Applied sciences

Archives of Foundry Engineering

Description

Archives of Foundry Engineering continues the publishing activity started by Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) in Katowice in 1978. The initiator of it was the first Chairman Professor Dr Eng. Wacław Sakwa – Corresponding Member of PAN, Honorary Doctor of Czestochowa University of Technology and Silesian University of Technology. This periodical first name was „Solidification of Metals and Alloys” , and made possible to publish the results of works achieved in the field of the Basic Problems Research Cooperation. The subject of publications was related to the title of the periodical and concerned widely understand problems of metals and alloys crystallization in a casting mold. In 1978-2000 the 44 issues have been published. Since 2001 the Foundry Commission has had patronage of the annually published “Archives of Foundry” and since 2007 quarterly published “Archives of Foundry Engineering”. Thematic scope includes scientific issues of foundry industry:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes,

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials,

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding,

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry,

Transport Systems in Foundry,

Castings Quality Management,

Environmental Protection.

Scoring assigned by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education: 100 points

IMPACT FACTOR 2022: 0.6

CiteScore metrics from Scopus 2022: 1.2
SCImago Journal Rank ( SJR) 2022: 0.197
Source Normalized Impact per Paper ( SNIP) 2022: 0.423

Submit your article

The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ISSN

eISSN 2299-2944

Publishers

The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Editor in Chief:
J. Jezierski

0000-0003-2078-196X
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
jan.jezierski@polsl.pl

Deputy Editor:
D. Bartocha

0000-0002-3011-4434
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
dariusz.bartocha@polsl.pl

Subject Editors:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes
E. Guzik –

0000-0002-4449-532X, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
S. Gnyloskurenko –

0000-0003-0201-7191, PTIMA National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
J. Sobczak –

0000-0002-8878-1037, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials
O. P. Pandey –

0000-0002-6826-995X , Thapar University, Punjab, India
N. S. Tiedje –

0000-0001-5198-3551, DTU in Lyngby, Denmark
P. Lichy –

0000-0002-6170-4728, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding
B. Mochnacki –

0000-0001-8504-3744, University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
E. Majchrzak –

0000-0003-3555-2318, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Szucki –

0000-0002-2675-1836, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
M. Perzyk –

0000-0003-4901-7746, Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry
J. Bast –

0000-0002-9795-2352, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
R. Dańko –

0000-0003-2434-6025, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
M. Mróz –

0000-0002-7433-4092, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland

Castings Quality Management
D. Bolibruchova –

0000-0002-7374-9763, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. D. B. de Mello –

0000-0001-8912-2132, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
M. Górny –

0000-0001-6682-2611, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Environmental Protection
M. Holtzer –

0000-0002-6988-3329, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
J. Roučka –

0000-0003-0917-1810, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
S. Acharya –

0000-0001-6428-8961, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology, Vasad, Gujarat, India

Editorial Advisory Board:
M. Cholewa –

0000-0001-8598-6953, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
B. K. Dhindaw –

0000-0001-6991-9793, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
W. A. Hufenbach –

0000-0002-5131-3483, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
A. Zadera –

0000-0002-0555-370X , Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
A. Passerone –

0000-0002-0005-5314, CNR, Genova, Italy
I. Riposan –

0000-0002-4040-2798, Politehnica University of Bucharest Bucharest, Romania
A. Sládek –

0000-0002-7628-3524, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. Szajnar –

0000-0003-3622-843X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
R. B. Tuttle –

00000002-7689-259X, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
M. Okayasu –

0000-0003-3897-070X, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
I. Nova –

0000-0003-2287-9346, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
C. Caceres –

0000-0001-6521-2037, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
A. Dioszegi –

0000-0002-3024-9005, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden

Associate Editors:
A. Dulska –

0000-0001-6903-328X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Suchoń –

0000-0002-7019-3966, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Kondracki –

0000-0001-7840-5575, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
N. Przyszlak –

0000-0003-1683-0001, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Szymszal –

0000-0002-3229-6470, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

ul. Towarowa 7,
44-100 Gliwice, Poland
e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl

https://www.journal-afe.pl

Copyright

Copyright on any open access article in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal published by Polish Academy of Sciences is retained by the author(s). Authors grant Polish Academy of Sciences a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Authors also grant any user the right to use the article freely if its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified. The Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 formalizes these and other terms and conditions of publishing articles.

The editorial team of Archives of Foundry Engineering implements an open access policy by publishing materials in the form of the so-called Gold Open Access and encourages authors to place articles published in the journal in open repositories (after the review or the final version of the publisher), provided that a link to the journal’s website is provided.

Exceptions to copyright policy

For the articles which were previously published, before year 2022, policies that are different from the above. In all such, access to these articles is free from fees or any other access restrictions. Permissions for the use of the texts published in that journal may be sought directly from the Commission of Foundry Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, Poland, by e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl.

Volumes
Instructions for authors
Publication Ethics Policy
Peer-review Procedure
Reviewers

Select number

2024
- vol. 24
  - No 3
  - No 2
  - No 1
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012

Content

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2

1 Influence of Cold Work on the Efficiency of Vibratory Machining

D. Bańkowski , S. Spadło

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 5-10 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149265

Keywords: Vibratory machining Brass Recrystallization Crushing Burrs removing

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The aim of the article was to determine the impact of crushed condition (work hardening) on the effectiveness of the vibratory machining. The vibratory machining processing was carried out in two steps. The first step consisted of mechanical abrasion and remove oxides from the surface of the workpieces with abrasive media. While in the second step, smoothing - polishing with metal media was performed. Vibratory polishing also strengthened the treated surfaces. The test results were compared for samples in the crushed state (work hardening, plastic processing) and samples subjected to recrystallization annealing heat treatment. Mass losses, changes in the geometric structure of the surface and changes in the hardness of the machining surfaces were analyzed. Samples subjected to recrystallization, as compared to the samples in the state after work hardening-plastic working, are characterized by a slightly higher arithmetic mean surface roughness and lower surface hardness than for analogous processes for samples not subjected to heat treatment. Heat treatment of annealing allows to remove the effects of crushing and thus it is possible to obtain larger mass losses. Smaller burrs dimensions were obtained for samples after the heat treatment – annealing than after work hardening.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Stal Centrum (2021). M63 - Material properties, Application. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from http://www.stal-Centrum.com.pl/index.php/pomoc-techniczna/charakterystyka-gatunkow/mosiadz/m63cuzn37 (in Polish).
[2] Bańkowski, D., & Spadło, S. (2017). Investigations of influence of vibration smoothing conditions of geometrical structure on machined surfaces. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 179 (1), 012002). DOI.: 10.1088/1757-899X/179/1/012002
[3] Ciampini, D., Papini, M. & Spelt, J.K. (2007). Impact velocity measurement of media in a vibratory finisher. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 183(2-3), 347-357. DOI.: 1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.10.024.
[4] Borovets, V., Lanets, O., Korendiy, V., Dmyterko, P. (2021). Volumetric vibration treatment of machine parts fixed in rotary devices. In: Tonkonogyi, V., et al., Advanced Manufacturing Processes II (pp.373-383). Springer, Cham. DOI.: 10.1007/978-3-030-68014-5_37.
[5] Mediratta, R., Ahluwalia, K. & Yeo, S.H. (2016). State-of-the-art on vibratory finishing in the aviation industry: An industrial and academic perspective. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 85, 415-429. DOI.: 10.1007/s00170-015-7942-0.
[6] Grigoriev, S.N., Metel, A.S., Tarasova, T.V., Filatova, A.A., Sundukov, S.K., Volosova, M.A., Okunkova, A.A., Melnik, Y.A. & Podrabinnik, P.A. (2020). Effect of cavitation erosion wear, vibration tumbling, and heat treatment on additively manufactured surface quality and properties. Metals. 10(11), 1540, 1-27. DOI.: 10.3390/met10111540.
[7] Canals, L., Badreddine, J., McGillivray, B., Miao, H.Y., Levesque, M. (2019). Effect of vibratory peening on the sub-surface layer of aerospace materials Ti-6Al-4V and E-16NiCrMo13. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 264, 91-106. DOI.: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.08.023.
[8] Uhlmann, E., Eulitz, A. (2018). Influence of ceramic media composition on material removal in vibratory finishing. Procedia CIRP. 72, 1445-1450. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.procir.2018.03.285
[9] Bańkowski, D., Spadło, S. (2017). Vibratory tumbling of elements made of Hardox400 steel. In 26th International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, 24-26 May 2017 (pp. 725-730). Brno, Czech Republic.
[10] Bankowski, D., Spadlo, S. (2018). Influence of ceramic media on the effects of tumbler treatment. In 27th International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, 23-25 May 2018, (pp. 1062-1066). Brno, Czech Republic.
[11] Metel, A.S., Grigoriev, S.N., Tarasova, T.V., Filatova, A.A., Sundukov, S.K., Volosova, M.A., Okunkova, A.A., Melnik, Y.A. & Podrabinnik, P.A. (2020). Influence of postprocessing on wear resistance of aerospace steel parts produced by laser powder bed fusion. Technologies. 8(4), 73. DOI.: 10.3390/technologies8040073.
[12] Glvan, D.O. et al. (2018). Study on the influence of supplying compressed air channels and evicting channels on pneumatical oscillation systems for vibromooshing. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 10-12 May 2017 (pp. 012069). Hunedoara, Romania. DOI.: 10.1088/1757-899X/294/1/012069.
[13] Bańkowski, D. & Spadło, S. (2020). Research on the influence of vibratory machining on titanium alloys properties. Archives of Foundry Engineering. ‏20(3), ‏47-52. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133329.
[14] Woźniak, K. (2017). Surface treatment in container smoothing machines. Warszawa: WNT (in Polish).
[15] Micallef, C., Zhuk, Y. & Aria, A.I. (2020). Recent progress in precision machining and surface finishing of tungsten carbide hard composite coatings. Coatings. 10(8), 731, 1-35. DOI.: 10.3390/coatings10080731.
[16] Domblesky, J., Evans, R. & Cariapa, V. (2004). Material removal model for vibratory finishing. International Journal of Production Research. 42(5). 1029-1041. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540310001619641.
[17] Bańkowski, D. & Spadło, S., (2019). The influence of abrasive paste on the effects of vibratory machining of brass. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 19(4), 5-10. DOI.: 10.24425/afe.2019.129622.
[18] Janecki, D., Stępień, K. & Adamczak, S. (2010). Problems of measurement of barrel- and saddle-shaped elements using the radial method. Measurement. 43(5), 659-663. DOI.: 10.1016/j.measurement.2010.01.015.
[19] Marciniak, M., Stefko, A., Szyrle W. (1983). Basics of processing in container smoothing machines. Warszawa: WNT. (in Polish).
[20] Hashimoto, F. & Debra, D.B. (1996). Modelling and optimization of vibratory finishing process. CIRP Annals. 45(1), 303-306. DOI.: 10.1016/S0007-8506(07)63068-6.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

D. Bańkowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

S. Spadło

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kielce University of Technology, Poland

2 Effect of Matrix Type on Properties of Moulding Sand with Barley Malt

B. Samociuk , D. Nowak , D. Medyński

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 11-16 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149266

Keywords: Moulding sands Barley malt Properties of moulding sands

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The aim of the following work was to determine the possibility of using barley malt as a binder in moulding sands technology. The moulding sands prepared on the basis of three kinds of sands, i.e. quartz, olivine and chromite sands were analyzed. In order to determine the properties of moulding sands, typical determinations were made, i.e. moisture content, flowability, permeability, strength properties and abrasion wear. The obtained results indicate that it is possible to use barley malt as an independent binder for masses made of quartz, olivine and chromite sands.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Major-Gabryś, K. (2019). Environmentally friendly foundry molding and core sands. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28(7), 3905-3911. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-019-03947-x.
[2] Serghini, A. & Bieda, S. (2003). Reduction of gas emissions through the use of a new generation of organic binders in foundries. In VI Casting Conference TECHNICAL 2003. Nowa Sól, Poland. (in Polish).
[3] Holtzer, M. & Grabowska, B. (2010). Basics of environmental protection with elements of environmental management. Kraków: Wydawnictwa AGH. (in Polish).
[4] Popoola, A.P.I., Abdulwahab, M. & Fayomi, O.S.I. (2012). Synergetic performance of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) and pine oil (Pinus sylvestris) as binders on foundry core strength. International Journal of the Phusical Sciences. 7(24), 3062-3066. DOI: 10.5897/IJPS12.347.
[5] Ochulorl, E.F., Ugboaja, J.O. & Olowomeye, O.A. (2019). Performance of kaolin and cassava starch as replacements for bentonite in moulding sand used in thin wall ductile iron castings. Nigerian Journal of Technology. 38(4), 947-956. DOI: 10.4314/njt.v38i4.18.
[6] Atanda, P.O., Akinlosotu, O. & Oluwole, L. (2014). Effect of some polysaccharide starch extracts on binding characteristics of foundry moulding sand. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research. 5(3), 362-367.
[7] Holtzer, M. (2003). Directions of development of molding and core sands with organic binders. Archives of Foundry. 3(9), 189-196. (in Polish).
[8] Lewandowski, J.L. (1997). Materials for casting molds. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Naukowe AKAPIT. (in Polish).
[9] Czerwiński, F., Mir, M. & Kasprzak, W. (2015). Application of cores and binders in metalcasting. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 28(3), 129-139, DOI: 10.1179/1743133614Y.0000000140. [10] da Silva, H.G., Ferreira, J.C.E., Kumar, V. & Garza-Reyes, J.A. (2020). Benchmarking of cleaner production in sand mould casting companies. Management of Environmental Quality. 31(5), 1407-1435, DOI: 10.1108/MEQ-12-2019-0272.
[11] Dobosz, S.M. Jelinek, P. & Major-Gabryś, K. (2011). Development tendencies of moulding and core sands. China Foundry. 8(4), 438-446.
[12] Bożym, M. (2018). Alternative directions for the use of foundry waste, with particular emphasis on energy management. Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią Polskiej Akademii Nauk (105, pp. 197–211). DOI: 10.24425/124358. (in Polish).
[13] Grabowska, B., Kaczmarska, K., Cukrowicz, S., Drożyński, D., Żymankowska-Kumon, S., Bobrowski, A. & Gawluk, B. (2018). Influence of carbon fibers addition on selected properties of microwave-cured moulding sand bonded with BioCo2 binder. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(3), 152-160. DOI: 10.24425/123618.
[14] Zymankowska-Kumon, S., Kaczmarska, K., Grabowska, B., Bobrowski, A. & Cukrowicz, S. (2020). Influence of the atmosphere on the type of evolved gases from phenolic binders. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 31-36. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.131279.
[15] Raji, A. (2000). Strategies for Reducing Harmful Emissions in Nigerian Foundry Industry. Nigeria Jurnal of Education and Technology. 1(1), 138-144.
[16] Fox, J., Adamovits, M. & Henry, C. (2002). Strategies for reducing foundry emissions. Transactions of the American Foundry Society. 110(1-2), 1299-1309.
[17] Fayomi, O.S.I. (2016). Hybrid effect of selected local binders on the moulding properties of river niger silica sand for industrial application. Journal of Nanoscience with Advanced Technology. 1(4), 19-23. DOI: 10.24218/jnat.2016.19.
[18] Yaro, S.A. & Suleiman, M.U. (2006). Cassava / Guinea corn starches and Soybean oil as core binders in sand casting of aluminium silicon (Al-Si). Journal of Engineering and Technology (JET). 1(1), 47-55.
[19] Patwari, U., Chowdhury, S.I., Rashid, H. & Mumtaz, G.R. (2016). Comparison and CFD verification of binder effects in sand mould casting of aluminum. Annals of Faculty Engineering. Hunedoara-International- Internacional Journal of Engineering. 14(1), 143-147.
[20] Dobosz St. M. (2006). Water in molding and core sands. Kraków: Wydawnictwo. Naukowe AKAPIT. (in Polish).
[21] Jelínek P. (2004). Pojivové soustavy slévárenských formovacích směsí. Ostrava.
[22] Kowalski, S.J. (2010) General description of mass and heat transport in drying processes. Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna. 49(4), 38-39. (in Polish).
[23] Shokri, N., Lehmann, P.& Or, D. (2010). Evaporation from layered porous media. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 115(B6), 1-12. DOI: 10.1029/2009JB006743.
[24] Kucharczyk, A. (2013.) Drying of porous materials in layered systems – Research. Roczniki Inżynierii Budowlanej. 13, 85-88. (in Polish).
[25] Zych, J. & Kaźnica, N. (2015). Moisture sorption and desorption processes on the example of moulding sands’ surface layers. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(4), 63-66. (in Polish).
[26] Zych, J., Kaźnica, N.& Kolczyk, J. (2017). Analysis of the drying process of moistened surface layers of sand moulds and cores on the example of moulding sand with water glass. Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa. 57(1), 29-38. DOI: 10.7356/iod.2017.04.
[27] Khandelwal, H.& Ravi, B. (2016). Effect of molding parameters on chemically bonded sand mold properties. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 22, 127-133. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.03.007.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

B. Samociuk

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Nowak

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Medyński

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Collegium Witelona Uczelnia Państwowa, Poland

3 Analysis of Influence of Sand Matrix on Properties of Moulding Compounds Made with Furan Resin Intended for 3D Printing

D.R. Gruszka , R. Dańko , M. Dereń , A. Wodzisz

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 17-24 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149267

Keywords: Furfuryl resin Foundry engineering Sand moulds and cores 3D printing Binder jetting

