góral - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Barbara Grzegorczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Ozen Gursoy - University of Padova, Italy
Gábor Gyarmati - University of Miskolc, Hungary
Jakub Hajkowski - Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Marek Hawryluk - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Dario Iljkić - University of Rijeka, Croatia
Magdalena Jabłońska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Nalepa Jakub - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aneta Jakubus - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Łukasz Jamrozowicz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Vitaliy Korendiy - Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Malgorzata Lagiewka - Politechnika Czestochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jingkun Li - University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
Petr Lichy - Technical University Ostrava, Czech Republic
Y.C. Lin - Central South University, China
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ewa Majchrzak - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Barnali Maji - NIT-Durgapur: National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Pawel Malinowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Matejka - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Bohdan Mochnacki - Technical University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
Grzegorz Moskal - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Krzysztof Naplocha - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Tomáš Obzina - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Peiman Omranian Mohammadi - Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
Zenon Opiekun - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Onur Özbek - Duzce University, Turkey
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Miroslawa Pawlyta - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacek Pezda - ATH Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Jacek Pieprzyca - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Marcela Pokusová - Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich, West Midlands, United Kingdom
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University Thailand Amit Sata - MEFGI, Faculty of Engineering, India
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Vasudev Shinde - DKTE' s Textile and Engineering India Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Bozo Smoljan - University North Croatia, Croatia
Leszek Sowa - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Sławomir Spadło - Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Stradomski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Roland Suba - Schaeffler Skalica, spol. s r.o., Slovak Republic
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jan Szajnar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Michal Szucki - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Damian Słota - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Tęcza - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Mirosław Tupaj - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University United States Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Iveta Vaskova - Technical University of Kosice, Slovak Republic
Dorota Wilk-Kołodziejczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Çağlar Yüksel - Atatürk University, Turkey
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Zych - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland



List of Reviewers 2021

Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Imam Basori - State University of Jakarta, Indonesia
Leszek Blacha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice
Poland Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Marcin Brzeziński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Alexandros Charitos - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Zhipei Chen - University of Technology, Netherlands
Józef Dańko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Przemysław Fima - Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN, Kraków, Poland
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers P Ltd., India
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Gábor Gyarmati - Foundry Institute, University of Miskolc, Hungary
Krzysztof Herbuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Agata Jażdżewska - Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Centre of Casting Technology, Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Adrian Kampa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Wojciech Kapturkiewicz- AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tatiana Karkoszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Himanshu Khandelwal - National Institute of Foundry & Forging Technology, Hatia, Ranchi, India
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Kokot - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík - CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Kopyciński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Janusz Kozana - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Kozieł - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Wacław Kuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacques Lacaze - University of Toulouse, France
Avinash Lakshmikanthan - Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, India
Jaime Lazaro-Nebreda - Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Maria Maj - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Mendakiewicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Hanna Myalska-Głowacka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - Physics-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Mitsuhiro Okayasu - Okayama University, Japan
Agung Pambudi - Sebelas Maret University in Indonesia, Indonesia
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Seyda Polat - Kocaeli University, Turkey
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Alena Pribulova - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich West Midlands, United Kingdom
Iulian Riposan - Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
Ferdynand Romankiewicz - Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, Zielona Góra, Poland
Mario Rosso - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karthik Shankar - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Amritapuri, India
Vasudev Shinde - Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Rajwada, Ichalkaranji, India
Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Jerzy Sobczak - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sebastian Sobula - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Soiński - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Studnicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mayur Sutaria - Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Gujarat, India
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sutiyoko Sutiyoko - Manufacturing Polytechnic of Ceper, Klaten, Indonesia
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Jacek Trzaska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University, United States
Muhammet Uludag - Selcuk University, Turkey
Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Tomasz Wrobel - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Antonin Zadera - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Bo Zhang - Hunan University of Technology, China
Xiang Zhang - Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Eugeniusz Ziółkowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sylwia Żymankowska-Kumon - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland



List of Reviewers 2020

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Rafał Babilas - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Emin Bayraktar - Supmeca/LISMMA-Paris, France
Jaroslav Beňo - VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Boczkal - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Wojciech Borek - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
John Campbell - University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Ganesh Chate - Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Mirosław Cholewa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Khanh Dang - Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
Vladislav Deev - Wuhan Textile University, China
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Malwina Dojka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Sergii Gerasin - Pryazovskyi State Technical University, Ukraine
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers Ltd, India
Marcin Górny - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Gołąbczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Libor Hlavac - VSB Ostrava, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Philippe Jacquet - ECAM, Lyon, France
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Damian Janicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Witold Janik - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków, Poland
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík -Institute of Engineering Technology CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Sergey Konovalov - Samara National Research University, Russia
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Janusz Krawczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Agnieszka Kupiec-Sobczak - Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Aleksander Lisiecki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Major-Gabryś - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Pavlo Maruschak - Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University, Ukraine
Sanjay Mohan - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India
Marek Mróz - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Sebastian Mróz - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
Konstantin Nikitin - Samara State Technical University, Russia
Daniel Pakuła - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland


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