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Binder jetting (BJ) sand printing is a 3D printing process in which a sand mould or sand core is produced from an STL file. A single layer of a sand matrix consisting of one or more grains in height of sand is applied to a worktable, and then a liquid resin or binder is applied to bond the grains together. This process is repeated until the final result matches the CAD model. The sand matrix is the main component of ceramic cores and moulds. The present study aims to demonstrate the influence of the matrix used on the properties of the resulting moulding sand. Three types of sand matrices were selected for the study. The first was a quartz matrix for 3D printing with binder jetting; this is characterised by a sharp geometry that allows for proper layering during printing. Ordinary quartz sand was also used for the study; this type of sand is usually used for the production of sand cores in the hotbox process, among other things. The shape of this sand is irregular. The last matrix to be tested was Cerabeads sand; this was selected because its spherical geometry clearly distinguishes it from the other two matrices. The matrices were analysed for their grain sizes. Scanning electron microscope images were also taken to compare the geometries and chemical compositions of the respective matrices. In presented research utilises a sand matrix for the production of self-curing compounds with furan resin dedicated for binder jetting 3D printing. The moulding masses were produced in a laboratory circulation mixer. The laboratory moulds were produced with wooden core boxes and pre-compacted by vibration. The samples from the matrix for the 3D printing were produced using the binder jetting method. The samples were produced to determine the flexural strength, tensile strength, gas permeability, hot distortion, and apparent density. It was not possible to carry out tests for the Cerabeads sand, as the obtained moulds were too brittle to perform adequate tests. Tests with the other matrices have shown that the shape and size of the matrix affect the apparent density and gas permeability.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Mostafaei, A., Elliott, A.M., Barnes, J.E., Li, F., Tan, W., Cramer, C.L., Nandwana, P. & Chmielus, M. (2020). Binder jet 3D printing – process parameters, materials, properties, and challenges. Progress in Materials Science. 119, 100707. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100707.
[2] Le Néel, T.A., Mognol, P. & Hascoët, J.-Y. (2018). A review on additive manufacturing of sand molds by binder jetting and selective laser sintering. Rapid Prototyping Journal. 24(8), 1325-1336. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-10-2016-0161.
[3] Gibson, I., Rosen, D. W., Stucker, B., Khorasani, M. (2021). Additive manufacturing technologies. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-56127-7.
[4] Upadhyay, M., Sivarupan, T., & El Mansori, M. (2017). 3D printing for rapid sand casting—A review. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 29, 211-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.07.017.
[5] Lewandowski, J.L. (1997). Materials for casting molds. Krakow: Akapit. (in Polish).
[6] Jakubski, J. & Dobosz, S. M. (2007). The thermal deformation of core and moulding sands according to the hot distortion parameter investigations. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 52(3), 421.
[7] Ignaszak, Z., Popielarski, P. & Strek, T. (2011). Estimation of coupled thermo-physical and thermo-mechanical properties of porous thermolabile ceramic material using Hot Distortion Plus® test. Defect and Diffusion Forum. 312-315, 764-769. DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.312-315.764. [
8] Dańko, R. (2017). Influence of the matrix grain size on the apparent density and bending strength of sand cores. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(1), 27-30. DOI:10.1515/afe-2017-0005.
[9] Sundaram, D., Svidró, J.T., Svidró, J. & Diószegi, A. (2022). A novel approach to quantifying the effect of the density of sand cores on their gas permeability. Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering. 6(2), 33-38. DOI:10.7494/jcme.2022.6.2.33.
[10] Wisniewski, P., Sitek, R., Towarek, A., Choinska, E., Moszczynska, D., & Mizera, J. (2020). Molding binder influence on the porosity and gas permeability of ceramic casting molds. Materials. 13(12), 2735, 1-13. DOI:10.3390/ma13122735.
[11] Dobosz, S.M., Grabarczyk, A., Major-Gabryś, K. & Jakubski, J. (2015). Influence of quartz sand quality on bending strength and thermal deformation of moulding sands with synthetic binders. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(2), 9-15. DOI:10.1515/afe-2015-0028.
[12] Multiserw-Morek (2014) Device for testing the strength of molding sands. Retrieved October 15, 2023, from http://multiserw-morek.pl/products,urzadzenia_do_badania_mas_formierskich_i_rdzeniowych,urzadzenie_do_badania_wytrzymalosci_mas_formierskich-1. (in Polish).
13] Bobrowski, A., Kaczmarska, K., Drożyński, D., Woźniak, F., Dereń, M., Grabowska, B., Żymankowska-Kumon, S. & Szucki, M. (2023). 3D Printed (Binder Jetting) Furan Molding and Core Sands—Thermal Deformation, Mechanical and Technological Properties. Materials. 16(9), 3339, 1-17. DOI:10.3390/ma16093339.
[14] Multiserw-Morek (2014) Device for measuring the permeability of molding sands. Retrieved October 15, 2023, from http://multiserw-morek.pl/products,urzadzenia_do_badania_mas_formierskich_i_rdzeniowych,urzadzenie_do_pomiaru_przepuszczalnosci_mas_formierskich. (in Polish).
[15] Multiserw-Morek (2014) A universal device for testing hot-distortion phenomena and bending strength. Retrieved October 15, 2023, from http://multiserw-morek.pl/products,urzadzenia_do_badania_mas_formierskich_i_rdzeniowych,uniwersalny_aparat_do_badania_zjawisk_hot-distortion_oraz_wytrzymalosci_na_zginanie. (in Polish).
[16] Kamińska, J., Puzio, S., Angrecki, M. & Łoś, A. (2020). Effect of reclaim addition on the mechanical and technological properties of moulding sands based on pro-ecological furfuryl resin. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 65(4), 1425-1429. DOI: 10.24425/amm.2020.133709.
[17] Major-Gabryś, K. (2019). Environmentally friendly foundry molding and core sands. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28, 3905-3911. DOI:10.1007/s11665-019-03947-x.
[18] Mitra, S., Rodríguez de Castro, A. & El Mansori, M. (2018). The effect of ageing process on three-point bending strength and permeability of 3D printed sand molds. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 97, 1241-1251. DOI:10.1007/s00170-018-2024-8.
[19] Sundaram, D., Svidró, J.T., Svidró, J. & Diószegi, A. (2021). On the relation between the gas-permeability and the pore characteristics of furan sand. Materials. 14(14), 3803, 1-14. DOI:10.3390/ma14143803.
20] Łucarz, M., Drożyński, D., Garbacz-Klempka, A., Jezierski, J., Bartocha, D., Wróbel, T., Kostrzewa, K., Feliks, E. (2022). Influence of weather conditions and mechanical reclamation on molding sand with alkali-phenolic binder for manganese cast steel. Materials. 16(1), 71, 1-18. DOI:10.3390/ma16010071.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

D.R. Gruszka

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Dańko

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Dereń

A. Wodzisz

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Poland

4 The Analysis of Influence of Compression Forces on the Strength of MM „Stahl 1018” Composite with the use of SolidWorks

A. Arustamian , D. Kalisz

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 25-34 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149268

Keywords: Composite MM Stahl1018 SolidWorks Computer simulation Mechanical strength

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Composite Multimetal Stahl 1018 has been used in the process of preserving worn surfaces of materials operating in extremely difficult conditions. This work presents the results of simulation of the mechanical properties of steel samples in contact with the MM "Stahl 1018" composite. Tests were carried out for various models with with one- and two-sided contact sample models with the composite. Theoretical tests were conducted in the "SolidWorks 2019" environment. It was found that the maximum strength of the specimen layer made of MM "Stahl 1018" material, which closely adheres to the surfaces of steel bases on both sides (444 MPa) is higher than that of the material layer in one-sided contact (358 MPa), for specimens with a height of 4.5 mm and at 80 °C. Simulations also revealed a significant increase in the maximum stress in the composite MM "Stahl 1018" for specimens in the so-called free state from 285 MPa to 358 MPa with the increasing temperature from 20 °C to 80 °C, for specimens 4.5 mm high.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Sołek, K., Kalisz, D., Arustamian, A. & Ishchenko, A.A. (2017). Analysis of srength characteristics of composite materials under vibration loads at higher temperatures. Journal of Machine Construction and Maintenance – Problemy Eksploatacji 93-97.
[2] Arustamian, A., Sołek, K. & Kalisz, D. (2016). Identyfication of yield point of polymer – based composite material in the conditions of increased temperatures. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 61(3), 1561-1566. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2016-0255
[3] Kalisz, D. & Arustamian A. (2020). Multimetal Stahl 1018 composite – structure and strength properties. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(4), 29-35. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133351.
[4] Ischenko, A.A. (2012). Technological bases of restoration of the industrial equipment by modern polymeric materials PSTU (Mariupol). 27-39.
[5] Donev, K.V. (2007). Investigation of the properties of metalpolymer materials and the development of technology of repair roughing stand. Master's thesis, PSTU, Mariupol, Ukraine.
[6] Vorona, A.S. (2009) Theoretical and experimental research of the mechanical properties of polymer repair materials for different purposes. Master's thesis, PSTU, Mariupol, Ukraine.
[7] Kalinichenko, S.A. (2003) Research of the dynamic properties of metal-polymer materials. Master's thesis, PSTU, Mariupol, Ukraine.
[8] Timoschenko, A.V. (2010) Research of the mechanical properties of composite materials under dynamic loading. Master's thesis, PSTU, Mariupol, Ukraine.
[9] Kakareka, D.L. (2013) Research of the mechanical properties of composite materials under dynamic loading. Master's work, PSTU, Mariupol, Ukraine.
[10] Arusrtamian, A. (2023). Modeling and analysis of the mechanical properties of the composite based on a polymeric material used for the maintenance of metallurgical equipment. Doctoral thesis, AGH, Krakow, Poland.
[11] Diamant. Polymer Solutions. (2024). Retrieved January, 20, 2024, from http://diamant-polymer.de/en/products/mm1018/ 11.
[12] DIN EN ISO 604:2003-12, 2003.
[13] Stal C45 PN-EN 10083-2:1999
[14] Solidoworks.(2024). Retrieved January, 20, 2024, from https://discover.solidworks.com/
[15] Solidexpert. (2024). Retrieved December, 10, 2024 from https://solidworks.agh.edu.pl/

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

A. Arustamian

D. Kalisz

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Poland

5 Exploration and Improvement of Room Temperature Properties for Organosilicon Slag Riser

Jljun Lu , Zhuofan Zhong , Hu Yongluan , Di Wu , Huafang Wang

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 35-43 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149269

Keywords: Organosilicon slag Resol resin Drying Process Compressive Strength Air permeability

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Bibliography

[1] Lu, J.J., Qian, J.B., Yang, L. & Wang, H.F. (2023). Preparation and performance optimization of organosilicon slag exothermic insulating riser. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 23(1),75-82. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.144283.
[2] Krajewski, P.K., Zovko-Brodarac, Z. & Krajewski, W.K. (2013). Heat exchange in the system mould - Riser - Ambient. Part I: Heat exchange coefficient from mould external surface. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 58(3), 833-835. DOI: 10.2478/amm-2013-0081.
[3] Vaskova, I., Conev, M. & Hrubovakova, M. (2017). The influence of using different types of risers or chills on shrinkage production for different wall thickness for material EN-GJS-400-18LT. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(2), 131–136. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0064.
[4] Sowa, L., Skrzypczak, T. & Kwiatoń, P. (2022). Numerical evaluation of the impact of riser geometry on the shrinkage defects formation in the solidifying casting. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 67(1), 181-187. DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137487.
[5] Lu, J.J., He, W., Tan, S.M., Qian, J.B. & Lu, X. (2021). Chinese Patent NO. 202110970771.3. Beijing. China National Intellectual Property Administration.
[6] Wang, E.Z., He, J.Y., Shen, J. & Yan, F.Y. (1993). Permeability of washings for vacuum evapouration-pattern casting. Special Casting & Nonferrous Alloys. 6, 1-3. DOI:10.15980/j.tzzz.1993.06.001. (in Chinese).
[7] Yu, J., Wang, D.D., Mao, L., Li, C.Y., Lu, S.D., Xu, Q.B. & Wang, W.Q. (2008). Application of LYH-3 dextrin binder in exothermic and insulating riser. Foundry Technology. 7, 873-876. (in Chinese).
[8] Zhao, X., Wang, Z.X., Zhang, W.Q., et al. (2022). The Efficacy of magnetization in enhancing flocculation and sedimentation of clay particles. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage. 41(3), 114-124. DOI: 10.13522/j.cnki.ggps.2021300. (in Chinese).
[9] Cai, Y.，Shi, B.，Liu, Z.B.，Tang, C.S. & Wang, B.J. (2005). Experimental study on effect of aggregate size on strength of filled soils. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 12, 1482-1486. (in Chinese).
[10] Kang, M., Wu, Y.L., Wang, W.Q. & Dai, X.Q. (1998). Effects of thermo - rheologic properties of thermo-plastic phenol resin on properties of resin-coated sand. Modern Cast Iron. 2, 11-13. (in Chinese).
[11] Dai, B.Y. (1996). Research on rheological property of phenol-formaldehyde resin for hot process. China Foundry Machinery & Technology. 5, 16-19. (in Chinese).
[12] Tang, L.L., Li, N.N. & Wu, P.X. (2008). High performance phenolic resin and its application technology. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press.
[13] Tong, L.L., Zhou, J.X., Yin, Y.J. & Li, Y.C. (2020). Effects of grain size and resin content on strength of furan resin sand. Special Casting& Nonferrous Alloys. 40(2), 139-142. DOI:10.15980/j.tzzz.2020.02.005. (in Chinese).
[14] Wang, W., Li, X.H., Gao, P.H., Zeng, S.C., Chen, B.Y., Yang, Z., Guo, Y.C. & Li, J.P. (2021). Study on optimization of gas evolution in resin sand moulds. Hot Working Technology. 50(15), 48-50. DOI:10.14158/j.cnki.1001-3814.20192900. (in Chinese).
[15] Li, C.S. (2012). Influence of properties and state of raw sand on properties of self-setting resin sand. Modern Cast Iron. 32(5), 63-68. (in Chinese).
[16] Zhu, Y.L. & Cai, Z.S. (1996). Analysis of the influence of original sand particle size on the strength of resin bonded sand. Foundry. 12, 37-38. (in Chinese).
[17] You, M. & Zheng, X.L. (1999). Theoretical analysis of the influence of original sand particle size on the strength of resin bonded sand. Foundry. 2, 42-44. (in Chinese).

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Jljun Lu

e-mail:

ORCID:

Zhuofan Zhong

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hu Yongluan

e-mail:

ORCID:

Di Wu

e-mail:

ORCID:

Huafang Wang

e-mail:

ORCID:

School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan Textile University, China

6 The use of Selected Lean Management Tools for Analyzing Defects in Pistons for Internal Combustion Engines

J. Piątkowski , M Łent-Trepczyńska , A. Krępa , M. Ferdyn

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 44-49 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149270

Keywords: Lean Management Ishikawa diagram Pareto-Lorenz chart Casting defects Engine pistons

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The article presents the most significant material defects found in pistons for internal combustion engines, along with a graphical method of categorization using a Pareto-Lorenz chart. For the top three defects (constituting approximately 80% of all issues), a slightly different Ishikawa chart was employed to identify the causes behind their occurrence. Remedial actions were proposed, to be implemented primarily within the interoperative quality control of piston casting. It was concluded that it is crucial to prevent the excessive iron content in the alloy used for alfin inserts (AS9 alloy), particularly for cast iron ring carriers. The research was conducted in collaboration with Federal-Mogul company in Gorzyce (F-MG), one of the largest piston foundries in Poland.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Hines, P. (2003). Direction – Lean organization. Trans. Czerska J., Ed. Lean Q Centrum, Gdańsk. (in Polish).

[2] Pawłowski, E., Pawłowski, K., Trzcieliński, S. (2010). Lean Manufacturing methods and tools. Edition University of Technology, Poznań. (in Polish).

[3] Abdullah, F. (2003). Lean Manufacturing tools and techniques in the process industry. Dissertation. University of Pittsburgh, School of Engineering, USA.

[4] Zimniewicz, Z. (1999). Contemporary management concepts and methods. Warszawa: PWE. (in Polish).

[5] Walentynowicz, P. (2013). Determinants of the effectiveness of Lean Management implementation in manufacturing enterprises. Gdańsk: University of Gdańsk. (in Polish).

[6] Lipecki, J. (1998). Lean as method company restructuring. Economics and Organization of Enterprise 8, 12-15.

[7] Durlik, I. (2007). Management engineering. Warszawa: Placet. (in Polish).
[8] Hamrol, A. (2015). Strategies and practices for efficient operation: Lean, Six Sigma and others. Warszawa: PWN.

[9] Parkes, A. (2017). Cultural determinants of Lean Management. Warszawa: Difin. (in Polish).

[10] Janocha, M. (2016). Production process management in line with the concept of Lean Management in the automotive industry. Journal of Modern Management Process 1(2), 44-53.

[11] Womack, J.P., Jones, D.T., Roos, D. (2007). The Machine That Changed the World. Free Press A Division of Simon and Schuster Inc., New York, London, Toronto, Sydney.

[12] Czerska, J. (2014). Improving the value stream. Gdańsk: PWE. (in Polish).
[13] Piątkowski, J. & Czerepak, M. (2020). The crystallization of AlSi9 alloy designed for the alfin processing of ring supports in the engine pistons. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(2), 65-70. DOI:10.24425/afe.2020.131304.

[14] Piątkowski, J. & Krępa, A. (2023). Casting pistons for combustion engines from aluminum alloys over 50 years of experience Federal-Mogul Gorzyce. Foundry Journal. 73(3/4), 84-85. (in Polish).

[15] Piątkowski J., Czerepak M. (2023). Improving the quality of bimetalic connection between the ring insert and the engine piston. In METAL 2023: 32nd International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, 17-19 May 2023 (40-41), Brno, Czech Republic. Ostrava: Tanger.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

J. Piątkowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

M Łent-Trepczyńska

A. Krępa

M. Ferdyn

Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Federal-Mogul Gorzyce, Poland
Magna Casting Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland

7 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the EN AC-AlSi12CuNiMg Alloy and AlSi Composite Reinforced with SiC Particles

G.G. Sirata , K. Wacławiak , A.J. Dolata

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 50-59 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149271

Keywords: Metal matrix composites (MMCs) Mechanical properties SiC particle reinforcement Microstructure analysis Fractography

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

There is growing interest in developing more advanced materials, as conventional materials are unable to meet the demands of the automotive, aerospace, and military industries. To meet the needs of these sectors, the use of advanced materials with superior properties, such as metal matrix composites, is essential. This paper discusses the evaluation of microstructural and mechanical properties of conventional eutectic EN AC-AlSi12CuNiMg aluminum alloy (AlSi12) and advanced composite based on EN AC-AlSi12CuNiMg alloy matrix with 10 wt% SiC particle reinforcement (AlSi12/10SiCp). The microstructure of these materials was investigated with the help of metallographic techniques, specifically using a light microscope (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of the microstructural analysis show that the SiC particles are uniformly distributed in the matrix. The results of the mechanical tests indicate that the tensile properties and hardness of the AlSi12/10SiCp composite are significantly higher than those of the unreinforced eutectic alloy. For AlSi12/10SiCp composite, the tensile strength is 21% higher, the yield strength is 16% higher, the modulus of elasticity is 20% higher, and the hardness is 11% higher than unreinforced matrix alloy. However, the unreinforced AlSi12 alloy has a percentage elongation that is 16% higher than the composite material. This shows that the AlSi12/10SiCp composite has a lower ductility than the unreinforced AlSi12 alloy. The tensile specimens of the tested composite broke apart in a brittle manner with no discernible neck development, in contrast to the matrix specimens, which broke apart in a ductile manner with very little discernible neck formation.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Rashnoo, K., Sharifi, M. J., Azadi, M. & Azadi, M. (2020). Influences of reinforcement and displacement rate on microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behaviors of cylinder-head aluminum alloy. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 255, 123441, 1-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123441.

[2] Azadi, M., Winter, G., Farrahi, G.H. & Eichlseder, W. (2015). Comparison between isothermal and non-isothermal fatigue behavior in a cast aluminum-silicon-magnesium alloy. Strength of Materials. 47(6), 840-848. DOI: 10.1007/s11223-015-9721-4.

[3] Aybarc, U., Dispinar, D. & Seydibeyoglu, M.O. (2018). Aluminum metal matrix composites with SiC, Al 2 O 3 and graphene–review. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(2), 5-10. DOI: 10.24425/122493.

[4] Arora, A., Astarita, A., Boccarusso, L. & Mahesh, V.P. (2016). Experimental characterization of metal matrix composite with aluminium matrix and molybdenum powders as reinforcement. Procedia Engineering. 167, 245-251. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.694.

[5] Farokhpour, M., Parast, M.S.A. & Azadi, M. (2022). Evaluation of hardness and microstructural features in piston aluminum-silicon alloys after different ageing heat treatments. Results in Materials. 16, 100323, 1-11. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4162353.

[6] Sirata, G.G., Wacławiak, K. & Dyzia, M. (2022). Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of aluminium alloy, EN AC-Al Si12CuNiMg. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 22(3), 34-40. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140234.

[7] Kurzawa, A. & Kaczmar, J.W. (2017). Bending strength of EN AC-44200–Al2O3 composites at elevated temperatures. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(1), 103-108. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0019.

[8] Lijay, K.J., Selvam, J.D.R., Dinaharan, I. & Vijay, S.J. (2016). Microstructure and mechanical properties characterization of AA6061/TiC aluminum matrix composites synthesized by in situ reaction of silicon carbide and potassium fluotitanate. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 26(7), 1791-1800. DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(16)64255-3.

[9] Lakshmipathy, J. & Kulendran, B. (2014). Reciprocating wear behavior of 7075Al/SiC in comparison with 6061Al/Al2O3 composites. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 46, 137-144. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2014.06.007.

[10] Jayashree, P.K., Gowrishankar, M.C., Sharma, S., Shetty, R., Hiremath, P. & Shettar, M. (2021). The effect of SiC content in aluminum-based metal matrix composites on the microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 12, 2325-2339. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.04.015.

[11] Dolata-Grosz, A., Dyzia, M., Śleziona, J. & Wieczorek, J. (2007). Composites applied for pistons. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 7(1), 37-40. ISSN (1897-3310).

[12] Moćko, W. & Kowalewski, Z.L. (2011). Mechanical properties of A359/SiCp metal matrix composites at wide range of strain rates. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 82, 166-171. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ AMM.82.166.

[13] Dolata, A.J. & Dyzia, M. (2014). Effect of Chemical Composition of the Matrix on AlSi/SiC p+ C p Composite Structure. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 14(1), 135-138. ISSN (1897-3310).

[14] Wysocki, J., Grabian, J. & Przetakiewicz, W. (2007). Continuous drive friction welding of cast AlSi/SiC (p) metal matrix composites. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 7(1), 47-52. ISSN (1897-3310).

[15] Li, R., Pan, Z., Zeng, Q. & Xiaoli, Y. (2022). Influence of the interface of carbon nanotube-reinforced aluminum matrix composites on the mechanical properties–a review. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 22(1), 23-36. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140213.

[16] Dolata, A.J., Mróz, M., Dyzia, M. & Jacek-Burek, M. (2020). Scratch testing of AlSi12/SiCp composite layer with high share of reinforcing phase formed in the centrifugal casting process. Materials. 13(7), 1685, 1-17. DOI: 10.3390/ma13071685.

[17] Pawar, P.B., & Utpat, A.A. (2014). Development of aluminium based silicon carbide particulate metal matrix composite for spur gear. Procedia Materials Science, 6, 1150-1156. DOI:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.187.

[18] Miracle, D.B. (2005). Metal matrix composites–from science to technological significance. Composites science and technology, 65(15-16), 2526-2540. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.05.027.

[19] Dyzia, M. (2017). Aluminum matrix composite (AlSi7Mg2Sr0. 03/SiCp) pistons obtained by mechanical mixing method. Materials. 11(1), 42, 1-14. DOI: 10.3390/ma11010042.

[20] Sahoo, B.P.,& Das, D. (2019). Critical review on liquid state processing of aluminium based metal matrix nano-composites. Materials Today: Proceedings. 19, 493-500. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.642.

[21] Yar, A.A., Montazerian, M., Abdizadeh, H. & Baharvandi, H.R. (2009). Microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy matrix composite reinforced with nano-particle MgO. Journal of alloys and Compounds. 484(1-2), 400-404. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.04.117.

[22] Kumar, B.A. & Murugan, N. (2012). Metallurgical and mechanical characterization of stir cast AA6061-T6–AlNp composite. Materials & Design. 40, 52-58. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.03.038.

[23] Peng, L.M., Han, K.S., Cao, J.W. & Noda, K. (2003). Fabrication and mechanical properties of high-volume-fraction Si3N4-Al-based composites by squeeze infiltration casting. Journal of Materials Science Letters. 22(4), 279-282. DOI: 1022356413756.

[24] Rajan, T.P.D., Pillai, R.M., & Pai, B.C. (2008). Centrifugal casting of functionally graded aluminium matrix composite components. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 21(1-4), 214-218. DOI: 10.1179/136404608X361972.

[25] Chen, H.S., Wang, W.X., Li, Y.L., Zhang, P., Nie, H.H. & Wu, Q.C. (2015). The design, microstructure and tensile properties of B4C particulate reinforced 6061Al neutron absorber composites. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 632, 23-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.01.048.

[26] Rohatgi, P.K. & Schultz, B. (2007). Lightweight metal matrix nanocomposites–stretching the boundaries of metals. Material Matters. 2(4), 16-20.

[27] Torralba, J.D., Da Costa, C.E. & Velasco, F. (2003). P/M aluminum matrix composites: an overview. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 133(1-2), 203-206. DOI: 10.1016/S0924-0136(02)00234-0.

[28] Suryanarayana, C. & Al-Aqeeli, N. (2013). Mechanically alloyed nanocomposites. Progress in Materials Science. 58(4), 383-502. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2012.10.001.

[29] Taha, M.A. (2001). Practicalization of cast metal matrix composites (MMCCs). Materials & Design. 22(6), 431-441. DOI: 10.1016/S0261-3069(00)00077-7.

[30] Maurya, M., Maurya, N.K. & Bajpai, V. (2019). Effect of SiC reinforced particle parameters in the development of aluminium based metal matrix composite. Joint Journal of Novel Carbon Resource Sciences & Green Asia Strategy. 06(03), 200-206. DOI: 10.5109/2349295.

[31] Sharma, P., Sharma, S. & Khanduja, D. (2015). A study on microstructure of aluminium matrix composites. Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies. 3(3), 240-244. DOI: 10.1016/j.jascer.2015.04.001.

[32] Chandra, D., Chauhan, N. R. & Rajesha, S. (2020). Hardness and toughness evaluation of developed Al metal matrix composite using stir casting method. Materials Today: Proceedings. 25, 872-876. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.026.

[33] Kaviyarasan, K., Kumar, J.P., Anandh, S.K., Sivavishnu, M. & Gokul, S. (2020). Comparison of mechanical properties of Al6063 alloy with ceramic particles. Materials Today: Proceedings. 22, 3067-3074. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.442.

[34] Subramanya Reddy, P., Kesavan, R. & Vijaya Ramnath, B. (2017). Evaluation of mechanical properties of aluminum alloy (Al2024) reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) metal matrix Composites. Solid State Phenomena. 263, 184-188. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.263.184.

[35] Nair, S.V., Tien, J.K. & Bates, R.C. (1985). SiC-reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites. International Metals Reviews. 30(1), 275-290. https://doi.org/10.1179/ imtr.1985.30.1.275.

[36] Ozben, T., Kilickap, E. & Cakır, O. (2008). Investigation of mechanical and machinability properties of SiC particle reinforced Al-MMC. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 198(1-3), 220-225. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.06.082.

[37] Ozden, S., Ekici, R. & Nair, F. (2007). Investigation of impact behaviour of aluminium based SiC particle reinforced metal–matrix composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 38(2), 484-494. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.02.026.

[38] Shuvho, M.B.A., Chowdhury, M.A., Kchaou, M., Roy, B. K., Rahman, A. & Islam, M.A. (2020). Surface characterization and mechanical behavior of aluminum based metal matrix composite reinforced with nano Al2O3, SiC, TiO2 particles. Chemical Data Collections. 28, 100442. DOI: 10.1016/j.cdc.2020.100442.

[39] Peng, Z. & Fuguo, L. (2010). Effects of particle clustering on the flow behavior of SiC particle reinforced Al metal matrix composites. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering. 39(9), 1525-1531. DOI: 10.1016/S1875-5372(10)60123-3.

[40] Kurzawa, A. & Kaczmar, J.W. (2017). Impact strength of composite materials based on EN AC-44200 matrix reinforced with Al2O3 particles. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(3), 73-78. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0094.

[41] Azadi, M., Bahmanabadi, H., Gruen, F. & Winter, G. (2020). Evaluation of tensile and low-cycle fatigue properties at elevated temperatures in piston aluminum-silicon alloys with and without nano-clay-particles and heat treatment. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 788, 139497, 1-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2020.139497.

[42] Li, Y., Yang, Y., Wu, Y., Wang, L. & Liu, X. (2010). Quantitative comparison of three Ni-containing phases to the elevated-temperature properties of Al–Si piston alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 527(26), 7132-7137. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.07.073.

[43] Dolata, A.J., Dyzia, M. & Boczkal, S. (2016). Structure of interface between matrix alloy and reinforcement particles in Al/SiCp+ Cgp hybrid composites. Materials Today: Proceedings. 3(2), 235-239. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2016.01.063.

[44] Keshavamurthy, R., Mageri, S., Raj, G., Naveenkumar, B., Kadakol, P.M. & Vasu, K. (2013). Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al7075-TiB2 in-situ composite. Research Journal of Material Sciences. 1(10), 6-10. ISSN 2320- 6055.

[45] Moustafa, S.F. (1995). Wear and wear mechanisms of Al-22% Si/A12O3f composite. Wear. 185(1-2), 189-195. DOI: 10.1016/0043-1648(95)06607-1.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

G.G. Sirata

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Wacławiak

e-mail:

ORCID:

A.J. Dolata

Department of Materials Technologies, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland

8 Calculations of Non-Metallic Particles Removal from Liquid Aluminium to Top Slag

P.L. Żak , K. Kuglin , M. Szucki , D. Kalisz , N. Mrówka , E. Dand

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 60-68 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149272

Keywords: Numerical simulation Liquid aluminium Particle motion Inclusions

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In the paper, the results of a numerical analysis of KCl and KF particles present in liquid aluminium assimilation to the slag are presented. The authors analysed particle movement in the slag model, which is based on buoyant, capillary, viscosity, Newton and repulsion forces, interfacial tensions at the interface of phases and surface energy during the particle movement through phases boundary. On the basis of the mathematical model, a computer programme was written to make simulations under different conditions. The results of particle position in the slag are presented for different particle radiuses: 1, 5, 10, 20 μm, and constant viscosity of the slag including velocity evolution of the velocity. Another approach was used to indicate the influence of slag viscosity on particle and slag penetration depth. During computations, selected viscosities of slag of 0.0012, 0.0015, 0.0018 [kg/m·s] were taken into account. Different comparisons were made for the chosen particle sizes. Each examination takes into account the impact of the particle type. The results clearly show that for larger particles the penetration depth is greater and viscosity of the slag has an impact on the velocity evolution during assimilation process.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Instone, S., Buchholz, A. & Gruen, G. U. (2008). Inclusion transport phenomena in casting furnaces. Light Metals (TMS). 811-816 .

[2] Prillhofer, B., Antrekowitsch, H., Böttcher, H. & Enright, P. (2008). Non-metallic inclusions in the secondary aluminium industry for the production of aerospace alloys. Light Metals (TMS). 603-608.

[3] Johansen, S.T., Gradahl, S. & Myrbostad, E. (1996). Experimental determination of bubble sizes in melt refining reactors. Light Metals (TMS). 1027-1031.

[4] Johansen, S.T., Robertson, D.G.C., Woje, K. & Engh, T.A. (1988). Fluid dynamics in bubble stirred ladles: Part I. Experiments. Metallurgical Transactions B 19, 745-754, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02650194.

[5] Nakaoka, T., Taniguchi, S., Matsumoto, K. & Johansen, S. T. (2001). Particle size grouping method of inclusion agglomeration and its application to water model experiments. ISIJ International. 41, 1103-1111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.41.1103.

[6] Saffman, P.G. & Turner, J.S. (1956). On the collision of drops in turbulent clouds. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1, 16-30. DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1017/S0022112056000020.

[7] Wang, L., Lee, H. G. & Hayes, P. (1996). Prediction of the optimum bubble size for inclusion removal from molten steel by flotation. ISIJ International. 36, 7-16, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.36.7.

[8] Schulze, H. J. (1989). Hydrodynamics of bubble-mineral particle collisions. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 5, 43-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508908952644.

[9] Bouris, D. & Bergeles, G. (1998). Investigation of inclusion re-entrainment from the steel-slag interface. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 29, 641-649. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-998-0099-6.

[10] Strandh, J., Nakajima, K., Eriksson, R. & Jonsson, P. (2005). Solid inclusion transfer at a steel-slag interface with focus on tundish conditions. ISIJ International. 45, 1597-1606, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.45.1597

[11] Votava, I. & Matiašovský, K. (1973). Measurement of viscosity of fused salts. II. viscosity of molten binary mixtures on the cryolite basis. Chemical Papers. 27(5), 582-587.

[12] Suchora-Kozakiewicz, M. & Jackowski, J. (2017). Evaluation of interfacial tension in the liquid aluminum alloy – liquid slag system. Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering. 1(1), 11-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7494/jcme.2017.1.1.11.

[13] Zhang, L. & Taniguchi, S. (2000). Fundamentals of inclusion removal from liquid steel by bubble flotation. International Materials Reviews. 45(2), 59-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/095066000101528313.

[14] Żak, P. L., Kalisz, D., Lelito, J., Szucki, M., Gracz, B., & Suchy, J. S. (2015). Modelling of non-metallic particles motion process in foundry alloys. Metalurgija. 54(2), 357-360.

[15] Dewing, E.W. (1972). Thermodynamics of the system NaF-AlF3. part III: Activities in liquid mixtures. Metallurgical Transactions B. 3, 499-505, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02642055.

[16] Dewing, E. (1970). Thermodynamics of the system NaF-AlF3 part I: The equilibrium 6NaF(s) + Al = Na3AlF6(s) + 3Na. Metall. Transactions. 1, 1691-1694, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02642018.

[17] Ransley, C.E. & Neufeld, H. (1950). The solubility relationships in the Al-Na and Al-Si systems. Journal of Institute of Metals. 78, 25-46.

[18] Kvande, H. (1980) Solubility of aluminium in NaF-AlF3-Al2O3 melts. Light Metals. 171-182.

[19] Dewing, E.W. (1980). Thermodynamic functions for LiF-AlF3 mixtures at 1293 k. Metallurgical Transactions B. 11, 245–249, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02668408.

[20] Wang, L.T., Zhang, Q.Y., Deng, C.H. & Li, Z.B. (2005). Mathematical model for removal of inclusion in molten steel by injecting gas at ladle shroud. ISIJ International. 45, 1138-1144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational. 45.1138.

[21] Suchora-Kozakiewicz, M. & Jackowski, J. (2017). The way of estimating interphase tension in the liquid aluminum alloy – liquid slag. Composites Theory Practice. 17(2), 73-78.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

P.L. Żak

K. Kuglin

M. Szucki

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Kalisz

e-mail:

ORCID:

N. Mrówka

E. Dand

AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
NPA Skawina Sp. z o. o., Poland
Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany

9 Properties of Casting Al-Cu Alloy Modified by Mixed Rare Earth (La, Ce) and its Mechanism Analyzed

Xin Li , Medetbek Uulu Nurtilek , Ziqi Zhang , Lixia Wang , Quan Wu , Peixuan Mao , Rong Li

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 69-87 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149273

Keywords: Cast aluminum alloy Mechanical properties RE modification Simulation calculations Mechanism analysis

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

To improve the mechanical properties of casting aluminum-copper alloy, the mixed rare earth (RE) was added to ZL206 and its properties and the enhanced mechanism of alloy were researched. The results showed that the strength and hardness of the composite were improved by 10.2% and 6.2%, respectively. After adding mixed RE, which was led by the heterogeneous enrichment area blocking the growth of the α-Al phase and making grain refinement during the solidification process. The simulation results of RE surface adsorption models by first principles also showed that the elastic constant calculation improved the bulk modulus, shear modulus, and Young's modulus of the material. The addition of mixed RE enhances the strength and hardness, although it adversely affects toughness and reduces the machining index. Also, the work function decreased, and the Fermi level increased, reflecting that the electron locality on each band was strong and the bonding state of the alloy system was covalent, which showed that the corrosion resistance was enhanced after adding mixed RE. It provides a new method for the mechanism of RE-modified aluminum-copper alloys and expands the direction of cast aluminum-copper alloy modification.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Gan, L., Wen-ying, Q., Min, L., Le, C., Chuan, G., Xing-gang, L., Zhen, X., Xiao-gang, H., Da-quan, L., Hong-xing, L. & Qiang, Z. (2021). Semi-solid processing of aluminum and magnesium alloys: Status, opportunity, and challenge in China. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 31(11), 3255-3280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65729-1.

[2] Wang, J. & Li, F. (2023). Research Status and prospective properties of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu series aluminum alloys. Metals. 13(8), 1329, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13081329.

[3] Medvedev, A.E., Murashkin, M.Y., Enikeev, N.A., Valiev, R.Z., Hodgson, P.D. & Lapovok, R. (2018). Enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties of Al-RE alloys by optimizing rare-earth concentration and thermo-mechanical treatment. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 745, 696-704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.02.247.

[4] Demétrio, K. B., Nogueira, A. P. G., Menapace, C., Bendo, T., & Molinari, A. (2021). Effect of nanostructure on phase transformations during heat treatment of 2024 aluminum alloy. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 14, 1800-1808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.07.044.

[5] Hong, J., Linfan, Z., Biwei, Z., Ming, S. & Meifeng, H. (2022). Microstructure and mechanical properties of ZL205A aluminum alloy produced by squeeze casting after heat treatment. Metals. 12(12), 2037, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122037.

[6] Krishna, N.N., Sivaprasad, K. & Susila, P. (2014). Strengthening contributions in ultra-high strength cryorolled Al-4% Cu-3% TiB2 in situ composite. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 24(3), 641-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(14)63106-X.

[7] Liu, F., Su, H., Liang, Y. & Xu, J. (2023). Fatigue performance on 7050 aluminum alloy by using ultrasonic vibration-assisted hole expansion strengthening. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 128, 5153-5165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-12234-y.

[8] Harvey, (2013). Cerium-based conversion coatings on aluminium alloys: a process review. Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. 48(4), 248-269. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743278213Y.0000000089.

[9] Martínez-Campos, A. Y., Pérez-Bustamante, F., Pérez-Bustamante, R., Rosales-Sosa, G., del carmen Gallegos-Melgar, A., Martínez-Sánchez, R., Carreño-Gallardo, C. & Mendoza-Duarte, J. M. (2021). Hot extrusion of an aerospace-grade aluminum alloy modified with rare earths. Microscopy and Microanalysis. 27(S1), 3396-3397. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927621011673.

[10] Ding, W., Zhao, X., Chen, T., Zhang, H., Liu, X., Cheng, Y. & Lei, D. (2020). Effect of rare earth Y and Al–Ti–B master alloy on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 6063 aluminum alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 830, 154685, 1-11. (prepublish). https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jallcom.2020.154685.

[11] Brachetti-Sibaja, S. B., Domínguez-Crespo, M. A., Torres-Huerta, A. M., Onofre-Bustamante, E., & La Cruz-Hernández, D. (2014). Rare earth conversion coatings grown on AA6061 aluminum alloys. Corrosion studies. Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society. 58(4), 248-269. https://doi.org/10.29356/jmcs.v58i4.48.

[12] Ouyang, Y., Zhang, B., Jin, Z. & Liao, S. (1996). The formation enthalpies of rare earth-aluminum alloys and intermetallic compounds. International Journal of Materials Research. 87(10), 802-805. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1996-871011.

[13] Xie, S.-K., Yi, R.X., Gao, Z., Xia, X., Hu, C.G. & Guo, X.Y. (2010). Effect of rare earth Ce on casting properties of Al-4.5 Cu alloy. Advanced Materials Research. 136, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.136.1.

[14] Xie, S.-K., Ai, Y.P., Xia, X., Yi, R.X., Gao, Z. & Guo, X.Y. (2011). Effects of Ce addition on the mobility and hot tearing tendency of Al-4.5 Cu alloy. Advanced Materials Research. 146, 481-484. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ AMR.146-147.481.

[15] Knipling, K.E., Dunand, D.C. & Seidman, D.N. (2022). Criteria for developing castable, creep-resistant aluminum-based alloys–A review. International Journal of Materials Research. 97(3), 246-265. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2006-0042.

[16] Belov, N.A., Naumova, E.A. & Eskin, D.G. (1999). Casting alloys of the Al–Ce–Ni system: microstructural approach to alloy design. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 271(1-2), 134-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00343-3.

[17] Hishiki, F., Akiyama, T., Kawamura, T., & Ito, T. (2022). Structures and stability of GaN/Ga2O3 interfaces: a first-principles study. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 61(6), 065501. https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac5e90.

[18] Chen, S., Wang, Q., Liu, X., Tao, J., Wang, J., Wang, M. & Wang, H. (2020). First-principles studies of intrinsic stacking fault energies and elastic properties of Al-based alloys. Materials Today Communications. 24, 101085, 1-9. (prepublish). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101085.

[19] Yan, C.W., Bo, L.Y., Peng, Z. & Bo, G.C. (2018). First principle study of electronic structures and optical properties of Ce-doped SiO2. AIP Advances. 8(5), 055125. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5024592.

[20] Yue, F., Jiaojiao, C., Chi, L., Tao, W., Hongchen, L. & Tao, S. (2021). A first-principle study on photoelectric characteristics of Ce-doped ZnO. Ferroelectrics. 573(1), 214-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2021.1890478.

[21] Ali, M.L. & Rahaman, M.Z. (2018). Investigation of different physical aspects such as structural, mechanical, optical properties and Debye temperature of Fe2ScM (M=P and As) semiconductors: A DFT-based first principles study. International Journal of Modern Physics B. 32(10), 1850121. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217979218501217.

[22] Wutthigrai, S., Ittipon, F., Sukit, L. & Kanoknan, P. (2022). A first principles investigation on the structural, elastic, and mechanical properties of MAX phase M3AlC2 (M= Ta, Ti, V) as a function of pressure. Computational Condensed Matter. 30, e00638, 1-9. (prepublish). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocom.2021.e00638.

[23] Zhang, J., Huang, Y., Mao, C. & Peng, P. (2012). Structural, elastic and electronic properties of θ (Al2Cu) and S (Al2CuMg) strengthening precipitates in Al–Cu–Mg series alloys: first-principles calculations. Solid State Communications. 152(23), 2100-2104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2012.09.003.

[24] Cornette, P., Costa, D. & Marcus, P. (2020). Relation between surface composition and electronic properties of native oxide films on an aluminium-copper alloy studied by DFT. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 167(16), 161501. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abc9a1.

[25] China Aviation Industry Group. HB 962-2001 Casting Aluminum alloys[S]. Beijing: China National Defense Science, Technology and Industry Commission.2001.11.15

[26] Wang, S. & Fan, C. (2019). Crystal structures of Al2Cu revisited: understanding existing phases and exploring other potential phases. Metals. 9(10), 1037, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9101037.

[27] Mishnaevsky Jr, L. (2015). Nanostructured interfaces for enhancing mechanical properties of composites: Computational micromechanical studies. Composites Part B: Engineering. 68, 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.compositesb.2014.08.029.

[28] Li, Y., Zhang, Z., Vogt, R., Schoenung, J. & Lavernia, E. (2011). Boundaries and interfaces in ultrafine grain composites. Acta materialia. 59(19), 7206-7218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.08.005.

[29] Liu, Y., Xu, M., Xiao, L., Chen, X., Hu, Z., Gao, B., Liang, N., Zhu, Y., Cao, Y. & Zhou, H. (2023). Dislocation array reflection enhances strain hardening of a dual-phase heterostructured high-entropy alloy. Materials Research Letters. 11(8) 638-647. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/21663831.2023.2208166.

[30] Maldonado, F. & Stashans, A. (2017). DFT study of Ag and La codoped BaTiO3. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 102, 136-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2016.11.016.

[31] Loschen, C., Carrasco, J., Neyman, K.M. & Illas, F. (2007). First-principles LDA+ U and GGA+ U study of cerium oxides: Dependence on the effective U parameter. Physical Review B. 75(3), 035115. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.75.035115.

[32] Yang, H., Wang, B., Zhang, H., Shen, B., Li, Y., Wang, M., Wang, J., Gao, W., Kang, Y. & Li, L. (2023). Evolving corundum nanoparticles at room temperature. Acta Materialia 255, 119038, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.actamat.2023.119038.

[33] Michaelson, H.B. (1977). The work function of the elements and its periodicity. Journal of applied physics. 48(11), 4729-4733. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.323539.

[34] Schlesinger, R., Xu, Y., Hofmann, O.T., Winkler, S., Frisch, J., Niederhausen, J., Vollmer, A., Blumstengel, S., Henneberger, F. & Rinke, P. (2013). Controlling the work function of ZnO and the energy-level alignment at the interface to organic semiconductors with a molecular electron acceptor. Physical Review B. 87(15), 155311. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.87.155311.

[35] Liu, M., Jin, Y., Pan, J. & Leygraf, C. (2019). Co-Adsorption of H2O, OH, and Cl on aluminum and intermetallic surfaces and its effects on the work function studied by DFT calculations. Molecules. 24(23), 4284, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234284.

[36] Golesorkhtabar, R., Pavone, P., Spitaler, J., Puschnig, P. & Draxl, C. (2013). ElaStic: A tool for calculating second-order elastic constants from first principles. Computer Physics Communications. 184(8), 1861-1873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2013.03.010.

[37] de Jong, M., Chen, W., Angsten, T., Jain, A., Notestine, R., Gamst, A., Sluiter, M., Krishna Ande, C., van der Zwaag, S., Plata, J.J., Toher, C., Curtarolo, S., Ceder, G., Persson, K.A. & Asta, M. (2015). Charting the complete elastic properties of inorganic crystalline compounds. Scientific Data. 2(1), 150009, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2015.9.

[38] Pugh, S. (1954). XCII. Relations between the elastic moduli and the plastic properties of polycrystalline pure metals. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 45(367), 823-843. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786440808520496.

[39] Shang, S., Wang, Y. & Liu, Z.-K. (2007). First-principles elastic constants of α-and θ-Al2O3. Applied Physics Letters. 90(10), 101909. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2711762.

[40] Candan, A., Akbudak, S., Uğur, Ş. & Uğur, G. (2019). Theoretical research on structural, electronic, mechanical, lattice dynamical and thermodynamic properties of layered ternary nitrides Ti2AN (A= Si, Ge and Sn). Journal of Alloys and Compounds 771, 664-673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.08.286.

[41] Sun, Z., Music, D., Ahuja, R. & Schneider, J.M. (2005). Theoretical investigation of the bonding and elastic properties of nanolayered ternary nitrides. Physical Review B. 71(19), 193402. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.71.193402.

[42] Mattis, S., Sang-Hyeok, L., Tobias, S., W.J. M. & Sandra, K.-K. (2023). Estimation of directional single crystal elastic properties from nano-indentation by correlation with EBSD and first-principle calculations. Materials & Design. 234, 112296, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112296.

[43] Fan, T., Ruan, Z., Zhong, F., Xie, C., Li, X., Chen, D., Tang, P. & Wu, Y. (2023). Nucleation and growth of L12-Al3RE particles in aluminum alloys:A first-principles study. Journal of Rare Earths. 41(7), 1116-1126. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jre.2022.05.018.

[44] Liao, H.-c., Xu, H.-t. & Hu, Y.-y. (2019). Effect of RE addition on solidification process and high-temperature strength of Al− 12% Si− 4% Cu− 1.6% Mn heat-resistant alloy. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 29(6), 1117-1126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(19)65020-X.

[45] Belov, N. & Khvan, A. (2007). The ternary Al–Ce–Cu phase diagram in the aluminum-rich corner. Acta Materialia. 55(16), 5473-5482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2007.06.009.

[46] Chen, Z., Chen, P. & Ma, C. (2012). Microstructures and mechanical properties of Al-Cu-Mn alloy with La and Sm addition. Rare Metals. 31, 332-335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-012-0515-6.

[47] Lang, J., Baer, Y. & Cox, P. (1981). Study of the 4f and valence band density of states in rare-earth metals. II. Experiment and results. Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics 11(1), 121. https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4608/11/1/015.

[48] Farahani, S.V., Veal, T.D., Mudd, J.J., Scanlon, D.O., Watson, G., Bierwagen, O., White, M., Speck, J.S. & McConville, C.F. (2014). Valence-band density of states and surface electron accumulation in epitaxial SnO2 films. Physical Review B 90(15), 155413. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.90.155413.

[49] Nogita, K., Yasuda, H., Yoshiya, M., McDonald, S., Uesugi, K., Takeuchi, A. & Suzuki, Y. (2010). The role of trace element segregation in the eutectic modification of hypoeutectic Al–Si alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 489(2) 415-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom. 2009.09.138.

[50] Jiajia, W., Kaixiao, Z., Guobing, Y., Jiangbo, C., Dan, S., Jinghua, J. & Aibin, M. (2023). Effects of RE (RE = Sc, Y and Nd) concentration on galvanic corrosion of Mg-Al alloy: a theoretical insight from work function and surface energy. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 24, 6958-6967. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMRT.2023.04.208.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Xin Li

e-mail:

ORCID:

Medetbek Uulu Nurtilek

Ziqi Zhang

Lixia Wang

Quan Wu

Peixuan Mao

Rong Li

e-mail:

ORCID:

School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, China

10 Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Aluminum Composites: A Compo-Casting Approach with ZrO₂ , Al₂O₃ , and SiC

S. Farahany , M.K. Hamdani , M.R. Salehloo , M. Krol , E. Cheraghali

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 88-97 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149274

Keywords: Hybrid composite Aluminum Compo-casting Wear Bismuth

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The present study evaluates the microstructural features, mechanical properties, and wear characteristics of the newly developed hybrid composite of A356/ZrO₂/Al₂O₃/SiC produced by compo-casting at 605±5 °C, 600 rpm for 15 minutes with less than 30% solid fraction in which Bi and Sn were added separately to the matrix before introducing reinforcements. FESEM micrographs and corresponding EDS illustrated the successful incorporation of particles in the matrix. Fine particles of ZrO2 were observed close to the coarse Al₂O₃, and SiC particles, along with Bi and Sn elements, were detected at the eutectic evolution region. The A356+Bi/Al₂O₃+ZrO₂+SiC hybrid composite exhibited the lowest specific wear rate (1.642 ×10^-7cm³/Nm) and friction coefficient (0.31) under applied loads of 5, 10, and 20 N, in line with the highest hardness (73.4 HBN). Analysis of the worn surfaces revealed that the wear mechanism is mostly adhesive in all synthesized composites, which changed to the combination of adhesive and abrasive mode in the case containing Bi and SiC. Inserting Bi not only leads to the refinement of eutectic Si but also enhances the adhesion between the matrix/particles and improves lubricity. This, in turn, reduces the wear rate and coefficient of friction, ultimately improving the performance of the hybrid composite.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Liang, Y.H., Wang, H.Y. & Yang, Y.F. (2008). Evolution process of the synthesis of TiC in the Cu-Ti-C system, Journal of Allloys and Compounds. 452(2), 298-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.11.024.

[2] Sahraeinejad, S., Izadi, H., Haghshenas, M. & Gerlich, A.P. (2015). Fabrication of metal matrix composites by friction stir processing with different Particles and processing parameters. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 626, 505-513. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea. 2014.12.077.

[3] Devaraju, A., Kumar, A. & Kotiveerachari, B. (2013). Influence of addition of Grp/Al2O3p with SiCp on wear properties of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 hybrid composites via friction stir processing. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition). 23(5), 1275-1280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(13)62593-5.

[4] Rajmohan, T., Palanikumar, K. & Ranganathan, S. (2013). Evaluation of mechanical and wear properties of hybrid aluminium matrix composites. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition). 23(9), 2509-2517. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(13)62762-4.

[5] Shayan, M., Eghbali, B. & Niroumand, B. (2019). Synthesis of AA2024-(SiO2np+TiO2np) hybrid nanocomposite via stir casting process. Materials Science and Engineering A. 756, 484-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.04.089.

[6] Rajmohan, T., Palanikumar, K. & Ranganathan, S. (2013). Evaluation of mechanical and wear properties of hybrid aluminium matrix composites. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 23(9), 2509-2517. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(13)62762-4.

[7] Lemine, A.S., Fayyaz, O., Yusuf, M., Shakoor, R.A., Ahmad, Z., Bhadra, J. & Al-Thani, N.J. (2022). Microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum matrix composites with bimodal-sized hybrid NbC-B4C reinforcements. Materials Today Communications. 33, 104512, 1-10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.mtcomm.2022.104512.

[8] Singh, J. & Chauhan, A. (2016). Characterization of hybrid aluminum matrix composites for advanced applications - A review. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 5(2), 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2015.05.004.

[9] Fanani, E.W.A., Surojo, E., Prabowo, A.R. & Akbar, H.I. (2021). Recent progress in hybrid aluminum composite: Manufacturing and application, Metals (Basel). 11(12), 1919, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121919.

[10] Chandel, R., Sharma, N. & Bansal, S.A. (2021). A review on recent developments of aluminum-based hybrid composites for automotive applications. Emergent Materials. 4, 1243-1257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-021-00186-6.

[11] James, J.S., Ganesan, M., Santhamoorthy, P. & Kuppan, P. (2018). Development of hybrid aluminium metal matrix composite and study of property. Materials Today Proceedings. 5(5), 13048-13054. https://doi.org/https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.02.291.

[12] Srivyas, P.D. & Charoo, M.S. (2019). Application of hybrid aluminum matrix composite in automotive industry, in: Materials Today Proceedings. 18(7), 3189-3200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.195.

[13] Pranavi, U., Venkateshwar Reddy, P., Venukumar, S. & Cheepu, M. (2022). Evaluation of mechanical and wear properties of Al 5059/B4C/Al2O3 hybrid metal matrix composites. Journal of Composites Science. 6(3), 86, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6030086.

[14] Kumaran, S.T., Uthayakumar, M., Aravindan, S., Rajesh, S. (2016). Dry sliding wear behavior of SiC and B4C-reinforced AA6351 metal matrix composite produced by stir casting process, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications. 230(2), 484-491. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464420715579302.

[15] Khatkar, S.K., Suri, N.M., Kant, S. & Pankaj, (2018). A review on mechanical and tribological properties of graphite reinforced self lubricating hybrid metal matrix composites. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science. 56, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2018-0036.

[16] Malaki, M., Fadaei Tehrani, A., Niroumand, B. & Gupta, M. (2021). Wettability in metal matrix composites. Metals. 11(7), 1034, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071034.

[17] Amirkhanlou, S. & Niroumand, B. (2010). Synthesis and characterization of 356-SiCp composites by stir casting and compocasting methods. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 20(3), 788-793. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(10)60582-1.

[18] Ghandvar, H., Farahany, S. & Idris, M.H. (2018). Effect of Wettability Enhancement of SiC Particles on Impact Toughness and Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Compocasted A356/20SiCp Composites. Tribology Transactions. 61, 88-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2016.1275902.

[19] Geng, L., Zhang, H., Li, H., Guan, L. & Huang, L. (2010). Effects of Mg content on microstructure and mechanical properties of SiCp/Al-Mg composites fabricated by semi-solid stirring technique. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 20(10), 1851-1855. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60385-X.

[20] Lashgari, H.R., Sufizadeh, A.R. & Emamy, M. (2010). The effect of strontium on the microstructure and wear properties of A356–10%B4C cast composites. Materials & Design. 31(4), 2187-2195. https://doi.org/10.1016/ J.MATDES.2009.10.049.

[21] Sobczak, N. (2005). Effects of titanium on wettability and interfaces in aluminum/ceramic systems. In K. Ewsuk, K. Nogi, M. Reiterer, A. Tomsia, S. Jill Glass, R. Waesche, K. Uematsu & M. Naito (Eds.), Characterization & Control of Interfaces for High Quality Advanced Materials (81-91). OH, USA 83: The American Ceramic Society: Columbus.

[22] Wójcik-Grzybek, D., Frydman, K., Sobczak, N., Nowak, R., Piatkowska, A. & Pietrzak, K. (2017). Effect of Ti and Zr additions on wettability and work of adhesion in Ag/c system. ElectronicMaterials. 45(1), 4-11.

[23] Cao, C., Chen, L., Xu, J., Choi, H. & Li, X. (2016). Strengthening Al–Bi–TiC0.7N0.3 nanocomposites by Cu addition and grain refinement. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 651, 332-335. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.msea.2015.10.126.

[24] Tao, Z., Guo, Q., Gao, X. & Liu, L. (2011). The wettability and interface thermal resistance of copper/graphite system with an addition of chromium. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 128(1-2), 228-232. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.03.003.

[25] Dasch, J.M., Ang, C.C., Wong, C.A., Waldo, R.A., Chester, D., Cheng, Y.T., Powell, B.R., Weiner, A.M. & Konca, E. (2009). The effect of free-machining elements on dry machining of B319 aluminum alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 209(10), 4638-4644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.11.041.

[26] Farahany, S., Ghandvar, H., Nordin, N.A., Ourdjini, A. & Idris, M.H. (2016). Effect of primary and eutectic Mg2Si crystal modifications on the mechanical properties and sliding wear behaviour of an Al–20Mg2Si–2Cu–xBi composite. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 32(11), 1083-1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jmst.2016.01.014.

[27] Ghandvar, H., Farahany, S. & Abu Bakar, T.A. (2020). A novel method to enhance the performance of an ex-situ Al/Si-YSZ metal matrix composite. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 823, 153673, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2020.153673.

[28] Barzani, M.M., Farahany, S., Yusof, N.M. & Ourdjini, A. (2013). The influence of bismuth, antimony, and strontium on microstructure, thermal, and machinability of aluminum-silicon alloy. Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 28(11), 1184-1190. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914. 2013.792425.

[29] Yusof, N.M., Razavykia, A., Farahany, S. & Esmaeilzadeh, A. (2016). Effect of modifier elements on machinability of Al-20%Mg2Si metal matrix composite during dry turning. Machining Science and Technology. 20(3), 460-474. https://doi.org/10.1080/10910344.2016.1191030.

[30] Mohanavel, V., Rajan, K., Suresh Kumar, S., Vijayan, G. & Vijayanand, M.S. (2018). Study on mechanical properties of graphite particulates reinforced aluminium matrix composite fabricated by stir casting technique. Materials Today Proceedings. 5(1), 2945-2950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.01.090.

[31] Sharma, P., Sharma, S. & Khanduja, D. (2016). Effect of graphite reinforcement on physical and mechanical properties of aluminum metal matrix composites. Particulate Science and Technology. 34 (1), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/02726351.2015.1031924.

[32] Chandrasheker, J. Raju, N.V.S. (2022). Effect of Graphite Reinforcement on AA7050/B4C Metal Matrix Composites. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2648(1), 030013. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0117657.

[33] Farahany, S., Ourdjini, A., Bakar, T.A.A. & Idris, M.H. (2014). On the refinement mechanism of silicon in Al-Si-Cu-Zn alloy with addition of bismuth. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 45, 1085–1088. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-2158-0.

[34] Hemanth, J. (2005). Tribological behavior of cryogenically treated B4Cp/Al–12% Si composites. Wear. 258, 1732–1744. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WEAR.2004.12.009.

[35] Uvaraja, V.C. & Natarajan, N. (2012). Optimization of Friction and Wear Behaviour in Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites Using Taguchi Technique. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering. 11, 757-768. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2012.118063.

[36] Sharma, A., Sharma, V.M. & Paul, J. (2019). A comparative study on microstructural evolution and surface properties of graphene/CNT reinforced Al6061−SiC hybrid surface composite fabricated via friction stir processing. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition). 29(10), 2005-2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(19)65108-3.

[37] Amra, M., Ranjbar, K. & Hosseini, S.A. (2018). Microstructure and wear performance of Al5083/CeO2/SiC mono and hybrid surface composites fabricated by friction stir processing. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition). 28(5), 866-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(18)64720-X.

[38] Dinaharan, I. & Murugan, N. (2012). Dry sliding wear behavior of AA6061/ZrB 2 in-situ composite. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition). 22(4), 810-818. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(11)61249-1.

[39] Riahi, A.R. & Alpas, A.T. (2001). The role of tribo-layers on the sliding wear behavior of graphitic aluminum matrix composites. Wear. 251 (1-12), 1396-1407. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1648(01)00796-7.

[40] Archard, J.F. (1953). Contact and Rubbing of Flat Surfaces. Journal of Applied Physics. 24(8), 981–988. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1721448.

[41] García, C., Martín, F., Herranz, G., Berges, C. & Romero, A. (2018). Effect of adding carbides on dry sliding wear behaviour of steel matrix composites processed by metal injection moulding, Wear. 414–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2018.08.010.

[42] Pei, X., Pu, W., Yang, J. & Zhang, Y. (2020). Friction and adhesive wear behavior caused by periodic impact in mixed-lubricated point contacts. Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 12(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814020901666.

[43] Popova, E., Popov, V.L. & Kim, D.E. (2018). 60 years of Rabinowicz’ criterion for adhesive wear. Friction. 6, 341-348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-018-0240-8.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

S. Farahany

M.K. Hamdani

M.R. Salehloo

M. Krol

E. Cheraghali

Buein Zahra Technical University, Iran
Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran
Silesian University of Technology

11 The Technique of Inorganic Core Sand Shooting with Reduced Pressure in Venting System

M. Skrzyński , R. Dańko , G. Dajczer

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 98-103 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149275

Keywords: Foundry engineering Sand moulds and cores Inorganic binder materials Core shooting technique

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The publication presents a new shooting technique with reduced pressure in venting system for manufacturing foundry cores using inorganic sand mixture with Cordis binder. Traditional technologies for producing casting cores using blowing methods, despite their undeniable advantages, including the ability to produce cores in series, also come with some disadvantages. The primary drawbacks of the process involve uneven compaction structure of the cores, with denser areas primarily located under the blow holes, and under-shooting defects, which often occur in regions away from the blow hole or in increased core cross-sectional areas. In an effort to improve core quality, a concept was developed that involves incorporating a reduced pressure in the core box venting system to support the basic overpressure process. The solutions proposed in the publication with a vacuum method of filling the cavities of multi-chamber core boxes solve a number of technical problems occurring in conventional blowing technologies. It eliminates difficulties associated with evacuating the sand from the chamber to the shooting head and into technological cavity and increases the uniform distribution and initial degree of compacting of grains in the cavity. The additive role of this “underpressure” support is to enhance corebox venting by eliminating 'air cushions' in crevices and structural elements that obstruct the flow of evacuated air. The publication presents the results of studies on core manufacturing using blowing methods conducted in three variants: classic overpressure, utilizing the core box filling phenomenon by reducing pressure, and an integrated approach combining both these methods.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Dańko, J. (1992). Process of production of moulds and cores by mean of blowing methods. Theory and tests. Series Dissertations and Monography. AGH Publishing House. (in Polish).

[2] Dańko, R. (2019). Blowing Processes and Machines in Core making technologies for Foundrie. Katowice-Gliwice: Archives of Foundry Engineering. (in Polish).

[3] Delimanová, P., Vasková, I., Bartošová, M. & Hrubovčáková, M. (2023). Influence the composition of the core mixture to the occurrence of veinings on castings of cores produced by cold-box-amine technology. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 68(3), 947-953. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24425/amm.2023.145458.

[4] Dańko, R., Dańko J. & Skrzyński, M. (2017). Assessment of the possibility of using reclaimed materials for making cores by the blowing method. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(1), 21-26. 10.1515/afe-2017-0004.

[5] Walker, M., Palczenski, S., Snider, D. & Williams, K. (2002). Modeling Sand Core Blowing: Simulation’s Next Challenge. Modern Casting. 92(4), 41-43. ISSN: 0026-7562.

[6] Dańko, J., Dańko, R., Burbelko, A. & Skrzyński M. (2012). Parameters of the two-phase sand-air stream in the blowing process. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 12(4), 25-30. DOI: 10.2478/v10266-012-0102-1.

[7] Fedoryszyn, A. Dańko, J., Dańko, R., Asłanowicz, M., Fulko, T. & Ościłowski. A. (2013). Characteristic of Core Manufacturing Process with Use of Sand, Bonded by Ecological Friendly Nonorganic Binders. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 13(3), 19-24. DOI: 10.2478/afe-2013-0052.

[8] Aksjonow, P.N. (1965). Selected issues in the theory of foundry machines. Katowice: „Śląsk” Publishing House. (in Polish)

[9] Budavári, I., Hudák, H., Fegyverneki, G. (2023). The role of acid hardener on the hardening characteristics, collapsibility performance, and benchlife of the warm-box sand cores. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 23(1), 68-74. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.144282.

[10] Czerwinski, F., Mir, M. & Kasprzak, W. (2015). Application of cores and binders in metal casting. International Journal of Cast Metal Research. 28(3), 129-139. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743133614Y.0000000140.

[11] Sivarupan, T., Balasubramani, N., Saxena, P., Nagarajan, D., El Mansori, M., Salonitis, K., Jolly, M. & Dargusch, M.S. (2021). A review on the progress and challenges of binder jet 3D printing of sand moulds for advanced casting. Additive Manufacturing. 40, 101889, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.101889

[12] Cheng, Y., Li, Y., Yang, Y,Tang, K., Jhuang, F., Li, K. & Lu. C. (2022). Greyscale printing and characterization of the binder migration pattern during 3D sand mold printing. Additive Manufacturing. 56, 102929, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.102929.

[13] Liu, H., Lei, T. & Peng, F. (2023). Compensated printing and characterization of the droplet on the binder migration pattern during casting sand mold 3D printing. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 108, 114-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.10.073.

[14] HA Group (2024). Additive Manufacturing. Retrieved February 20, 2024, from https://www.ha-group.com/pl/en/products-and-services/products/additive-manufacturing/

[15] Dajczer, G. (2024). Integrated process of making casting cores by blowing method using reduced pressure of venting the core box. PhD dissertation. AGH Krakow.

[16] Dańko, R., Dańko, J. (2023). Processes and mechanized systems for manufacturing casting core. In Chapter IV of Foundry's Guide, volume 2. Polish Kraków: Foundrymen’s Association.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

M. Skrzyński

R. Dańko

e-mail:

ORCID:

G. Dajczer

AGH University of Krakow, Poland
KPR PRODLEW-KRAKÓW Spółka z o.o., Alfreda Dauna 78, 30-629 Krakow, Poland

12 Decarbonization of Production Systems in Foundries

C. Kolmasiak

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 104-109 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149276

Keywords: Decarbonization Renewable energy Foundry production

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The article discusses the growing importance of decarbonization of production systems in the foundry industry as a response to climate challenges and increasing requirements for sustainable development. The process of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in foundry production is caused by a number of reasons. Decarbonization of the foundry industry refers to actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide (CO₂). Reducing carbon dioxide emissions is increasingly being considered as a key element of the strategy of both small and large foundries around the world. Foundry is one of the industries that generates significant amounts of carbon dioxide emissions due to the energy consumption in the process of melting and forming metals. There is virtually no manufacturing industry that does not use elements cast from iron, steel or non-ferrous metals, ranging from elements made of aluminum to zinc. The article presents various decarbonization strategies available to foundries, such as: the use of renewable energy, the use of more efficient melting technologies, or the implementation of low-energy technologies throughout the production process. Application examples from different parts of the world illustrate how these strategies are already being put into practice, as well as the potential obstacles and challenges to full decarbonization.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Skoczkowski, T., Verdolini, E, Bielecki, S., Kochański, M, Korczak, K. & Węglarz, A. (2020). Technology innovation system analysis of decarbonisation options in the EU steel industry. Energy. 212, 118688, 1-21. DOI:10.1016/j.energy.2020.118688.

[2] Sundaramoorthy, S., Kamath, D., Nimbalkar, S., Price, C., Wenning, T. & Cresko, J. (2023). Energy efficiency as a foundational technology pillar for industrial decarbonization. Sustainability. 15(12), 9487, 1-24. DOI: 10.3390/su15129487.

[3] The European Union Climate Package. (2023). Retrieved November 03, 2023, from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/PL/legal-ontent/summary/greenhouse-gas-emission-allowance-trading-system.html.

[4] The Directive on the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system and the Energy Efficiency Directive. (2023) Retrieved November 03, 2023, from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/PL/legal-ontent/summary/energy-efficiency.html.

[5] The European Foundry Association. (2023). Retrieved October 23, 2023, from: https://www.caef.eu/statistics/.

[6] Statista. (2023). Retrieved November 03, 2023 from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/237526/casting-production-worldwide-by-country/.

[7] Martin, A. (2019). Deployment of Deep Decarbonization Technologies: proceedings of a Workshop, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, ISBN 978-0-309-67063-0.

[8] De Pee, A.; Pinner, D.; Roelofsen, O.; Somers, K.; Speelman, E., Witteveen, M. (2023). How Industry Can Move toward a Low-Carbon Future. Retrieved November 03, 2023 from: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/sustainability/our-insights/how-industry-canmove-toward-a-low-carbon-future.

[9] Anke, C.P., Hobbie, H., Misconel, S, & Möst, D. (2020). Coal phase-outs and carbon prices: Interactions between EU emission trading and national carbon mitigation policies, Energy Policy. 144, 111647, 1-11. DOI:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111647.

[10] Auer, H., Crespo del Granado, P., et al. (2020). Development and modelling of different decarbonization scenarios of the European energy system until 2050 as a contribution to achieving the ambitious 1.5oC climate target-establishment of open source/data modelling in the European H2020 project open ENTRANCE. Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik. 137(7), 346-358. DOI: 10.1007/s00502-020-00832-7.

[11] Child, M., Kemfert, C., Bogdanov, D. & Breyer, C. (2019). Flexible electricity generation, grid exchange and storage for the transition to a 100% renewable energy system in Europe. Renewable energy. 139, 80-101. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.02.077.

[12] Lockwood, T. (2017). A comparative review of next-generation carbon capture technologies for coal-fired power plant. Energy Procedia. 114, 2658-2670. DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1850

[13] Luo, X., Wang, J., Dooner, M., Clarke, J. (2014). Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation. Applied Energy. 137, 511-536. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.081.

[14] Waupaca Foundry. (2023). Retrieved October 23, 2023 from: https://waupacafoundry.com/blog/waupaca-foundry-accepts-better-climate-challenge.

[15] Decarbonization-Audi. (2023). Retrieved October 23, 2023 from: https://www.audi.com/en/sustainablility/environment-resources/decarbonization.html

[16] American Foundry Society. (2023). Retrieved November 03, 2023 from: https://afsinc.s3.amazonaws.com/Documents/FIRST/recyclingbrochure_lr.pdf

[17] Major-Gabryś, K., Dobosz S.M., Drożyński D. & Jakubski J. (2015). The compositions: biodegradable material - typical resin, as moulding sands’ binders. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(1), 35-40. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2015-0008.

[18] METALCASTING - Foundries and circular economy. (2023). Retrieved November 03, 2023 from: https://www.assofond.it/en/foundries-and-circular-economy.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

C. Kolmasiak

Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Production Management, Poland

13 Study on Mn Volatilization Behavior During Vacuum Melting of High-manganese Steel

Jialiu Lei , Yongjun Fu , Li Xiong

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 110-116 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149277

Keywords: Mn volatilization behavior Vacuum melting Thermodynamics High-manganese steel

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

As an alloying element in steel, manganese can considerably enhance the mechanical properties of structural steel. However, the Mn volatilisation loss in vacuum melting is severe because of the high saturated vapour pressure, resulting in an unstable Mn yield and Mn content fluctuation. Therefore, a systematic study of the volatilisation behaviour of Mn in vacuum melting is required to obtain a suitable Mn control process to achieve precise control of Mn composition, thereby providing a theoretical basis for industrial melting of high-Mn steel. In order to explore the Mn volatilization behavior, the volatilization thermodynamics and volatilisation rate of Mn, as well as the influence factors are discussed in this study. The results shows that Mn is extremely volatilised into the vapour phase under vacuum, the equilibrium partial pressure is closely related to Mn content and temperature. With an increase in the Mn content, a higher C content has a more obvious inhibitory effect on the equilibrium partial pressure of Mn. The maximum theoretical volatilisation rate of Mn shows a linear upward trend with an increase in Mn content. However, a higher C content has a more obvious effect on the reduction of the maximum theoretical volatilisation rate with the increase of Mn content. This study provides an improved understanding of Mn volatilisation behaviour as well as a theoretical foundation for consistent Mn yield control during the vacuum melting process of high-Mn steel.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Hu, B., Luo, H.W., Yang, F. & Dong, H. (2017). Recent progress in medium-Mn steels made with new designing strategies, a review. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 33(12), 1457-1464. DOI:10.1016/j.jmst.2017.06.017.

[2] Frommeyer, G. & Brüx, U. (2006). Microstructures and mechanical properties of high-strength Fe-Mn-Al-C light-weight triplex steels. Steel Research International. 77(9-10), 627-633. DOI:10.1002/srin.200606440.

[3] Du, B., Li, Q.C., Zheng, C.Q., Wang, S.Z., Gao, C. & Chen, L.L. (2023). Application of lightweight structure in automobile bumper beam: a review. Materials. 16(3), 967, 1-25. DOI:10.3390/ma16030967.

[4] Frommeyer, G., Brux, U. & Neumann, P. (2003). Supra-ductile and high-strength manganese-TRIP/TWIP steels for high energy absorption purposes. ISIJ International. 43(3), 438-446. DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.43.438.

[5] Kalandyk, B. & Zapała, R. (2013). Effect of high-manganese cast steel strain hardening on the abrasion wear resistance in a mixture of SiC and water. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 13(4), 63-66. DOI:10.2478/afe-2013-0083.

[6] Jia, Q.X., Chen, L., Xing, Z.B., Wang, H.Y., Jin, M., Chen, X., Choi, H. & Han, H. (2022). Tailoring hetero-grained austenite via acyclic thermomechanical process for achieving ultrahigh strength-ductility in medium-Mn steel. Scripta Materialia. 217, 114767, 1-6. DOI:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.114767.

[7] Singh, S. & Nanda, T. (2014). A review: production of third generation advance high strength steels. International Journal for Scientific Research & Development. 2(9), 388-392. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.28003.66083.

[8] Nanda, T., Singh, V., Singh, V., Chakraborty, A. & Sharma, S. (2019). Third generation of advanced high-strength steels: processing routes and properties. SAGE Publications. 233(2), 209-238. DOI:10.1177/1464420716664198.

[9] Grässel, O., Frommeyer, G., Derder, C. & Hofmann, H. (1997). Phase transformations and mechanical properties of Fe-Mn-Si-Al TRIP-steels. Le Journal de Physique IV. 7(C5), 383-388. DOI:10.1051/jp4:1997560.

[10] Grässel, O., Krüger, L., Frommeyer, G. & Meyer, L.W. (2000). High strength Fe-Mn-(Al,Si) TRIP/TWIP steels development-properties-application. International Journal of Plasticity. 16(10-11), 1391-1409. DOI:10.1016/S0749-6419(00)00015-2.

[11] Dumay, A., Chateau, J.P., Allain, S., Migot, S. & Bouaziz, O. (2008). Influence of addition elements on the stacking-fault energy and mechanical properties of an austenitic Fe-Mn-C steel. Materials Science & Engineering A. 483-484, 184-187. DOI:10.1016/j.msea.2006.12.170.

[12] Lee, J.H., Sohn, S.S., Hong, S.M., Suh, B.C., Kim, S.K. Lee, B.J., Kim, N.J. & Lee, S.H. (2014). Effects of Mn addition on tensile and charpy impact properties in austenitic Fe-Mn-C-Al-based steels for cryogenic applications. Metallurgical & Materials Transactions A. 45(12), 5419-5430. DOI:10.1007/s11661-014-2513-9.

[13] Sohn, S.S., Hong, S.H., Lee, J.H., Suh, B.C., Kim, S.K., Lee, B.J., Kim, N.J. & Lee, S.H. (2015). Effects of Mn and Al contents on cryogenic-temperature tensile and charpy impact properties in four austenitic high-Mn steels. Acta Materialia. 100, 39-52. DOI:10.1016/j.actamat.2015.08.027.

[14] Zagrebelnyy, D. & Krane, M.J. (2009). Segregation development in multiple melt vacuum arc remelting. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 40, 281-288. DOI:10.1007/s11663-008-9163-5.

[15] Shi, Z.Y., Wang, H., Gao, Y.H., Wang, Y.T., Yu, F., Xu, H.F., Zhang, X.D., Shang, C. & Cao, W.Q. (2022). Improve fatigue and mechanical properties of high carbon bearing steel by a new double vacuum melting route. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, 45(7), 1995-2009. DOI:10.1111/ffe.13716.

[16] Chu, J.H., Bao, Y.P., Li, X., Wang, M. & Gao, F. (2021). Kinetic study of Mn vacuum evaporation from Mn steel melts. Separation and Purification Technology. 255, 117698, 1-9. DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117698.

[17] Klapczynski, V., Courtois, M., Meillour, R., Bertrand, E., Maux, D.L., Carin, M., Pierre, T., Masson, P.L. & Paillard, P. (2022). Temperature and time dependence of manganese evaporation in liquid steels. multiphysics modelling and experimental confrontation. Scripta Materialia. 221, 114944, 1-6. DOI:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.114944.

[18] Chu, J.H. & Bao, Y.P. (2020). Volatilization behavior of manganese from molten steel with different alloying methods in vacuum. Metals. 10(10), 1348, 1-10. DOI:10.3390/met10101348.

[19] Dai, Y.N. & Yang, B. (2000). Vacuum Metallurgy of Nonferrous Metal Materials.(1st ed.). Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press.

[20] Liang, Y.J. & Che, Y.C. (1993). Data Book on Thermodynamics of Inorganic Matter. Shenyang: Northeastern University Press.

[21] Wagner, C. (1973). The activity coefficient of oxygen and other nonmetallic elements in binary liquid alloys as a function of alloy composition. Acta Metallurgica. 21(9), 1297-1303. DOI:10.1016/0001-6160(73)90171-5.

[22] Chen, J.X. (2010). Common Charts and Databook for Steelmaking. (2nd ed.). Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press.

[23] Huang, X.H. (2001). Theory of Iron and Steel Metallurgy. (3rd ed.). Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press.

[24] Dai, Y.N., Xia, D.K. & Chen, Y. (1994). Evaporation of metals in vacuum. Journal of Kunming Institute of Technology. 19(6), 26-32. (in Chinese)

[25] Krapivsky, P.L., Redner, S. & Ben-Naim, E. (2010). A Kinetic View of Statistical Physics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[26] Safarian, J. & Engh, T.A. (2013). Vacuum evaporation of pure metals. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 44(2), 747-753. DOI:10.1007/s11661-012-1464-2.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Jialiu Lei

Yongjun Fu

Li Xiong

Hubei Polytechnic University, China
Hubei Guoan Special Steel Inspection and Testing Co., Ltd.

14 Bio-regeneration for Sodium Silicate Used Sands and its Unattended Monitoring System

Huafang Wang , Zhaoxian Jing , Ao Xue , Yuhan Tang , Lei Yang , Jijun Lu

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 117-123 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149278

Keywords: Sodium silicate used sands Diatom Water bloom Internet of Things platform

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Sodium silicate, known for its low cost and non-toxicity, has been considered as a promising option for green foundry in terms of mould sands. However, the utilization of used sodium silicate sands has posed significant challenges. To address the issues of high energy consumption and secondary pollution associated with wet and dry regeneration of sodium silicate used sands, this paper proposes a novel unattended biological regeneration system. The system involves culturing diatoms in an incubator with a solution of sodium silicate used sands. The incubator is equipped with built-in sensors that continuously monitor temperature, illuminance, pH, and water level. The monitoring data is transmitted in real-time to the Yeelink Internet of Things platform via the controller using the TCP/IP protocol. By logging onto the corresponding web page, the experimenter can remotely observe the monitoring data. The results of the experiment indicate that diatoms bloomed five times, and the water pH decreased from 10.2 to 8.2 after 40 days of cultivation. Additionally, the film removal rate of the used sands reached 90.26%.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Stachowicz, M., Granat, K. & Pałyga, L. (2017). Influence of sand base preparation on properties of chromite moulding sands with sodium silicate hardened with selected methods. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62(1), 379-383. DOI:10.1515/amm-2017-0059.

[2] Stachowicz, M., Pałyga, Ł. & Kȩpowicz, D. (2020). Influence of automatic core shooting parameters in hot-box technology on the strength of sodium silicate olivine moulding sands. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 67-72. DOI:10.24425/afe.2020.131285.

[3] Samociuk, B. Gal, B., & Nowak, D. (2021). Research on assessment of the applicability of malted barley binder in moulding sand technology. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(1), 74-80. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136081.

[4] Hokim, K., Min, B., Mansig, L., Park, H. & Hobaek, J. (2021). Regeneration of used sand with sodium silicate binder by wet method and their core manufacturing. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 23, 121-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01103-5.

[5] Shuanghong, Z., Bo, Y., Wei, Z., Shuang, L. & Gang, K. (2021). Composition and properties of methyl silicate/silicate composite coatings. Journal of Materials Engineering. 49(5), 163-170. DOI:10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2019.000850.

[6] Huafang, W., Zitian, F., Shaoqiang, Y. & Fuchu, L. (2012).Wet regeneration of sodium silicate used sand and biological treatment of its wastewater by Nitzschia palea. China Foundry. 9(1), 34-38. DOI:1672-6421(2012)01-034-05.

[7] Lu, Z., Songcui, W., Wenhui, G., Lijun, W., Jing, W., Shan, G. & Guangce, W. (2021). Photosynthesis acclimation under severely fluctuating light conditions allows faster growth of diatoms compared with dinoflagellates. BMC Plant Biology. 21, 164. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-02902-0.

[8] Renji, Z., Zijie, R., Huimin, G., Anling, Z. & Zheng, B. (2018). Effects of calcination on silica phase transition in diatomite. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 757, 364-371. DOI:10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.05.010.

[9] Xinxin, W., Hongli, Y., Pengxin, C., Lijun, W. & Jinxing, N. (2021). Design of thermometer based on STM32 and Bluetooth. Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering. 21(5), 1417-1432. DOI:10.3233/JCM-214878.

[10] Minghui, Z. & Juan, D. (2020). Design and development of smart socket based on STM32. Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences. 20(11), 1-17. DOI:10.3233/JCM-193761.

[11] Lu, Y., Han, X. & Li, Z. (2021). Enabling intelligent recovery of critical materials from Li-Ion battery through direct recycling process with internet-of-things. Materials. 14(23), 715, 1-18. DOI: 10.3390/ma14237153.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Huafang Wang

e-mail:

ORCID:

Zhaoxian Jing

Ao Xue

Yuhan Tang

Lei Yang

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jijun Lu

e-mail:

ORCID:

School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan Textile University, China

15 Influence of the Rate of Cooling/Solidification on the Location of Characteristic Points on the AT and ADT Curves of Cast Iron

J.S. Zych

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 124-130 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149279

Keywords: thermal analysis cast iron cooling/solidification rate cups AT

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper presents the results of the analysis of cooling curves of cast iron with approximately eutectic composition rasterized at different rates of cooling and ingot crystallization. The test samples were in the form of rods with a diameter of 30,0.mm and a coagulation modulus M = 0.75 cm. They were cast in a sand mould made of furan mass placed on a chill in the form of a cast-iron plate, with which one of the front surfaces of the rod casting was in contact. In this way, a differentiated cooling rate along the rod was achieved. At selected distances from the chiller (5, 15, 25, 25 and 45 mm) thermocouple moulds were placed in the cavity to record the cooling curves used in thermal (AT) and derivation (ATD) analysis. The solidification time of the ingot in the part farthest from the chiller was about 200s, which corresponds to the solidification time in the test cup AT. An analysis of the recorded cooling curves was performed in order to determine the values of characteristic points on the AT curve (Tsol. Tliq, ΔTrecal., τclot, etc.). Relationships between cooling time and rate and characteristic points on AT and ATD curves were developed. For example, Tsol min changes in the range of 1115 - 1145 for the range of cast iron solidification times in the selected ingot zone from ~ 70 to ~ 200 s, which corresponds to the process speed from 0.0047 to 0.014 [1/s]. The work also includes an analysis of other characteristic points on the AT and ATD curves as functions of the solidification rate of cast iron of the same composition.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Humphreys, J.G. (1961). Effect of composition on the liquidus and eutectic temperatures on the eutectic point of cast iron. BCIRA Journal. 9(5), 609-621.

[2] Władysiak, R. (2001). Quality control of austenitic cast iron using the ATD method. Archives of Foundry. 1(2), 400-407. (in Polish)

[3] Falęcki, Z., Zych, J., Pyka, M. (1982). Research and development of comprehensive quality control of liquid cast iron using thermal analysis. AGH, Project No. 5.371.50, Kraków. (in Polish).

[4] Falęcki, Z., Zych, J. (1989). Equipment for quality control of liquid metal. Patent PRL, No. 247772. Warszawa. (in Polish).

[5] Gawroński, J., Szajnar, J., Jura, Z., & Studnicki, A. (2004). Prof. S. Jura, creator of the theory and industrial applications of diagnostics and consumption of metals and alloys. Archives of Foundry. 4(16), 1-74. (in Polish).

[6] Heraeus (2024). Thermal Analysis of Cast Iron. Retrieved January 21, 2024 from www.electro-nite.be.

[7] Novacast (2024). ATAS - Thermal Analysis System, NovaCast Foundry Saltions. Retrieved January 15, 2024 from www.novacastfoundry.se

[8] Stefanescu, D.M. (2015). Thermal analysis - theory and applications in metalcasting. International Journal of Metalcasting. 9(1), 7-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03355598.

[9] Zych, J. (2016). Impact of speed of cooling of initial phase (α) and of eutectics (α + β) on physical and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Mg alloys. In 72nd World Foundry Congress, 21-25th May 2016 (pp. 1-2). Nagoya, Japan.

[10] Stawarz, M. & Szajnar, J. (2003). Quality assessment of ductile iron using the ATD method. Archives of Foundry. 3(10), 199-206. ISSN 1642-5308. (in Polish).

[11] Jura, S., Sakwa, J. & Borek, K. (1980). Differential analysis of solidification and crystallization processes of gray cast iron. Krzepnięcie Metali i Stopów. 3, 25-35. (in Polish)

[12] Jura, S. (1985). The essence of the ATD method. Modern methods of assessing the quality of alloys. PAN- Katowice, Foundry Institute of the Silesian University. (in Polish).

[13] Jura, S., Sakwa, J. & Borek, K. (1980). Thermal and differential analysis of solidification and crystallization of cast iron. Przegląd Odlewnictwa. 1, 7-10. (in Polish).

[14] Zych, J. (2015). Analisys of castings defects - selected problems – laboratory. AGH. Kraków, SU 1737. (in Polish).

[15] Zych, J. (2013). Assessment of the cooling curve using the thermal and derivation-gradient analysis method (ATDG), Foundry’s guide. vol. I, Materials (pp. 964-981). Poland: Wydawnictwo Stowarzyszenia Technicznego Odlewników Polskich (in Polish).

[16] Döpp, R., Blankenagel, D. (1979). Zur thermischen analyse von temperguss und grauguss. Giesserei. 66(7), 182-186.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

J.S. Zych

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Reymonta 23. 30-059 Kracow, Poland,

16 Analysis of Fragmentation Phenomenon of Composite Layers of Fe-TiC Type Obtained “in situ” in Steel Casting

J. Marosz , S. Sobula

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 131-136 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149280

Keywords: Surface layer Cast steel “In situ” composite MMCs composites SHSM reaction

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

A method for fabrication of a composite layer on the surface of a steel casting using coating containing TiC substrates was presented. The reaction of the synthesis of the ceramic phase was based on the SHS method (Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis) and was triggered by the heat of molten steel. High hardness titanium carbide ceramic phases were obtained, which strengthened the base material improving its performance properties presented in this article. Microstructural examinations carried out by light microscopy (LM) on the in-situ produced composite layers showed that the layers were the products of reaction of the TiC synthesis – the phenomenon called “fragmentation” by the authors of study. The examinations carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have revealed the presence of spheroidal precipitated and free of impurities. The presence of titanium carbide was twofold increase in hardness in the area of the composite layer as compared to the base alloy which was carbon cast steel.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Swain, B., Bhuyan, S., Behera, R., Mohapatra, S., Behera, A. (2020). Wear: a serious problem in industry. In Patnaik, A., Singh, T., & Kukshal, V. (Eds.), Tribology in Materials and Manufacturing-Wear, Friction and Lubrication (pp. 279-298). DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.94211.

[2] Nowotyńska, I., Kut, S. & Kogut, K. (2018). Laser hardening of tools with the use of the beam. Autobusy. 19(6), 636-639. DOI: 10.24136/atest.2018.147. (in Polish).

[3] Wołowiec-Korecka, E., Korecki, M., Klimek, L. (2022). Influence of flow and pressure of carburising mixture on low-pressure carburising process efficiency. Coatings. 12(3), 337, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12030337.

[4] Jhao-Yo Guo, Yu-Lin Kuo, Hsien-Po Wang, (2021). A facile nitriding approach for improved impact wear of martensitic cold-work stell using H2/N2 mixture gas in an ac pulsed atmospheric plasma jet. Coatings. 11(9), 1119, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091119.

[5] Sedov, V., Martyanov, A., Altakhov, A. (2022). Effect of substrate holder design on stress and uniformity of large-area polycrystalline diamond films grown by microwave plasma-assisted CVD. Coatings. 10(10), 939, 1-10. DOI:10.3390/coatings10100939

[6] Bitay, E., Tóth, L., Kovacs, T.A., Nyikes, Z. & Gergely, A.L. (2021). Experimental study on the influence of TiN/AlTiN PVD layer on the surface characteristics of hot work toll steel. Applied Sciences. 11(19), 9309, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199309.

[7] Zhu, Yc., Wei, Zj., Rong, Sf., Wang, H. & Zou, C. (2016). Formation mechanism of bimetal composite layer between LCS and HCCI. China Foundry. 13, 396-401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41230-016-5021-2.

[8] Szajnar, J. & Wróbel, T. (2015). Bimetallic casting: ferritic stainless steel – grey cast iron. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 60(3), 2361-2365. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2015-0385. ISSN 1733-3490.

[9] Wang, F., Xu, L., Wei, S. et al. (2021). Preparation and wear properties of high-vanadium alloy composite layer. Friction. 10, 1166-1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-021-0515-3.

[10] Ovcharenko, P.G., Leshchev, A.Y., Tarasov, V.V. et al. (2021). Effect of alloyed coating composition on composite casting surface layer properties. Metallurgist. 64, 1208-1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11015-021-01106-z

[11] Studnicki, A., Dulska, A. & Szajnar, J. (2017). Reinforcing cast iron with composite insert. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62(1), 355-357, DOI: 10.1515/amm-2017-0054.

[12] Fraś, E., Olejnik, E., Janas, A. & Kolbus, A. (2009). FGMs generated method SHSM. Archives of Foundry Engineering 9(2), 123-128. ISSN (1897-3310).

[13] Olejnik, E., Janas, A., Kolbus, A. & Grabowska, B. (2011) Composite layer fabricated by in situ technique in iron castings. Composites (Kompozyty). 11(2), 120-124.

[14] Szymański, Ł., Olejnik, E., Tokarski, T., Kurtyka, P., Drożyński, D. & Żymankowska-Kumon S. (2018) Reactive casting coatings for obtaining in situ composite layers based on Fe alloys. 350, 346-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.06.085.

[15] Szymański, Ł. (2020). Composite layers produced in situ in castings based on Fe alloys. PhD thesis. AGH, Kraków.

[16] Szymański, Ł., Sobczak, J.J., Peddeti. K. (2024). Production of metal matrix composite reinforced by TiC by reactive infiltration of cast iron into Ti + C preforms. Ceramic international. 50(10), 17452-17464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.02.233.

[17] Szymański, Ł., Olejnik, E. & Sobczak, J.J. (2022). Dry sliding, slurry abrasion and cavitation erosion of composite layers reinforced by TiC fabricated in situ cast steel and gray cast iron. Elsevier. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 308, 117688, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117688.

[18] Szymański, Ł., Olejnik, E., Sobczak, J.J. (2022). Improvement of TiC/Fe in situ composite layer formation on surface of Fe-based castings. Materials Letters. 309, 131399, 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.131399.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

J. Marosz

S. Sobula

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Poland

17 Impact of Aging Time on the Metallurgical Properties and Hardness Characteristics of an Al-Si-Mg-Cr Hypoeutectic Alloy Intended for Automotive Applications

V.V. Ramalingam , K.V. Shankar , B. Shankar , R. Abhinandan , A. Dineshkumar , P.A. Adhithyan , K. Velusamy , A. Kapilan , N. Sudheer

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 137-142 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149281

Keywords: Al-Si-Mg Microstructure Hardness Eutectic

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This research investigates the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of LM25 (Al-Si-Mg) alloy and Cr-modified LM25-Cr (Al-Si-Mg-Cr) alloy. Microstructural analysis reveals distinctive ε-Si phase morphologies, with Cr addition refining dendritic structures and reducing secondary dendrite arm spacing in the as-cast condition. Cr modification results in smaller-sized grains and a modified ε-Si phase, enhancing nucleation sites and reducing ε-Si size. Microhardness studies demonstrate significant increases in hardness for both alloys after solutionising and aging treatments. Cr-enriched alloy exhibits superior hardness due to solid solution strengthening, and prolonged aging further influences ε-Si particle size and distribution. The concurrent rise in microhardness, attributed to refined dendritic structures and unique ε-Si morphology, underscores the crucial role of Cr modification in tailoring the mechanical properties of aluminium alloys for specific applications.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Gustafsson, G., Thorvaldsson, T. & Dunlop, G. L. (1986). The influence of Fe and Cr on the microstructure of cast Al-Si-Mg alloys. Metallurgical Transactions A. 17(1), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02644441.

[2] Liang, C., Zhao, J. F., Chang, J. & Wang, H. P. (2020). Microstructure evolution and nano-hardness modulation of rapidly solidified Ti–Al–Nb alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 836, 155538, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155538.

[3] Tsepeleva, A., Novák, P., Vlášek, J. & Simoniakin, A. (2023). Use of rapid solidification in processing of aluminum alloys with reduced deep-sea nodules. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 968, 171790, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.171790.

[4] Ahmad, R. (2018). The effect of chromium addition on fluidity, microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium LM6 cast alloy. International Journal of Material Science and Research. 1(1), 32-35. https://doi.org/10.18689/ijmsr-1000105.

[5] Zhang, G.-H., Zhang, J.-X., Li, B.-C. & Cai, W. (2011). Characterization of tensile fracture in heavily alloyed Al-Si piston alloy. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International. 21(5), 380-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0071(12)60073-2.

[6] Barnes, S.J. & Lades, K. (2002). The evolution of aluminium based piston alloys for direct injection diesel engines. SAE Technical Paper Series.

[7] Cole, G.S. & Sherman, A.M. (1995). Light weight materials for automotive applications. Materials Characterization. 35(1), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/1044-5803(95)00063-1.

[8] Strobel, K., Easton, M.A., Sweet, L., Couper, M.J., & Nie, J.-F. (2011). Relating quench sensitivity to microstructure in 6000 series aluminium alloys. Materials Transactions. 52(5), 914-919. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.l-mz201111.

[9] Yang, Y., Zhong, S.-Y., Chen, Z., Wang, M., Ma, N. & Wang, H. (2015). Effect of Cr content and heat-treatment on the high temperature strength of eutectic Al–Si alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 647, 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.05.167.

[10] Lodgaard, L. & Ryum, N. (2000). Precipitation of dispersoids containing Mn and/or Cr in Al–Mg–Si alloys. Materials Science & Engineering. A. 283(1-2), 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(00)00734-6.

[11] Tocci, M., Pola, A., Angella, G., Donnini, R. & Vecchia, G. M.L. (2019). Dispersion hardening of an AlSi3Mg alloy with Cr and Mn addition. Materials Today: Proceedings. 10, 319-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.412.

[12] Kim, H.Y., Han, S.W. & Lee, H.M. (2006). The influence of Mn and Cr on the tensile properties of A356–0.20Fe alloy. Materials Letters. 60(15), 1880-1883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.12.042.

[13] Fu, Y., Wang, G.G., Hu, A., Li, Y., Thacker, K.B., Weiler, J.P. & Hu, H. (2022). Formation, characteristics and control of sludge in Al-containing magnesium alloys: An overview. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. 10(3), 599-613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2021.11.031.

[14] Yamamoto, K., Takahashi, M., Kamikubo, Y., Sugiura, Y., Iwasawa, S., Nakata, T. & Kamado, S. (2020). Influence of process conditions on microstructures and mechanical properties of T5-treated 357 aluminum alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 834, 155133, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155133.

[15] Callegari, B., Lima, T.N. & Coelho, R.S. (2023). The influence of alloying elements on the microstructure and properties of Al-Si-based casting alloys: A review. Metals, 13(7), 1174, 1-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13071174.

[16] Silva, M.S., Barbosa, C., Acselrad, O. et al. (2004). Effect of chemical composition variation on microstructure and mechanical properties of a 6060 aluminum alloy. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 13, 129-134. https://doi.org/10.1361/10599490418307.

[17] Xiao, L., Yu, H., Qin, Y., Liu, G., Peng, Z., Tu, X., Su, H., Xiao, Y., Zhong, Q., Wang, S., Cai, Z. & Zhao, X. (2023). Microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni-Cr alloys: Effects of time and temperature on two-stage solution treatment and ageing. Materials. 16(7), 2675, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072675.

[18] Li, Y., Yang, Y., Wu, Y., Wei, Z. & Liu, X. (2011). Supportive strengthening role of Cr-rich phase on Al–Si multicomponent piston alloy at elevated temperature. Materials Science & Engineering. A. 528(13-14), 4427-4430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.02.047.

[19] Tocci, M., Donnini, R., Angella, G. & Pola, A. (2017). Effect of Cr and Mn addition and heat treatment on AlSi3Mg casting alloy. Materials Characterization. 123, 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2016.11.022.

[20] Engler, O. & Miller-Jupp, S. (2016). Control of second-phase particles in the Al-Mg-Mn alloy AA 5083. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 689, 998-1010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.08.070.

[21] Liu, F.-Z., Qin, J., Li, Z., Yu, C.-B., Zhu, X., Nagaumi, H. & Zhang, B. (2021). Precipitation of dispersoids in Al–Mg–Si alloys with Cu addition. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 14, 3134-3139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.08.123.

[22] Cui, J., Chen, J., Li, Y. & Luo, T. (2023). Enhancing the strength and toughness of A356.2-0.15Fe aluminum alloy by trace Mn and Mg Co-addition. Metals. 13(8), 1451, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13081451.

[23] Zhan, H. & Hu, B. (2018). Analyzing the microstructural evolution and hardening response of an Al-Si-Mg casting alloy with Cr addition. Materials Characterization. 142, 602-612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.06.026.

[24] Tocci, M., Donnini, R., Angella, G. et al. (2019). Tensile Properties of a Cast Al-Si-Mg Alloy with Reduced Si Content and Cr Addition at High Temperature. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28, 7097-7108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04438-9.

[25] Kumar, A., Sharma, G., Sasikumar, C., Shamim, S. & Singh, H. (2015). Effect of Cr on grain refinement and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Mg alloys. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 789-790, 95-99. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.789-790.95.

[26] Möller, H., Stumpf, W.E. & Pistorius, P.C. (2010). Influence of elevated Fe, Ni and Cr levels on tensile properties of SSM-HPDC Al-Si-Mg alloy F357. Transactions of the Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 20, 842-846. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(10)60592-4.

[27] Raj, A.N. & Sellamuthu, R. (2016). Determination of hardness, mechanical and wear properties of cast Al–Mg–Si alloy with varying Ni addition. ARPN Journaol of Engineering and Applied Science. 11(9), 5946-5952.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

V.V. Ramalingam

K.V. Shankar

B. Shankar

R. Abhinandan

A. Dineshkumar

P.A. Adhithyan

K. Velusamy

A. Kapilan

N. Sudheer

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, 64112, India
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India; Centre for Flexible Electronics and Advanced Marerials, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India

18 Research of Casting and Solidification of Steel Ingots by Application of Low-Melting Materials

E. Kantoríková , J. Moravec

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 143-150 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149282

Keywords: Casting process Mold Shrinkage Temperature course

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The article describes the simulation of the casting of the low-melting material stearin into a mold, which serves as a real simulation basis for monitoring the displacement during the solidification of steel ingots. The physical properties and occurrence of shrinkage are comparable for both liquid stearin and molten steel. In this way, it is possible to easily monitor the solidification of ingots after casting, while the entire simulation takes place at low temperatures, which is experimentally simpler and more practical than trial casting steel at high temperatures. The process is convenient, simple, fast and cheap. The essence is therefore the application of a new perspective on the mentioned process and its transfer into foundry practice. The temperature drop in the entire volume of the sample was monitored from filling the mold to cooling to ambient temperature and the formation of shrinkage, which was monitored and evaluated in the internal body of the ingot. The tests confirmed the suitability of selected material for this method of experimental work because they were able to capture the real behavior of the cast steel in the mold. The method proves to be suitable for industrial applications where similar multidimensional castings are produced.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Moravec, J., Langa, J. & Solfronk, P. (2017). Verification of shrinkage formation in steel ingots in laboratory conditions. Communications. 19(2A), 15-22. ISSN 1335 – 4205

[2] Šmrha, L. (1983). Solidification and crystallization of steel ingots. Praha: STNL.

[3] Moravec,J., Kopas, P., Jakubovičová, L., Leitner, B.. (2018). Experimental casting of forging ingots from model material. MATEC Web of Conferences. 36-46.

[4] Szekely, J. (1988). The mathematical modelling revolution in extractive metallurgy. Metallurgical Transactions B. 19B, 525-540.

[5] Giamej, A.F., Abbaschian, G.J. (1988). Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes IV. TMS, Warrendale, PA

[6] Piwonka, T.S. (1980). Process modeling in the foundry. Process Modeling Fundamentals and Applications to Metals. ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, 57-75.

[7] James, D. & Middleton, J. (1985). The use of stearin wax for simulating shrinkage defects in steel casting. British Foundryman. 15 , 36.

[8] Piwonka,T.S. (1988). Research directions for process control. presented at evaporative foam casting technology. III Conference, American Foundrymen's Society, Des Plaines, IL.

[9] Kaili, C., Wenchao, Y., Jiachen, Z., Chen, L., Pengfei, Q., Haijun, S., Jun, Z. & Lin, L. (2021). Solidification characteristics and as-cast microstructures of a Ru-containing nickelbased single crystal superalloy. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 11, 474-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.01.043

[10] Konar, R. & Mician, M. (2017). Ultrasonic inspection techniques possibilities for centrifugal cast copper alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(2), 35-38. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0047.

[11] Tillova, E., Chalupova, M., Borko, K. & Kucharikova, L. (2016). Changes of fracture surface in recycled A356 cast alloy. Materials Today: Proceedings. 3(4), 1183-1188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2016.03.009.

[12] Chandley, G.D. (1988). Counter-Gravity Low-Pressure Casting. Metals Handbook, 9th Edition, Vol. 15. Ohio: ASM International, Metals Park.

[13] Moravec, J., Jančušová, M., Kuba, J., Stroka, R. (2010). Technology of forming technical materials. Edis. ISBN 978-80-554-0220-9.

[14] Pfann, W.G. (1963). Zone melting. New York: John Wiley and sons.

[15] Tsai, H.L., Chang, K.C. & Chen, T.S. (1988). Modeling of vapor transportation in green sand mold and its effect on casting solidification. Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes IV (to be published by TMS, Warrendale, PA).

[16] Pluhar, J., Koritta, J. (1966). Engineering materials. SNTL Publishing house of technical literature. Praha.

[17] Albaharna, O.T., Argyropoulos, S.A. (1988). Artificial intelligence for materials processing and process control. Journal of Metals. 40(10), 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03257973.

[18] Pribil, J. (1954). Solidification and casting of castings. SNTL Publishing house of technical literature. Praha.

[19] Pribil, J. (1973). Stress in castings. SNTL Publishing house of technical literature. Praha.

[20] Matejka, M., Bolibruchová, D., Podprocká, R. (2021). The influence of returnable material on internal homogeneity of the high-pressure die cast AlSi9Cu3(Fe) alloy. Metals. 11(7), 1084, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071084.

[21] Tsai, H.L., Chen, T.S. (1988). Modeling of evaporative pattern process part 1—metal flow and heat transfer during the filling stage. Paper no. 88-86, presented at the 1988 American Foundrymen's Society Congress, Hartford, CT (April) (to be published in AFS Transactions, Vol. 96).

[22] Hamar, R. (1988). Gating optimization of nodular cast iron parts. Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes. IV, 59-68.

[23] Moravec, J. (2020). Experimental investigation of solidification and cavity formation in forge ingots. Edis. Žilina. ISBN 978-80-554-1649-6. [24] Hamar, R., Lamanthe, G. Modeling of Lost Wax Foundry Process. Ibid., p. 449.

[25] Wendt, J., Uloth, T., Foertsch, F., Sahm, P.R., Weck, M. (1986). 3D-modeling of solidification and stiffness of a support bracket for an automobile's generator. The Metalliurgical Society/AIME. 423-432.

[26] Brůna, M.; Remišová,A; Sládek,A. (2019). Effect of filter thickness on reoxidation and mechanical properties of aluminium alloy AlSi7Mg0.3. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 64(3), 1100-1106. DOI 10.24425/amm.2019.129500.

[27] Moravec, J. (2017). Casting of ingots from model material in laboratory conditions. Steelcon. Pp 48-54. ISBN 978-80-87294-65-9.

[28] Ekenes, J., W. Peterson (1990). Visual observations inside an AirslipTM mold during casting. Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. 957–961.

[29] Kou, S., Mehrabian, R. (1986). Modeling and Control of Casting and Welding Processes, TMS, Warrendale, PA.

[30] Berry, J.T., Pehlke, R.D. (1988). Computer Applications in Metal Casting. in Metals Handbook, 9th Edition, Vol. 15, Casting, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio. p. 855.

[31] Belperche, B. (1984). Simulation de la Solidification a l'Aide de Melange a Base de Naphthalene. Hommes et Fonderie, 147 (Aug–-Sept), 19.

[32] Jackson, K.A. & Hunt, J.D. (1965). Transparent Compounds that Freeze Like Metal. Acta Metallurgica. 13(11), 1212-1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(65)90061-1

[33] Granfield, J.F. (2011). Ingot casting and casthouse metallurgy of aluminium and its alloys. Fundamentals of Aluminium Metallurgy. 83-140. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857090256.1.83.

[34] Austen, P.R., Swain, E.J. (1997). Automation and upgrading of VDC4 at Comalco (Bell Bay) Limited post implementa-tion operating performance. Proceedings of the Australasian Asian Pacific Conference on Aluminium Cast House Tech-nology. Gold Coast, Aust, Minerals, Metals & Materials Soc (TMS), (pp. 339-350).

[35] Bachowski, R. & Spear, R.E. (1975). Ingot shell formation. Light Metals. 111-118.

[36] Şensoy, A.T. (2022). Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron. published by De Gruyter. Open Chemistry. 20(1), 1202-1211.

[37] Huang, S.C., Glicksman, M.E. (1981). Acta Metallurgica. 29, 701. [38] Brůna, M., Galčík, M. (2021). Casting quality improvement by gating system optimization. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(1), 32-136. DOI 10.24425/afe.2021.136089.

[39] Shivkumar, S. & Gallois, B. (1987). Physico-chemical aspects of the full-mold casting of aluminum alloys, part ii: metal flow in simple patterns. AFS Transactions. 95, 801-812.

[40] Jordan, C., Hill, J.L. & Piwonka, T.S. (1988). Computer designed gating systems: promises and problems. Transactions of the American Foundrymen`s Society. 96, 603-610.

[41] Hill, J.L., Berry, J.T. & Jordan, C. (1987). Use of expert systems in cast metals technology. Artificial Intelligence in Minerals and Materials Technology. U.S. Bureau of Mines.

[42] Creese, R.C. & Waibogha, S. (1987). Casting Reject Elimination Using Expert Systems. Transactins of the American Foundrymen`s Society. 95, 617-620.

[43] Behr, R.D., Couling, S.L. et al. (1973). Direct chill casting method. USA, Dow chemical corporation.

[44] Boehmer, J.R., Jordan, M., Fett, F. N., Rode, D., & Steinkamp, W. (1995). Verification of a mathematical model for continuous billet casting with a temperature and load history approach. In 7. Conference on modeling of casting, welding and advanced solidification processes, 10-15 September 1995 (pp. 809-816). Warrendale, PA (United States).

[45] Grube, K. & Eastwood, L.W. (1950). A Study of the Principles of Gating. AFS Transactions. 58, 76-107.

[46] Desai, P.V., Berry, J.T. & Kim, C.W. (1984). Computer simulation of forced and natural convection during filling of a casting. AFS Transactions. 92, 519.

[47] McFadden, G.B., Coriell, S.R., Boisvert, R.F., Glicksman, M.E. & Fang, Q.T. (1984). Morphological stability in the presence of fluid flow in the melt. Metallurgical Transactions A. 15A, 2117-2124. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02647094.

[48] Kanetkar, C.S., Stefanescu, D.M., El-Kaddah, N., Chen, I.G. (1987). Macro-micro modeling of equiaxed solidification of eutectic and off-eutectic alloys. London: Solidification Processing, H. Jones, ed., Institute of Metals.

[49] Clausen, P., & Whan, G. (2013, September). An Assessment of the Design of a Gautschi Mould Using Finite Element Analysis. In Aluminium Cast House Technology: Seventh Australian Asian Pacific Conference (p. 247-252). John Wiley & Sons.

[50] Paschkis, V. (1947). The heat and mass flow analyzer laboratory. Metal Progress. 52, 813.

[51] Paschkis, V. (1951). Thermal considerations in foundry work. AFS Transactions. 59, 7.

[52] Stoehr, R. & Wang, W.S. (1988). Coupled heat transfer and fluid flow in the filling of castings. AFS Transactions. 96, 733-740.

[53] Drezet, J.M., Rappaz, R. (1996). Modeling of ingot distortions during direct chill casting of aluminum alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science. 27(10), 3214-3225. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02663872.

[54] Kalincová, D., Ťavodová, .M., Čierna, H.., Beňo, P.. (2017). Analysis of the causes of distortion castings after heat treatment. Zvolen,Slovakia: Acta Metallurgica Slovaca, e-ISSN 1338-1156 No. 2, p. 182-192.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

E. Kantoríková

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Moravec

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Žilina, Slovak Republic

19 Corrosion of Pure Magnesium and Binary Magnesium Alloy in Ringer's Solution

A. Fijołek

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 151-158 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149283

Keywords: Biodegradability Corrosion Ringer solution Mg-Zn alloy Equivalent circuit

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The work presents monitoring of the corrosion rate for pure magnesium and the binary magnesium alloy Mg72Zn28. Alloying elements with a purity of 99.9% were used. The melting was performed under the protection of inert gas - argon in an induction furnace. The liquid alloy was poured into a copper mold. In order to make amorphous ribbons, the obtained samples in the form of rods were re-melted on a melt spinner machine. The next step was to perform corrosion tests in Ringer's solution. Corrosion tests were carried out at a temperature of 37°C and pH 7.2. The purpose of using Ringer's solution was to recreate the conditions for the body fluids of the human body. The use of the following research methods, such as: OCP (open circuit potential), LSV (linear sweep voltammetry) and EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), was aimed at determining the corrosion resistance of the tested materials. Tests carried out in Ringer's solution showed that pure magnesium has significantly worse corrosion resistance than the binary Mg72Zn28 alloy. The conducted research also confirmed that the cathodic reaction takes place faster on the surface of amorphous ribbons. It was also confirmed that for both crystalline materials there is diffusion of chloride ions through the corrosion product layer. SEM-EDS tests were performed on the surface of an amorphous ribbon of the Mg72Zn28 alloy after corrosion in Ringer's solution.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Persaud-Sharma, D. & McGoron, A. (2012). Biodegradable Magnesium alloys: a review of material development and applications. Journal of Biomimetics Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering. 12, 25-39. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/JBBTE.12.25.

[2] Jarzębska, A., Bieda, M., Kawałko, J, Koprowski, P., Sztwiertnia, K., Pachla, W. & Kulczyk, M. (2018). A new approach to plastic deformation of biodegradable zinc alloy with magnesium and its effect on microstructure and mechanical properties. Materials Letters. 211, 58-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.09.090.

[3] Zheng, Y. (2015). Magnesium alloys as degradable biomaterials. CRC Press.

[4] Fijołek, A., Lelito, J., Krawiec, H., Ryba, J. & Rogal, Ł. (2020). Corrosion resistance of Mg72Zn24Ca4 and Zn87Mg9Ca4 alloys for application in medicine. Materials. 13(16), 3515, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13163515.

[5] Staiger, M.P., Pietak, A.M., Huadmai, J. & Dias, G. (2006). Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: A review. Biomaterials. 27(9), 1728-1734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.10.003.

[6] Song, G.L. (2011). Corrosion of Magnesium Alloys. Elsevier.

[7] Makar, G.L. & Kruger, J. (1993). Corrosion of magnesium. International Materials Reviews. 38(3), 138-153. https://doi.org/10.1179/imr.1993.38.3.138.

[8] Zreiqat, H., Howlett, C.R. Zannettino A, Evans, P., Schulze-Tanzil, G., Knabe, C. & Shakibaei, M. (2002). Mechanisms of magnesium-stimulated adhesion of osteoblastic cells to commonly used orthopaedic implants. Journal Biomedical Materials Research. 62(2), 175-184. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.10270.

[9] Gali, E. (2011). Activity and passivity of magnesium (Mg) and its alloys. Corrosion of Magnesium Alloys. 66-114. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857091413.1.66.

[10] Kubásek, J. & Vojtěch, D. (2013). Structural characteristics and corrosion behavior of biodegradable Mg–Zn, Mg–Zn–Gd alloys. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 24, 1615-1626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-013-4916-3.

[11] Zberg, B., Uggowitzer, P.J. & Löffler, J.F. (2009). MgZnCa glasses without clinically observable hydrogen evolution for biodegradable implants. Nature Materials. 8(11), 887-891. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2542.

[12] Scully, J.R., Gebert, A. & Payer, J.H. (2007). Corrosion and related mechanical properties of bulk metallic glasses. Journal of Materials Research. 22(2), 302-313. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0051.

[13] Song, G., Atrens, A. & St John, D. (2001). An hydrogen evolution method for the estimation of the corrosion rate of magnesium alloys. In J. N. Hryn (Eds.), Magnesium Technology. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118805497.ch44.

[14] Song, G.L. & Atrens, A. (1999). Corrosion mechanisms of magnesium alloys. Advanced Engineering Materials. 1(1), 11-33. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1527-2648(199909)1:1<11::AID-ADEM11>3.0.CO;2-N.

[15] Song, G. & Atrens, A. (2003). Understanding magnesium corrosion—a framework for improved alloy performance. Advanced Enginering Materials. 5(12), 837-858. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.200310405.

[16] Inoue Akihisa. (1998). Bulk amorphous alloys : preparation and fundamental characteristics. Uetikon-Zuerich, Switzerland; Enfield, N.H.: Trans Tech Publications.

[17] Johnson, W.L. (1999). Bulk Glass-Forming Metallic Alloys: Science and Technology. MRS Bulletin. 24(10), 42-56. https://doi.org/10.1557/S0883769400053252.

[18] Löffler, J.F. (2003). Bulk metallic glasses. Intermetallics. 11(6), 529-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-9795(03)00046-3.

[19] Greer, A.L., Ma, E. (2007). Bulk metallic glasses: at the cutting edge of metals research. MRS Bulletin. 32(8), 611-619. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2007.121.

[20] Cao, J.D., Kirkland, N.T., Laws, K.J. et al. (2012). Ca–Mg–Zn bulk metallic glasses as bioresorbable metals. Acta Biomaterialia. 8(6), 2375-2383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.03.009.

[21] Gu, X., Shiflet, G.J., Guo, F.Q. & Poon, S.J. (2005). Mg–Ca–Zn bulk metallic glasses with high strength and significant ductility. Journal of Materials Research. 20, 1935-1938. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2005.0245.

[22] Jang, J.S.C., Tseng, C.C., Chang, L.J., Chang, C.F. Lee, W.J. Huang, J.C. & Liu C.T. (2007). Glass forming ability and thermal properties of the Mg-based amorphous alloys with dual rare earth elements addition. Materials Transactions. 48(7), 1684-1688. https://doi.org/10.2320/ matertrans.MJ200738.

[23] Qin, W., Li, J., Kou, H., Gu, X., Xue, X. & Zhou, L. (2009). Effects of alloy addition on the improvement of glass forming ability and plasticity of Mg–Cu–Tb bulk metallic glass. Intermetallics. 17(4), 253-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2008.08.011.

[24] Park, E.S., Kyeong, J.S. & Kim, D.H. (2007). Enhanced glass forming ability and plasticity in Mg-based bulk metallic glasses. Materials Science and Engineering A. 449-451, 225-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.03.142.

[25] Lasia, A. (2002). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and its applications. In B.E. Conway, J. O'M. Bockris & R.E. White (Eds.), Modern aspects of electrochemistry (pp. 143-248). Boston, MA: Springer US.

[26] Liu, Y., Cao, H., Chen, S. & Wang, D. (2015). Ag nanoparticle-loaded hierarchical superamphiphobic surface on an al substrate with enhanced anticorrosion and antibacterial properties. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 119(45), 25449-25456. https://doi.org/10.1021 /acs.jpcc.5b08679.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

A. Fijołek

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering Reymonta 23 Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland

20 Usage of the Cast Iron Cylindrical Liner in an Automobile Engine Block

A. Orłowicz , M. Radoń , M. Lenik , G. Wnuk

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 159-163 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149284

Keywords: Cylinder liner Phosphoric eutectic Graphite Macro and micro wear

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This study addresses the issues related to the quality of the connection between cast iron liners and inserts in a pressure die-cast automotive engine block, along with the macro and micro wear of the cylinder bearing surface. it was found that the commonly used HPDC high-pressure casting technology of Al-Si alloy engine blocks with cast iron liners, in which the cylinder liner is then recreated, does not ensure their metallic connection. The micro-gap created there becomes thicker as the engine is used, which worsens the conditions for heat dissipation from the sleeve to the block. Locally, on the surface of the cylinder bearing surface, reductions in honing effects and longitudinal cracks were observed. The presented literature mechanism of micro wear of the cylinder bearing surface, dependent on the morphology of graphite segregations, was confirmed. The mechanism of creating micro-breaks in the area of phosphoric eutectic and graphite precipitation occurrence was presented, initiated by the formation of microcracks in the eutectic and delaminations at the eutectic-matrix boundary.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Kim, J.-K., Xavier, F.-A. & Kim, D.-E. (2015). Tribological properties of twin wire arc spray coated aluminum cylinder liner. Materials & Design. 84, 231-237. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.122.

[2] Longa, W. (1978). Theory of foundry processes. AGH, Wydział Odlewnictwa, Instytut Odlewnictwa. (in Polish).

[3] Pietrowski, S. & Szymczak, T. (2004). Construction of the connection between alfined coating and silumin. Archives of Foundry. 4(14), 393-404. (in Polish).

[4] Pietrowski, S. (2004). Construction of the alfined layer on gray cast iron. Archives of Foundry. 4(11), 95-104. (in Polish).

[5] Pietrowski, S. & Szymczak, T. (2006). The influence of selected technological factors on the structure of the alfined layer on iron alloys. Archives of Foundry. 6(19), 251-266. (in Polish).

[6] Pawlus, P., Michalski, J. & Ochwat, S. (2012). Surface characteristics of cylinder liners intended for pouring using the Alfin method. Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka. 4, 61-65. (in Polish).

[7] Mahle Diesel Symposium, Stuttgart 2005.

[8] Volvo, DAF, MAN, PSA-BMW technical information from Mahle project meetings. Unpublished materials. Krotoszyn 2005-2010. (in Polish).

[9] Gruszka, J. (2011). Global trends in cylinder liners technology. Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych. 50(3), 1-7.

[10] Kozaczewski, W. (2004). Construction of the piston-cylinder group of combustion engines. Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności WKŁ. (in Polish).

[11] Podrzucki, Cz. (1991). Cast iron: structure, properties, application. Kraków: Wydaw. ZG STOP.

[12] Çakır, M. & Akcay, İ.H. (2014). Frictional behavior between piston ring and cylinder liner in engine condition with application of reciprocating test. International Journal of Materials Engineering and Technology. 11(1), 57-71.

[13] Shirokov, V.V., Arendar, L.A., Slyn’ko, H.I. & Volchok, I.P. (2003). Influence of phosphide eutectics on the wear resistance of high-strength cast irons. Materials Science. 39(2), 295-298. DOI: 10.1023/B:MASC.0000010284.56057.72.

[14] Uetz, H. (1969). Einfluß der honbearbeitung von zylinderlaufbuchsen auf die innere grenz-schicht und den einlaufverschleiß. Forschungsvereinigung Verbrennungskraftmaschinen. MTZ, 3.

[15] Ronen, A., Etsion, I. & Kligerman, Y. (2001). Friction-reducing surface-texturing in reciprocating automotive components. Tribology Transaction. 44(3), 359-366. DOI: 10.1080/10402000108982468.

[16] Picas, J.A., Forn, A. & Matthäus, G. (2006). HVOF coatings as an alternative to hard chrome for pistons and valves. Wear. 261(5-6), 477-484. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2005.12.005.

[17] Skopp, A., Kelling, N., Woydt, M. & Bergrer, L.-M. (2007). Thermally sprayed titanium suboxide coatings for piston ring/cylinder liners under mixed lubrication and dry-running conditions. Wear. 262(9-10), 1061-1070. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2006.11.012.

[18] Grabon, W., Pawlus, P., Woś, S., Koszela, W. & Wieczorowski, M. (2016). Effects of honed cylinder liner surface texture on tribological properties of piston ring-liner assembly in short time tests. Tribology International. 113, 137-148. DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2016.11.025.

[19] Johansson, S., Nilsson, P.H., Ohlsson, R. & Rosén, B.-G. (2011). Experimental friction evaluation of cylinder liner/piston ring contact. Wear. 271(3-4), 625-633. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2010.08.028.

[20] Igartua, A., Nevshupa, R., Fernandez, X., Conte, M., Zabala, R., Bernaola, J., Zabala, P., Luther, R. & Rausch, J. (2011). Alternative eco-friendly lubes for clean two-stroke engines. Tribology International. 44(6), 727-736. DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2010.01.019.

[21] BN-78/1372-01. Piston combustion engines. Cylinder liners made of alloy cast iron. General requirements and tests. (in Polish).

[22] Orłowicz, A.W., Mróz, M., Tupaj, M., Trytek, A. (2015). Shaping the microstructure of cast iron automobile cylinder liners aimed at providing high service properties. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(2), 79-84. DOI : 10.1515/afe-2015-0043.

[23] Orłowicz, A.W. & Trytek, A. (2003). Effect of rapid solidification on sliding wear of iron castings. Wear. 254(1-2), 154-163. DOI: 10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00301-0.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

A. Orłowicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Radoń

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Lenik

e-mail:

ORCID:

G. Wnuk

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland

Instructions for authors

Submission

To submit the article, please use the Editorial System provided here:

https://www.editorialsystem.com/afe

Papers submitted in any other way will not be accepted.

The Journal does not have submission charges.

The APC Article Processing Charge is 110 euros (500zł for Polish authors). In some cases, the APC is paid as a part of the scientific conference fee, for which the AFE journal is a supportive one. If not, it is payable after the acceptance of the final article by direct money transfer.

Bank account details:

Account holder: Stowarzyszenie Wychowankow Politechniki Slaskiej Kolo Odlewnikow
Account holder address: ul. Towarowa 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Account numbers: BIC BPKOPLPW IBAN PL17 1020 2401 0000 0202 0183 3748

Instructions for the preparation of an Archives of Foundry Engineering Paper

Publication Ethics Policy

Publication Ethics Policy

The standards of expected ethical behavior for all parties involved in publishing in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal: the author, the journal editor and editorial board, the peer reviewers and the publisher are listed below.

All the articles submitted for publication in Archives of Foundry Engineering are peer reviewed for authenticity, ethical issues and usefulness as per Review Procedure document.

Duties of Editors
1. Monitoring the ethical standards: Editorial Board monitors the ethical standards of the submitted manuscripts and takes all possible measures against any publication malpractices.
2. Fair play: Submitted manuscripts are evaluated for their scientific content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, citizenship, political ideology or any other issues that is a personal or human right.
3. Publication decisions: The Editor in Chief is responsible for deciding which of the submitted articles should or should not be published. The decision to accept or reject the article is based on its importance, originality, clarity, and its relevance to the scope of the journal and is made after the review process.
4. Confidentiality: The Editor in Chief and the members of the Editorial Board t ensure that all materials submitted to the journal remain confidential during the review process. They must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the parties involved in the publishing process i.e., authors, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher.
5. Disclosure and conflict of interest: Unpublished materials disclosed in the submitted manuscript must not be used by the Editor and the Editorial Board in their own research without written consent of authors. Editors always precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards.
6. Maintain the integrity of the academic record: The editors will guard the integrity of the published academic record by issuing corrections and retractions when needed and pursuing suspected or alleged research and publication misconduct. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable. Editorial Board always be willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions and apologies when needed.

Retractions of the articles: the Editor in Chief will consider retracting a publication if:
- there are clear evidences that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of misconduct (e.g. data fabrication) or honest error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error)
- the findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission or justification (cases of redundant publication)
- it constitutes plagiarism or reports unethical research.
Notice of the retraction will be linked to the retracted article (by including the title and authors in the retraction heading), clearly identifies the retracted article and state who is retracting the article. Retraction notices should always mention the reason(s) for retraction to distinguish honest error from misconduct.
Retracted articles will not be removed from printed copies of the journal nor from electronic archives but their retracted status will be indicated as clearly as possible.

Duties of Authors
1. Reporting standards: Authors of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the paper. The paper should contain sufficient details and references to permit others to replicate the work. The fabrication of results and making of fraudulent or inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and will cause rejection or retraction of a manuscript or a published article.
2. Originality and plagiarism: Authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if the authors have used the work and/or words of others they need to be cited or quoted. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable.
3. Data access retention: Authors may be asked to provide the raw data for editorial review, should be prepared to provide public access to such data, and should be prepared to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication of their paper.
4. Multiple or concurrent publication: Authors should not in general publish a manuscript describing essentially the same research in more than one journal. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable.
5. Authorship of the manuscript: Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the report study. All those who have made contributions should be listed as co-authors. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the paper, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
6. Acknowledgement of sources: The proper acknowledgment of the work of others must always be given. The authors should cite publications that have been influential in determining the scope of the reported work.
7. Fundamental errors in published works: When the author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.

Duties of Reviewers
1. Contribution to editorial decisions: Peer reviews assist the editor in making editorial decisions and may also help authors to improve their manuscript.
2. Promptness: Any selected reviewer who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself/herself from the review process.
3. Confidentiality: All manuscript received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except those authorized by the editor.
4. Standards of objectivity: Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Reviewers should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.
5. Acknowledgement of sources: Reviewers should identify the relevant published work that has not been cited by authors. Any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper should be reported to the editor.
6. Disclosure and conflict of Interest: Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relations with any of the authors, companies, or institutions involved in writing a paper.

Peer-review Procedure

Review Procedure

The Review Procedure for articles submitted to the Archives of Foundry Engineering agrees with the recommendations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education published in a booklet: ‘Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce’ (MNiSW, Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce, Warszawa 2011).

Papers submitted to the Editorial System are primarily screened by editors with respect to scope, formal issues and used template. Texts with obvious errors (formatting other than requested, missing references, evidently low scientific quality) will be rejected at this stage or will be sent for the adjustments.

Once verified each article is checked by the anti-plagiarism system Cross Check powered by iThenticate®. After the positive response, the article is moved into: Initially verified manuscripts. When the similarity level is too high, the article will be rejected. There is no strict rule (i.e., percentage of the similarity), and it is always subject to the Editor’s decision.
Initially verified manuscripts are then sent to at least four independent referees outside the author’s institution and at least two of them outside of Poland, who:

have no conflict of interests with the author,
are not in professional relationships with the author,
are competent in a given discipline and have at least a doctorate degree and respective
scientific achievements,
have a good reputation as reviewers.

The review form is available online at the Journal’s Editorial System and contains the following sections:

1. Article number and title in the Editorial System

2. The statement of the Reviewer (to choose the right options):

I declare that I have not guessed the identity of the Author. I declare that I have guessed the identity of the Author, but there is no conflict of interest

3. Detailed evaluation of the manuscript against other researches published to this point:

Do you think that the paper title corresponds with its contents?
Yes No
Do you think that the abstract expresses the paper contents well?
Yes No
Are the results or methods presented in the paper novel?
Yes No
Do the author(s) state clearly what they have achieved?
Yes No
Do you find the terminology employed proper?
Yes No
Do you find the bibliography representative and up-to-date?
Yes No
Do you find all necessary illustrations and tables?
Yes No
Do you think that the paper will be of interest to the journal readers?
Yes No

4. Reviewer conclusion

Accept without changes
Accept after changes suggested by reviewer.
Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review
Reject

5. Information for Editors (not visible for authors).

6. Information for Authors

Reviewing is carried out in the double blind process (authors and reviewers do not know each other’s names).

The appointed reviewers obtain summary of the text and it is his/her decision upon accepting/rejecting the paper for review within a given time period 21 days.

The reviewers are obliged to keep opinions about the paper confidential and to not use knowledge about it before publication.

The reviewers send their review to the Archives of Foundry Engineering by Editorial System. The review is archived in the system.

Editors do not accept reviews, which do not conform to merit and formal rules of scientific reviewing like short positive or negative remarks not supported by a close scrutiny or definitely critical reviews with positive final conclusion. The reviewer’s remarks are sent to the author. He/she has to consider all remarks and revise the text accordingly.

The author of the text has the right to comment on the conclusions in case he/she does not agree with them. He/she can request the article withdrawal at any step of the article processing.

The Editor-in-Chief (supported by members of the Editorial Board) decides on publication based on remarks and conclusions presented by the reviewers, author’s comments and the final version of the manuscript.

The final Editor’s decision can be as follows:
Accept without changes
Reject

The rules for acceptance or rejection of the paper and the review form are available on the Web page of the AFE publisher.

Once a year Editorial Office publishes present list of cooperating reviewers.
Reviewing is free of charge.
All articles, including those rejected and withdrawn, are archived in the Editorial System.

Reviewers

List of Reviewers 2022

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Vivek Ayar - Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Azwinur Azwinur - Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Iwona Bednarczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Łukasz Bohdal - Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Joanna Borowiecka-Jamrozek- The Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Debashish Bose - Metso Outotec India Private Limited, Vadodara, India
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
Murat Çolak - Bayburt University, Turkey
Adam Cwudziński - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Derya Dispinar- Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Flora Faleschini - University of Padova, Italy
Imre Felde - Obuda University, Hungary
Róbert Findorák - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Marek Góral - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Barbara Grzegorczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Ozen Gursoy - University of Padova, Italy
Gábor Gyarmati - University of Miskolc, Hungary
Jakub Hajkowski - Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Marek Hawryluk - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Dario Iljkić - University of Rijeka, Croatia
Magdalena Jabłońska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Nalepa Jakub - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aneta Jakubus - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Łukasz Jamrozowicz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Vitaliy Korendiy - Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Malgorzata Lagiewka - Politechnika Czestochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jingkun Li - University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
Petr Lichy - Technical University Ostrava, Czech Republic
Y.C. Lin - Central South University, China
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ewa Majchrzak - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Barnali Maji - NIT-Durgapur: National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Pawel Malinowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Matejka - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Bohdan Mochnacki - Technical University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
Grzegorz Moskal - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Krzysztof Naplocha - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Tomáš Obzina - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Peiman Omranian Mohammadi - Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
Zenon Opiekun - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Onur Özbek - Duzce University, Turkey
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Miroslawa Pawlyta - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacek Pezda - ATH Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Jacek Pieprzyca - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Marcela Pokusová - Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich, West Midlands, United Kingdom
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University Thailand Amit Sata - MEFGI, Faculty of Engineering, India
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Vasudev Shinde - DKTE' s Textile and Engineering India Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Bozo Smoljan - University North Croatia, Croatia
Leszek Sowa - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Sławomir Spadło - Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Stradomski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Roland Suba - Schaeffler Skalica, spol. s r.o., Slovak Republic
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jan Szajnar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Michal Szucki - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Damian Słota - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Tęcza - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Mirosław Tupaj - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University United States Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Iveta Vaskova - Technical University of Kosice, Slovak Republic
Dorota Wilk-Kołodziejczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Çağlar Yüksel - Atatürk University, Turkey
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Zych - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2021

Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Imam Basori - State University of Jakarta, Indonesia
Leszek Blacha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice
Poland Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Marcin Brzeziński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Alexandros Charitos - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Zhipei Chen - University of Technology, Netherlands
Józef Dańko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Przemysław Fima - Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN, Kraków, Poland
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers P Ltd., India
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Gábor Gyarmati - Foundry Institute, University of Miskolc, Hungary
Krzysztof Herbuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Agata Jażdżewska - Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Centre of Casting Technology, Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Adrian Kampa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Wojciech Kapturkiewicz- AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tatiana Karkoszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Himanshu Khandelwal - National Institute of Foundry & Forging Technology, Hatia, Ranchi, India
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Kokot - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík - CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Kopyciński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Janusz Kozana - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Kozieł - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Wacław Kuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacques Lacaze - University of Toulouse, France
Avinash Lakshmikanthan - Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, India
Jaime Lazaro-Nebreda - Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Maria Maj - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Mendakiewicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Hanna Myalska-Głowacka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - Physics-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Mitsuhiro Okayasu - Okayama University, Japan
Agung Pambudi - Sebelas Maret University in Indonesia, Indonesia
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Seyda Polat - Kocaeli University, Turkey
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Alena Pribulova - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich West Midlands, United Kingdom
Iulian Riposan - Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
Ferdynand Romankiewicz - Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, Zielona Góra, Poland
Mario Rosso - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karthik Shankar - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Amritapuri, India
Vasudev Shinde - Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Rajwada, Ichalkaranji, India
Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Jerzy Sobczak - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sebastian Sobula - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Soiński - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Studnicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mayur Sutaria - Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Gujarat, India
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sutiyoko Sutiyoko - Manufacturing Polytechnic of Ceper, Klaten, Indonesia
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Jacek Trzaska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University, United States
Muhammet Uludag - Selcuk University, Turkey
Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Tomasz Wrobel - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Antonin Zadera - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Bo Zhang - Hunan University of Technology, China
Xiang Zhang - Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Eugeniusz Ziółkowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sylwia Żymankowska-Kumon - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2020

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Rafał Babilas - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Emin Bayraktar - Supmeca/LISMMA-Paris, France
Jaroslav Beňo - VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Boczkal - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Wojciech Borek - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
John Campbell - University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Ganesh Chate - Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Mirosław Cholewa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Khanh Dang - Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
Vladislav Deev - Wuhan Textile University, China
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Malwina Dojka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Sergii Gerasin - Pryazovskyi State Technical University, Ukraine
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers Ltd, India
Marcin Górny - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Gołąbczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Libor Hlavac - VSB Ostrava, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Philippe Jacquet - ECAM, Lyon, France
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Damian Janicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Witold Janik - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków, Poland
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík -Institute of Engineering Technology CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Sergey Konovalov - Samara National Research University, Russia
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Janusz Krawczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Agnieszka Kupiec-Sobczak - Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Aleksander Lisiecki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Major-Gabryś - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Pavlo Maruschak - Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University, Ukraine
Sanjay Mohan - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India
Marek Mróz - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Sebastian Mróz - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
Konstantin Nikitin - Samara State Technical University, Russia
Daniel Pakuła - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland