Nauki Techniczne

Archives of Foundry Engineering

Opis

Archives of Foundry Engineering continues the publishing activity started by Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) in Katowice in 1978. The initiator of it was the first Chairman Professor Dr Eng. Wacław Sakwa – Corresponding Member of PAN, Honorary Doctor of Czestochowa University of Technology and Silesian University of Technology. This periodical first name was „Solidification of Metals and Alloys” , and made possible to publish the results of works achieved in the field of the Basic Problems Research Cooperation. The subject of publications was related to the title of the periodical and concerned widely understand problems of metals and alloys crystallization in a casting mold. In 1978-2000 the 44 issues have been published. Since 2001 the Foundry Commission has had patronage of the annually published “Archives of Foundry” and since 2007 quarterly published “Archives of Foundry Engineering”. Thematic scope includes scientific issues of foundry industry:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes,

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials,

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding,

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry,

Transport Systems in Foundry,

Castings Quality Management,

Environmental Protection.

Scoring assigned by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education: 100 points

IMPACT FACTOR 2022: 0.6

CiteScore metrics from Scopus 2022: 1.2
SCImago Journal Rank ( SJR) 2022: 0.197
Source Normalized Impact per Paper ( SNIP) 2022: 0.423

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The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ISSN

eISSN 2299-2944

Wydawcy

The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Editor in Chief:
J. Jezierski

0000-0003-2078-196X
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
jan.jezierski@polsl.pl

Deputy Editor:
D. Bartocha

0000-0002-3011-4434
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
dariusz.bartocha@polsl.pl

Subject Editors:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes
E. Guzik –

0000-0002-4449-532X, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
S. Gnyloskurenko –

0000-0003-0201-7191, PTIMA National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
J. Sobczak –

0000-0002-8878-1037, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials
O. P. Pandey –

0000-0002-6826-995X , Thapar University, Punjab, India
N. S. Tiedje –

0000-0001-5198-3551, DTU in Lyngby, Denmark
P. Lichy –

0000-0002-6170-4728, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding
B. Mochnacki –

0000-0001-8504-3744, University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
E. Majchrzak –

0000-0003-3555-2318, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Szucki –

0000-0002-2675-1836, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
M. Perzyk –

0000-0003-4901-7746, Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry
J. Bast –

0000-0002-9795-2352, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
R. Dańko –

0000-0003-2434-6025, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
M. Mróz –

0000-0002-7433-4092, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland

Castings Quality Management
D. Bolibruchova –

0000-0002-7374-9763, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. D. B. de Mello –

0000-0001-8912-2132, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
M. Górny –

0000-0001-6682-2611, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Environmental Protection
M. Holtzer –

0000-0002-6988-3329, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
J. Roučka –

0000-0003-0917-1810, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
S. Acharya –

0000-0001-6428-8961, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology, Vasad, Gujarat, India

Editorial Advisory Board:
M. Cholewa –

0000-0001-8598-6953, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
B. K. Dhindaw –

0000-0001-6991-9793, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
W. A. Hufenbach –

0000-0002-5131-3483, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
A. Zadera –

0000-0002-0555-370X , Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
A. Passerone –

0000-0002-0005-5314, CNR, Genova, Italy
I. Riposan –

0000-0002-4040-2798, Politehnica University of Bucharest Bucharest, Romania
A. Sládek –

0000-0002-7628-3524, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. Szajnar –

0000-0003-3622-843X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
R. B. Tuttle –

00000002-7689-259X, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
M. Okayasu –

0000-0003-3897-070X, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
I. Nova –

0000-0003-2287-9346, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
C. Caceres –

0000-0001-6521-2037, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
A. Dioszegi –

0000-0002-3024-9005, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden

Associate Editors:
A. Dulska –

0000-0001-6903-328X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Suchoń –

0000-0002-7019-3966, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Kondracki –

0000-0001-7840-5575, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
N. Przyszlak –

0000-0003-1683-0001, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Szymszal –

0000-0002-3229-6470, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

ul. Towarowa 7,
44-100 Gliwice, Poland
e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl

https://www.journal-afe.pl

Copyright

Copyright on any open access article in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal published by Polish Academy of Sciences is retained by the author(s). Authors grant Polish Academy of Sciences a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Authors also grant any user the right to use the article freely if its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified. The Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 formalizes these and other terms and conditions of publishing articles.

The editorial team of Archives of Foundry Engineering implements an open access policy by publishing materials in the form of the so-called Gold Open Access and encourages authors to place articles published in the journal in open repositories (after the review or the final version of the publisher), provided that a link to the journal’s website is provided.

Exceptions to copyright policy

For the articles which were previously published, before year 2022, policies that are different from the above. In all such, access to these articles is free from fees or any other access restrictions. Permissions for the use of the texts published in that journal may be sought directly from the Commission of Foundry Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, Poland, by e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl.

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2024
- vol. 24
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Zawartość

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2

1 Influence of Cold Work on the Efficiency of Vibratory Machining

D. Bańkowski , S. Spadło

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 5-10 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149265

Słowa kluczowe: Vibratory machining Brass Recrystallization Crushing Burrs removing

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Abstrakt

The aim of the article was to determine the impact of crushed condition (work hardening) on the effectiveness of the vibratory machining. The vibratory machining processing was carried out in two steps. The first step consisted of mechanical abrasion and remove oxides from the surface of the workpieces with abrasive media. While in the second step, smoothing - polishing with metal media was performed. Vibratory polishing also strengthened the treated surfaces. The test results were compared for samples in the crushed state (work hardening, plastic processing) and samples subjected to recrystallization annealing heat treatment. Mass losses, changes in the geometric structure of the surface and changes in the hardness of the machining surfaces were analyzed. Samples subjected to recrystallization, as compared to the samples in the state after work hardening-plastic working, are characterized by a slightly higher arithmetic mean surface roughness and lower surface hardness than for analogous processes for samples not subjected to heat treatment. Heat treatment of annealing allows to remove the effects of crushing and thus it is possible to obtain larger mass losses. Smaller burrs dimensions were obtained for samples after the heat treatment – annealing than after work hardening.

Przejdź do artykułu

Bibliografia

[1] Stal Centrum (2021). M63 - Material properties, Application. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from http://www.stal-Centrum.com.pl/index.php/pomoc-techniczna/charakterystyka-gatunkow/mosiadz/m63cuzn37 (in Polish).
[2] Bańkowski, D., & Spadło, S. (2017). Investigations of influence of vibration smoothing conditions of geometrical structure on machined surfaces. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 179 (1), 012002). DOI.: 10.1088/1757-899X/179/1/012002
[3] Ciampini, D., Papini, M. & Spelt, J.K. (2007). Impact velocity measurement of media in a vibratory finisher. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 183(2-3), 347-357. DOI.: 1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.10.024.
[4] Borovets, V., Lanets, O., Korendiy, V., Dmyterko, P. (2021). Volumetric vibration treatment of machine parts fixed in rotary devices. In: Tonkonogyi, V., et al., Advanced Manufacturing Processes II (pp.373-383). Springer, Cham. DOI.: 10.1007/978-3-030-68014-5_37.
[5] Mediratta, R., Ahluwalia, K. & Yeo, S.H. (2016). State-of-the-art on vibratory finishing in the aviation industry: An industrial and academic perspective. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 85, 415-429. DOI.: 10.1007/s00170-015-7942-0.
[6] Grigoriev, S.N., Metel, A.S., Tarasova, T.V., Filatova, A.A., Sundukov, S.K., Volosova, M.A., Okunkova, A.A., Melnik, Y.A. & Podrabinnik, P.A. (2020). Effect of cavitation erosion wear, vibration tumbling, and heat treatment on additively manufactured surface quality and properties. Metals. 10(11), 1540, 1-27. DOI.: 10.3390/met10111540.
[7] Canals, L., Badreddine, J., McGillivray, B., Miao, H.Y., Levesque, M. (2019). Effect of vibratory peening on the sub-surface layer of aerospace materials Ti-6Al-4V and E-16NiCrMo13. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 264, 91-106. DOI.: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.08.023.
[8] Uhlmann, E., Eulitz, A. (2018). Influence of ceramic media composition on material removal in vibratory finishing. Procedia CIRP. 72, 1445-1450. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.procir.2018.03.285
[9] Bańkowski, D., Spadło, S. (2017). Vibratory tumbling of elements made of Hardox400 steel. In 26th International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, 24-26 May 2017 (pp. 725-730). Brno, Czech Republic.
[10] Bankowski, D., Spadlo, S. (2018). Influence of ceramic media on the effects of tumbler treatment. In 27th International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, 23-25 May 2018, (pp. 1062-1066). Brno, Czech Republic.
[11] Metel, A.S., Grigoriev, S.N., Tarasova, T.V., Filatova, A.A., Sundukov, S.K., Volosova, M.A., Okunkova, A.A., Melnik, Y.A. & Podrabinnik, P.A. (2020). Influence of postprocessing on wear resistance of aerospace steel parts produced by laser powder bed fusion. Technologies. 8(4), 73. DOI.: 10.3390/technologies8040073.
[12] Glvan, D.O. et al. (2018). Study on the influence of supplying compressed air channels and evicting channels on pneumatical oscillation systems for vibromooshing. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 10-12 May 2017 (pp. 012069). Hunedoara, Romania. DOI.: 10.1088/1757-899X/294/1/012069.
[13] Bańkowski, D. & Spadło, S. (2020). Research on the influence of vibratory machining on titanium alloys properties. Archives of Foundry Engineering. ‏20(3), ‏47-52. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133329.
[14] Woźniak, K. (2017). Surface treatment in container smoothing machines. Warszawa: WNT (in Polish).
[15] Micallef, C., Zhuk, Y. & Aria, A.I. (2020). Recent progress in precision machining and surface finishing of tungsten carbide hard composite coatings. Coatings. 10(8), 731, 1-35. DOI.: 10.3390/coatings10080731.
[16] Domblesky, J., Evans, R. & Cariapa, V. (2004). Material removal model for vibratory finishing. International Journal of Production Research. 42(5). 1029-1041. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540310001619641.
[17] Bańkowski, D. & Spadło, S., (2019). The influence of abrasive paste on the effects of vibratory machining of brass. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 19(4), 5-10. DOI.: 10.24425/afe.2019.129622.
[18] Janecki, D., Stępień, K. & Adamczak, S. (2010). Problems of measurement of barrel- and saddle-shaped elements using the radial method. Measurement. 43(5), 659-663. DOI.: 10.1016/j.measurement.2010.01.015.
[19] Marciniak, M., Stefko, A., Szyrle W. (1983). Basics of processing in container smoothing machines. Warszawa: WNT. (in Polish).
[20] Hashimoto, F. & Debra, D.B. (1996). Modelling and optimization of vibratory finishing process. CIRP Annals. 45(1), 303-306. DOI.: 10.1016/S0007-8506(07)63068-6.

Przejdź do artykułu

Autorzy i Afiliacje

D. Bańkowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

S. Spadło

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kielce University of Technology, Poland

2 Effect of Matrix Type on Properties of Moulding Sand with Barley Malt

B. Samociuk , D. Nowak , D. Medyński

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 11-16 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149266

Słowa kluczowe: Moulding sands Barley malt Properties of moulding sands

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Abstrakt

The aim of the following work was to determine the possibility of using barley malt as a binder in moulding sands technology. The moulding sands prepared on the basis of three kinds of sands, i.e. quartz, olivine and chromite sands were analyzed. In order to determine the properties of moulding sands, typical determinations were made, i.e. moisture content, flowability, permeability, strength properties and abrasion wear. The obtained results indicate that it is possible to use barley malt as an independent binder for masses made of quartz, olivine and chromite sands.

Przejdź do artykułu

Bibliografia

[1] Major-Gabryś, K. (2019). Environmentally friendly foundry molding and core sands. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28(7), 3905-3911. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-019-03947-x.
[2] Serghini, A. & Bieda, S. (2003). Reduction of gas emissions through the use of a new generation of organic binders in foundries. In VI Casting Conference TECHNICAL 2003. Nowa Sól, Poland. (in Polish).
[3] Holtzer, M. & Grabowska, B. (2010). Basics of environmental protection with elements of environmental management. Kraków: Wydawnictwa AGH. (in Polish).
[4] Popoola, A.P.I., Abdulwahab, M. & Fayomi, O.S.I. (2012). Synergetic performance of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) and pine oil (Pinus sylvestris) as binders on foundry core strength. International Journal of the Phusical Sciences. 7(24), 3062-3066. DOI: 10.5897/IJPS12.347.
[5] Ochulorl, E.F., Ugboaja, J.O. & Olowomeye, O.A. (2019). Performance of kaolin and cassava starch as replacements for bentonite in moulding sand used in thin wall ductile iron castings. Nigerian Journal of Technology. 38(4), 947-956. DOI: 10.4314/njt.v38i4.18.
[6] Atanda, P.O., Akinlosotu, O. & Oluwole, L. (2014). Effect of some polysaccharide starch extracts on binding characteristics of foundry moulding sand. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research. 5(3), 362-367.
[7] Holtzer, M. (2003). Directions of development of molding and core sands with organic binders. Archives of Foundry. 3(9), 189-196. (in Polish).
[8] Lewandowski, J.L. (1997). Materials for casting molds. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Naukowe AKAPIT. (in Polish).
[9] Czerwiński, F., Mir, M. & Kasprzak, W. (2015). Application of cores and binders in metalcasting. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 28(3), 129-139, DOI: 10.1179/1743133614Y.0000000140. [10] da Silva, H.G., Ferreira, J.C.E., Kumar, V. & Garza-Reyes, J.A. (2020). Benchmarking of cleaner production in sand mould casting companies. Management of Environmental Quality. 31(5), 1407-1435, DOI: 10.1108/MEQ-12-2019-0272.
[11] Dobosz, S.M. Jelinek, P. & Major-Gabryś, K. (2011). Development tendencies of moulding and core sands. China Foundry. 8(4), 438-446.
[12] Bożym, M. (2018). Alternative directions for the use of foundry waste, with particular emphasis on energy management. Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią Polskiej Akademii Nauk (105, pp. 197–211). DOI: 10.24425/124358. (in Polish).
[13] Grabowska, B., Kaczmarska, K., Cukrowicz, S., Drożyński, D., Żymankowska-Kumon, S., Bobrowski, A. & Gawluk, B. (2018). Influence of carbon fibers addition on selected properties of microwave-cured moulding sand bonded with BioCo2 binder. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(3), 152-160. DOI: 10.24425/123618.
[14] Zymankowska-Kumon, S., Kaczmarska, K., Grabowska, B., Bobrowski, A. & Cukrowicz, S. (2020). Influence of the atmosphere on the type of evolved gases from phenolic binders. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 31-36. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.131279.
[15] Raji, A. (2000). Strategies for Reducing Harmful Emissions in Nigerian Foundry Industry. Nigeria Jurnal of Education and Technology. 1(1), 138-144.
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[17] Fayomi, O.S.I. (2016). Hybrid effect of selected local binders on the moulding properties of river niger silica sand for industrial application. Journal of Nanoscience with Advanced Technology. 1(4), 19-23. DOI: 10.24218/jnat.2016.19.
[18] Yaro, S.A. & Suleiman, M.U. (2006). Cassava / Guinea corn starches and Soybean oil as core binders in sand casting of aluminium silicon (Al-Si). Journal of Engineering and Technology (JET). 1(1), 47-55.
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[25] Zych, J. & Kaźnica, N. (2015). Moisture sorption and desorption processes on the example of moulding sands’ surface layers. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(4), 63-66. (in Polish).
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Przejdź do artykułu

Autorzy i Afiliacje

B. Samociuk

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Nowak

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Medyński

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Collegium Witelona Uczelnia Państwowa, Poland

3 Analysis of Influence of Sand Matrix on Properties of Moulding Compounds Made with Furan Resin Intended for 3D Printing

D.R. Gruszka , R. Dańko , M. Dereń , A. Wodzisz

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 17-24 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149267

Słowa kluczowe: Furfuryl resin Foundry engineering Sand moulds and cores 3D printing Binder jetting

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Abstrakt

Binder jetting (BJ) sand printing is a 3D printing process in which a sand mould or sand core is produced from an STL file. A single layer of a sand matrix consisting of one or more grains in height of sand is applied to a worktable, and then a liquid resin or binder is applied to bond the grains together. This process is repeated until the final result matches the CAD model. The sand matrix is the main component of ceramic cores and moulds. The present study aims to demonstrate the influence of the matrix used on the properties of the resulting moulding sand. Three types of sand matrices were selected for the study. The first was a quartz matrix for 3D printing with binder jetting; this is characterised by a sharp geometry that allows for proper layering during printing. Ordinary quartz sand was also used for the study; this type of sand is usually used for the production of sand cores in the hotbox process, among other things. The shape of this sand is irregular. The last matrix to be tested was Cerabeads sand; this was selected because its spherical geometry clearly distinguishes it from the other two matrices. The matrices were analysed for their grain sizes. Scanning electron microscope images were also taken to compare the geometries and chemical compositions of the respective matrices. In presented research utilises a sand matrix for the production of self-curing compounds with furan resin dedicated for binder jetting 3D printing. The moulding masses were produced in a laboratory circulation mixer. The laboratory moulds were produced with wooden core boxes and pre-compacted by vibration. The samples from the matrix for the 3D printing were produced using the binder jetting method. The samples were produced to determine the flexural strength, tensile strength, gas permeability, hot distortion, and apparent density. It was not possible to carry out tests for the Cerabeads sand, as the obtained moulds were too brittle to perform adequate tests. Tests with the other matrices have shown that the shape and size of the matrix affect the apparent density and gas permeability.

Przejdź do artykułu

Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

D.R. Gruszka

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Dańko

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Dereń

A. Wodzisz

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Poland

4 The Analysis of Influence of Compression Forces on the Strength of MM „Stahl 1018” Composite with the use of SolidWorks

A. Arustamian , D. Kalisz

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 25-34 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149268

Słowa kluczowe: Composite MM Stahl1018 SolidWorks Computer simulation Mechanical strength

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Abstrakt

Composite Multimetal Stahl 1018 has been used in the process of preserving worn surfaces of materials operating in extremely difficult conditions. This work presents the results of simulation of the mechanical properties of steel samples in contact with the MM "Stahl 1018" composite. Tests were carried out for various models with with one- and two-sided contact sample models with the composite. Theoretical tests were conducted in the "SolidWorks 2019" environment. It was found that the maximum strength of the specimen layer made of MM "Stahl 1018" material, which closely adheres to the surfaces of steel bases on both sides (444 MPa) is higher than that of the material layer in one-sided contact (358 MPa), for specimens with a height of 4.5 mm and at 80 °C. Simulations also revealed a significant increase in the maximum stress in the composite MM "Stahl 1018" for specimens in the so-called free state from 285 MPa to 358 MPa with the increasing temperature from 20 °C to 80 °C, for specimens 4.5 mm high.

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Bibliografia

[1] Sołek, K., Kalisz, D., Arustamian, A. & Ishchenko, A.A. (2017). Analysis of srength characteristics of composite materials under vibration loads at higher temperatures. Journal of Machine Construction and Maintenance – Problemy Eksploatacji 93-97.
[2] Arustamian, A., Sołek, K. & Kalisz, D. (2016). Identyfication of yield point of polymer – based composite material in the conditions of increased temperatures. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 61(3), 1561-1566. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2016-0255
[3] Kalisz, D. & Arustamian A. (2020). Multimetal Stahl 1018 composite – structure and strength properties. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(4), 29-35. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133351.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

A. Arustamian

D. Kalisz

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Poland

5 Exploration and Improvement of Room Temperature Properties for Organosilicon Slag Riser

Jljun Lu , Zhuofan Zhong , Hu Yongluan , Di Wu , Huafang Wang

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 35-43 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149269

Słowa kluczowe: Organosilicon slag Resol resin Drying Process Compressive Strength Air permeability

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Bibliografia

[1] Lu, J.J., Qian, J.B., Yang, L. & Wang, H.F. (2023). Preparation and performance optimization of organosilicon slag exothermic insulating riser. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 23(1),75-82. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.144283.
[2] Krajewski, P.K., Zovko-Brodarac, Z. & Krajewski, W.K. (2013). Heat exchange in the system mould - Riser - Ambient. Part I: Heat exchange coefficient from mould external surface. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 58(3), 833-835. DOI: 10.2478/amm-2013-0081.
[3] Vaskova, I., Conev, M. & Hrubovakova, M. (2017). The influence of using different types of risers or chills on shrinkage production for different wall thickness for material EN-GJS-400-18LT. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(2), 131–136. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0064.
[4] Sowa, L., Skrzypczak, T. & Kwiatoń, P. (2022). Numerical evaluation of the impact of riser geometry on the shrinkage defects formation in the solidifying casting. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 67(1), 181-187. DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137487.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jljun Lu

e-mail:

ORCID:

Zhuofan Zhong

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hu Yongluan

e-mail:

ORCID:

Di Wu

e-mail:

ORCID:

Huafang Wang

e-mail:

ORCID:

School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan Textile University, China

6 The use of Selected Lean Management Tools for Analyzing Defects in Pistons for Internal Combustion Engines

J. Piątkowski , M Łent-Trepczyńska , A. Krępa , M. Ferdyn

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 44-49 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149270

Słowa kluczowe: Lean Management Ishikawa diagram Pareto-Lorenz chart Casting defects Engine pistons

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Abstrakt

The article presents the most significant material defects found in pistons for internal combustion engines, along with a graphical method of categorization using a Pareto-Lorenz chart. For the top three defects (constituting approximately 80% of all issues), a slightly different Ishikawa chart was employed to identify the causes behind their occurrence. Remedial actions were proposed, to be implemented primarily within the interoperative quality control of piston casting. It was concluded that it is crucial to prevent the excessive iron content in the alloy used for alfin inserts (AS9 alloy), particularly for cast iron ring carriers. The research was conducted in collaboration with Federal-Mogul company in Gorzyce (F-MG), one of the largest piston foundries in Poland.

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Bibliografia

[1] Hines, P. (2003). Direction – Lean organization. Trans. Czerska J., Ed. Lean Q Centrum, Gdańsk. (in Polish).

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[7] Durlik, I. (2007). Management engineering. Warszawa: Placet. (in Polish).
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[9] Parkes, A. (2017). Cultural determinants of Lean Management. Warszawa: Difin. (in Polish).

[10] Janocha, M. (2016). Production process management in line with the concept of Lean Management in the automotive industry. Journal of Modern Management Process 1(2), 44-53.

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[12] Czerska, J. (2014). Improving the value stream. Gdańsk: PWE. (in Polish).
[13] Piątkowski, J. & Czerepak, M. (2020). The crystallization of AlSi9 alloy designed for the alfin processing of ring supports in the engine pistons. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(2), 65-70. DOI:10.24425/afe.2020.131304.

[14] Piątkowski, J. & Krępa, A. (2023). Casting pistons for combustion engines from aluminum alloys over 50 years of experience Federal-Mogul Gorzyce. Foundry Journal. 73(3/4), 84-85. (in Polish).

[15] Piątkowski J., Czerepak M. (2023). Improving the quality of bimetalic connection between the ring insert and the engine piston. In METAL 2023: 32nd International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, 17-19 May 2023 (40-41), Brno, Czech Republic. Ostrava: Tanger.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

J. Piątkowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

M Łent-Trepczyńska

A. Krępa

M. Ferdyn

Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Federal-Mogul Gorzyce, Poland
Magna Casting Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland

7 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the EN AC-AlSi12CuNiMg Alloy and AlSi Composite Reinforced with SiC Particles

G.G. Sirata , K. Wacławiak , A.J. Dolata

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 50-59 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149271

Słowa kluczowe: Metal matrix composites (MMCs) Mechanical properties SiC particle reinforcement Microstructure analysis Fractography

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Abstrakt

There is growing interest in developing more advanced materials, as conventional materials are unable to meet the demands of the automotive, aerospace, and military industries. To meet the needs of these sectors, the use of advanced materials with superior properties, such as metal matrix composites, is essential. This paper discusses the evaluation of microstructural and mechanical properties of conventional eutectic EN AC-AlSi12CuNiMg aluminum alloy (AlSi12) and advanced composite based on EN AC-AlSi12CuNiMg alloy matrix with 10 wt% SiC particle reinforcement (AlSi12/10SiCp). The microstructure of these materials was investigated with the help of metallographic techniques, specifically using a light microscope (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of the microstructural analysis show that the SiC particles are uniformly distributed in the matrix. The results of the mechanical tests indicate that the tensile properties and hardness of the AlSi12/10SiCp composite are significantly higher than those of the unreinforced eutectic alloy. For AlSi12/10SiCp composite, the tensile strength is 21% higher, the yield strength is 16% higher, the modulus of elasticity is 20% higher, and the hardness is 11% higher than unreinforced matrix alloy. However, the unreinforced AlSi12 alloy has a percentage elongation that is 16% higher than the composite material. This shows that the AlSi12/10SiCp composite has a lower ductility than the unreinforced AlSi12 alloy. The tensile specimens of the tested composite broke apart in a brittle manner with no discernible neck development, in contrast to the matrix specimens, which broke apart in a ductile manner with very little discernible neck formation.

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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

G.G. Sirata

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Wacławiak

e-mail:

ORCID:

A.J. Dolata

Department of Materials Technologies, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland

8 Calculations of Non-Metallic Particles Removal from Liquid Aluminium to Top Slag

P.L. Żak , K. Kuglin , M. Szucki , D. Kalisz , N. Mrówka , E. Dand

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 60-68 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149272

Słowa kluczowe: Numerical simulation Liquid aluminium Particle motion Inclusions

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Abstrakt

In the paper, the results of a numerical analysis of KCl and KF particles present in liquid aluminium assimilation to the slag are presented. The authors analysed particle movement in the slag model, which is based on buoyant, capillary, viscosity, Newton and repulsion forces, interfacial tensions at the interface of phases and surface energy during the particle movement through phases boundary. On the basis of the mathematical model, a computer programme was written to make simulations under different conditions. The results of particle position in the slag are presented for different particle radiuses: 1, 5, 10, 20 μm, and constant viscosity of the slag including velocity evolution of the velocity. Another approach was used to indicate the influence of slag viscosity on particle and slag penetration depth. During computations, selected viscosities of slag of 0.0012, 0.0015, 0.0018 [kg/m·s] were taken into account. Different comparisons were made for the chosen particle sizes. Each examination takes into account the impact of the particle type. The results clearly show that for larger particles the penetration depth is greater and viscosity of the slag has an impact on the velocity evolution during assimilation process.

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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

P.L. Żak

K. Kuglin

M. Szucki

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Kalisz

e-mail:

ORCID:

N. Mrówka

E. Dand

AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
NPA Skawina Sp. z o. o., Poland
Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany

9 Properties of Casting Al-Cu Alloy Modified by Mixed Rare Earth (La, Ce) and its Mechanism Analyzed

Xin Li , Medetbek Uulu Nurtilek , Ziqi Zhang , Lixia Wang , Quan Wu , Peixuan Mao , Rong Li

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 69-87 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149273

Słowa kluczowe: Cast aluminum alloy Mechanical properties RE modification Simulation calculations Mechanism analysis

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Abstrakt

To improve the mechanical properties of casting aluminum-copper alloy, the mixed rare earth (RE) was added to ZL206 and its properties and the enhanced mechanism of alloy were researched. The results showed that the strength and hardness of the composite were improved by 10.2% and 6.2%, respectively. After adding mixed RE, which was led by the heterogeneous enrichment area blocking the growth of the α-Al phase and making grain refinement during the solidification process. The simulation results of RE surface adsorption models by first principles also showed that the elastic constant calculation improved the bulk modulus, shear modulus, and Young's modulus of the material. The addition of mixed RE enhances the strength and hardness, although it adversely affects toughness and reduces the machining index. Also, the work function decreased, and the Fermi level increased, reflecting that the electron locality on each band was strong and the bonding state of the alloy system was covalent, which showed that the corrosion resistance was enhanced after adding mixed RE. It provides a new method for the mechanism of RE-modified aluminum-copper alloys and expands the direction of cast aluminum-copper alloy modification.

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Bibliografia

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Przejdź do artykułu

Autorzy i Afiliacje

Xin Li

e-mail:

ORCID:

Medetbek Uulu Nurtilek

Ziqi Zhang

Lixia Wang

Quan Wu

Peixuan Mao

Rong Li

e-mail:

ORCID:

School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, China

10 Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Aluminum Composites: A Compo-Casting Approach with ZrO₂ , Al₂O₃ , and SiC

S. Farahany , M.K. Hamdani , M.R. Salehloo , M. Krol , E. Cheraghali

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 88-97 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149274

Słowa kluczowe: Hybrid composite Aluminum Compo-casting Wear Bismuth

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Abstrakt

The present study evaluates the microstructural features, mechanical properties, and wear characteristics of the newly developed hybrid composite of A356/ZrO₂/Al₂O₃/SiC produced by compo-casting at 605±5 °C, 600 rpm for 15 minutes with less than 30% solid fraction in which Bi and Sn were added separately to the matrix before introducing reinforcements. FESEM micrographs and corresponding EDS illustrated the successful incorporation of particles in the matrix. Fine particles of ZrO2 were observed close to the coarse Al₂O₃, and SiC particles, along with Bi and Sn elements, were detected at the eutectic evolution region. The A356+Bi/Al₂O₃+ZrO₂+SiC hybrid composite exhibited the lowest specific wear rate (1.642 ×10^-7cm³/Nm) and friction coefficient (0.31) under applied loads of 5, 10, and 20 N, in line with the highest hardness (73.4 HBN). Analysis of the worn surfaces revealed that the wear mechanism is mostly adhesive in all synthesized composites, which changed to the combination of adhesive and abrasive mode in the case containing Bi and SiC. Inserting Bi not only leads to the refinement of eutectic Si but also enhances the adhesion between the matrix/particles and improves lubricity. This, in turn, reduces the wear rate and coefficient of friction, ultimately improving the performance of the hybrid composite.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

S. Farahany

M.K. Hamdani

M.R. Salehloo

M. Krol

E. Cheraghali

Buein Zahra Technical University, Iran
Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran
Silesian University of Technology

11 The Technique of Inorganic Core Sand Shooting with Reduced Pressure in Venting System

M. Skrzyński , R. Dańko , G. Dajczer

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 98-103 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149275

Słowa kluczowe: Foundry engineering Sand moulds and cores Inorganic binder materials Core shooting technique

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Abstrakt

The publication presents a new shooting technique with reduced pressure in venting system for manufacturing foundry cores using inorganic sand mixture with Cordis binder. Traditional technologies for producing casting cores using blowing methods, despite their undeniable advantages, including the ability to produce cores in series, also come with some disadvantages. The primary drawbacks of the process involve uneven compaction structure of the cores, with denser areas primarily located under the blow holes, and under-shooting defects, which often occur in regions away from the blow hole or in increased core cross-sectional areas. In an effort to improve core quality, a concept was developed that involves incorporating a reduced pressure in the core box venting system to support the basic overpressure process. The solutions proposed in the publication with a vacuum method of filling the cavities of multi-chamber core boxes solve a number of technical problems occurring in conventional blowing technologies. It eliminates difficulties associated with evacuating the sand from the chamber to the shooting head and into technological cavity and increases the uniform distribution and initial degree of compacting of grains in the cavity. The additive role of this “underpressure” support is to enhance corebox venting by eliminating 'air cushions' in crevices and structural elements that obstruct the flow of evacuated air. The publication presents the results of studies on core manufacturing using blowing methods conducted in three variants: classic overpressure, utilizing the core box filling phenomenon by reducing pressure, and an integrated approach combining both these methods.

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Bibliografia

[1] Dańko, J. (1992). Process of production of moulds and cores by mean of blowing methods. Theory and tests. Series Dissertations and Monography. AGH Publishing House. (in Polish).

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

M. Skrzyński

R. Dańko

e-mail:

ORCID:

G. Dajczer

AGH University of Krakow, Poland
KPR PRODLEW-KRAKÓW Spółka z o.o., Alfreda Dauna 78, 30-629 Krakow, Poland

12 Decarbonization of Production Systems in Foundries

C. Kolmasiak

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 104-109 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149276

Słowa kluczowe: Decarbonization Renewable energy Foundry production

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Abstrakt

The article discusses the growing importance of decarbonization of production systems in the foundry industry as a response to climate challenges and increasing requirements for sustainable development. The process of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in foundry production is caused by a number of reasons. Decarbonization of the foundry industry refers to actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide (CO₂). Reducing carbon dioxide emissions is increasingly being considered as a key element of the strategy of both small and large foundries around the world. Foundry is one of the industries that generates significant amounts of carbon dioxide emissions due to the energy consumption in the process of melting and forming metals. There is virtually no manufacturing industry that does not use elements cast from iron, steel or non-ferrous metals, ranging from elements made of aluminum to zinc. The article presents various decarbonization strategies available to foundries, such as: the use of renewable energy, the use of more efficient melting technologies, or the implementation of low-energy technologies throughout the production process. Application examples from different parts of the world illustrate how these strategies are already being put into practice, as well as the potential obstacles and challenges to full decarbonization.

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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

C. Kolmasiak

Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Production Management, Poland

13 Study on Mn Volatilization Behavior During Vacuum Melting of High-manganese Steel

Jialiu Lei , Yongjun Fu , Li Xiong

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 110-116 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149277

Słowa kluczowe: Mn volatilization behavior Vacuum melting Thermodynamics High-manganese steel

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Abstrakt

As an alloying element in steel, manganese can considerably enhance the mechanical properties of structural steel. However, the Mn volatilisation loss in vacuum melting is severe because of the high saturated vapour pressure, resulting in an unstable Mn yield and Mn content fluctuation. Therefore, a systematic study of the volatilisation behaviour of Mn in vacuum melting is required to obtain a suitable Mn control process to achieve precise control of Mn composition, thereby providing a theoretical basis for industrial melting of high-Mn steel. In order to explore the Mn volatilization behavior, the volatilization thermodynamics and volatilisation rate of Mn, as well as the influence factors are discussed in this study. The results shows that Mn is extremely volatilised into the vapour phase under vacuum, the equilibrium partial pressure is closely related to Mn content and temperature. With an increase in the Mn content, a higher C content has a more obvious inhibitory effect on the equilibrium partial pressure of Mn. The maximum theoretical volatilisation rate of Mn shows a linear upward trend with an increase in Mn content. However, a higher C content has a more obvious effect on the reduction of the maximum theoretical volatilisation rate with the increase of Mn content. This study provides an improved understanding of Mn volatilisation behaviour as well as a theoretical foundation for consistent Mn yield control during the vacuum melting process of high-Mn steel.

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Bibliografia

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[6] Jia, Q.X., Chen, L., Xing, Z.B., Wang, H.Y., Jin, M., Chen, X., Choi, H. & Han, H. (2022). Tailoring hetero-grained austenite via acyclic thermomechanical process for achieving ultrahigh strength-ductility in medium-Mn steel. Scripta Materialia. 217, 114767, 1-6. DOI:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.114767.

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[11] Dumay, A., Chateau, J.P., Allain, S., Migot, S. & Bouaziz, O. (2008). Influence of addition elements on the stacking-fault energy and mechanical properties of an austenitic Fe-Mn-C steel. Materials Science & Engineering A. 483-484, 184-187. DOI:10.1016/j.msea.2006.12.170.

[12] Lee, J.H., Sohn, S.S., Hong, S.M., Suh, B.C., Kim, S.K. Lee, B.J., Kim, N.J. & Lee, S.H. (2014). Effects of Mn addition on tensile and charpy impact properties in austenitic Fe-Mn-C-Al-based steels for cryogenic applications. Metallurgical & Materials Transactions A. 45(12), 5419-5430. DOI:10.1007/s11661-014-2513-9.

[13] Sohn, S.S., Hong, S.H., Lee, J.H., Suh, B.C., Kim, S.K., Lee, B.J., Kim, N.J. & Lee, S.H. (2015). Effects of Mn and Al contents on cryogenic-temperature tensile and charpy impact properties in four austenitic high-Mn steels. Acta Materialia. 100, 39-52. DOI:10.1016/j.actamat.2015.08.027.

[14] Zagrebelnyy, D. & Krane, M.J. (2009). Segregation development in multiple melt vacuum arc remelting. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 40, 281-288. DOI:10.1007/s11663-008-9163-5.

[15] Shi, Z.Y., Wang, H., Gao, Y.H., Wang, Y.T., Yu, F., Xu, H.F., Zhang, X.D., Shang, C. & Cao, W.Q. (2022). Improve fatigue and mechanical properties of high carbon bearing steel by a new double vacuum melting route. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, 45(7), 1995-2009. DOI:10.1111/ffe.13716.

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[17] Klapczynski, V., Courtois, M., Meillour, R., Bertrand, E., Maux, D.L., Carin, M., Pierre, T., Masson, P.L. & Paillard, P. (2022). Temperature and time dependence of manganese evaporation in liquid steels. multiphysics modelling and experimental confrontation. Scripta Materialia. 221, 114944, 1-6. DOI:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.114944.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jialiu Lei

Yongjun Fu

Li Xiong

Hubei Polytechnic University, China
Hubei Guoan Special Steel Inspection and Testing Co., Ltd.

14 Bio-regeneration for Sodium Silicate Used Sands and its Unattended Monitoring System

Huafang Wang , Zhaoxian Jing , Ao Xue , Yuhan Tang , Lei Yang , Jijun Lu

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 117-123 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149278

Słowa kluczowe: Sodium silicate used sands Diatom Water bloom Internet of Things platform

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Abstrakt

Sodium silicate, known for its low cost and non-toxicity, has been considered as a promising option for green foundry in terms of mould sands. However, the utilization of used sodium silicate sands has posed significant challenges. To address the issues of high energy consumption and secondary pollution associated with wet and dry regeneration of sodium silicate used sands, this paper proposes a novel unattended biological regeneration system. The system involves culturing diatoms in an incubator with a solution of sodium silicate used sands. The incubator is equipped with built-in sensors that continuously monitor temperature, illuminance, pH, and water level. The monitoring data is transmitted in real-time to the Yeelink Internet of Things platform via the controller using the TCP/IP protocol. By logging onto the corresponding web page, the experimenter can remotely observe the monitoring data. The results of the experiment indicate that diatoms bloomed five times, and the water pH decreased from 10.2 to 8.2 after 40 days of cultivation. Additionally, the film removal rate of the used sands reached 90.26%.

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Bibliografia

[1] Stachowicz, M., Granat, K. & Pałyga, L. (2017). Influence of sand base preparation on properties of chromite moulding sands with sodium silicate hardened with selected methods. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62(1), 379-383. DOI:10.1515/amm-2017-0059.

[2] Stachowicz, M., Pałyga, Ł. & Kȩpowicz, D. (2020). Influence of automatic core shooting parameters in hot-box technology on the strength of sodium silicate olivine moulding sands. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 67-72. DOI:10.24425/afe.2020.131285.

[3] Samociuk, B. Gal, B., & Nowak, D. (2021). Research on assessment of the applicability of malted barley binder in moulding sand technology. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(1), 74-80. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136081.

[4] Hokim, K., Min, B., Mansig, L., Park, H. & Hobaek, J. (2021). Regeneration of used sand with sodium silicate binder by wet method and their core manufacturing. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 23, 121-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01103-5.

[5] Shuanghong, Z., Bo, Y., Wei, Z., Shuang, L. & Gang, K. (2021). Composition and properties of methyl silicate/silicate composite coatings. Journal of Materials Engineering. 49(5), 163-170. DOI:10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2019.000850.

[6] Huafang, W., Zitian, F., Shaoqiang, Y. & Fuchu, L. (2012).Wet regeneration of sodium silicate used sand and biological treatment of its wastewater by Nitzschia palea. China Foundry. 9(1), 34-38. DOI:1672-6421(2012)01-034-05.

[7] Lu, Z., Songcui, W., Wenhui, G., Lijun, W., Jing, W., Shan, G. & Guangce, W. (2021). Photosynthesis acclimation under severely fluctuating light conditions allows faster growth of diatoms compared with dinoflagellates. BMC Plant Biology. 21, 164. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-02902-0.

[8] Renji, Z., Zijie, R., Huimin, G., Anling, Z. & Zheng, B. (2018). Effects of calcination on silica phase transition in diatomite. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 757, 364-371. DOI:10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.05.010.

[9] Xinxin, W., Hongli, Y., Pengxin, C., Lijun, W. & Jinxing, N. (2021). Design of thermometer based on STM32 and Bluetooth. Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering. 21(5), 1417-1432. DOI:10.3233/JCM-214878.

[10] Minghui, Z. & Juan, D. (2020). Design and development of smart socket based on STM32. Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences. 20(11), 1-17. DOI:10.3233/JCM-193761.

[11] Lu, Y., Han, X. & Li, Z. (2021). Enabling intelligent recovery of critical materials from Li-Ion battery through direct recycling process with internet-of-things. Materials. 14(23), 715, 1-18. DOI: 10.3390/ma14237153.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Huafang Wang

e-mail:

ORCID:

Zhaoxian Jing

Ao Xue

Yuhan Tang

Lei Yang

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jijun Lu

e-mail:

ORCID:

School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan Textile University, China

15 Influence of the Rate of Cooling/Solidification on the Location of Characteristic Points on the AT and ADT Curves of Cast Iron

J.S. Zych

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 124-130 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149279

Słowa kluczowe: thermal analysis cast iron cooling/solidification rate cups AT

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Abstrakt

The paper presents the results of the analysis of cooling curves of cast iron with approximately eutectic composition rasterized at different rates of cooling and ingot crystallization. The test samples were in the form of rods with a diameter of 30,0.mm and a coagulation modulus M = 0.75 cm. They were cast in a sand mould made of furan mass placed on a chill in the form of a cast-iron plate, with which one of the front surfaces of the rod casting was in contact. In this way, a differentiated cooling rate along the rod was achieved. At selected distances from the chiller (5, 15, 25, 25 and 45 mm) thermocouple moulds were placed in the cavity to record the cooling curves used in thermal (AT) and derivation (ATD) analysis. The solidification time of the ingot in the part farthest from the chiller was about 200s, which corresponds to the solidification time in the test cup AT. An analysis of the recorded cooling curves was performed in order to determine the values of characteristic points on the AT curve (Tsol. Tliq, ΔTrecal., τclot, etc.). Relationships between cooling time and rate and characteristic points on AT and ATD curves were developed. For example, Tsol min changes in the range of 1115 - 1145 for the range of cast iron solidification times in the selected ingot zone from ~ 70 to ~ 200 s, which corresponds to the process speed from 0.0047 to 0.014 [1/s]. The work also includes an analysis of other characteristic points on the AT and ATD curves as functions of the solidification rate of cast iron of the same composition.

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Bibliografia

[1] Humphreys, J.G. (1961). Effect of composition on the liquidus and eutectic temperatures on the eutectic point of cast iron. BCIRA Journal. 9(5), 609-621.

[2] Władysiak, R. (2001). Quality control of austenitic cast iron using the ATD method. Archives of Foundry. 1(2), 400-407. (in Polish)

[3] Falęcki, Z., Zych, J., Pyka, M. (1982). Research and development of comprehensive quality control of liquid cast iron using thermal analysis. AGH, Project No. 5.371.50, Kraków. (in Polish).

[4] Falęcki, Z., Zych, J. (1989). Equipment for quality control of liquid metal. Patent PRL, No. 247772. Warszawa. (in Polish).

[5] Gawroński, J., Szajnar, J., Jura, Z., & Studnicki, A. (2004). Prof. S. Jura, creator of the theory and industrial applications of diagnostics and consumption of metals and alloys. Archives of Foundry. 4(16), 1-74. (in Polish).

[6] Heraeus (2024). Thermal Analysis of Cast Iron. Retrieved January 21, 2024 from www.electro-nite.be.

[7] Novacast (2024). ATAS - Thermal Analysis System, NovaCast Foundry Saltions. Retrieved January 15, 2024 from www.novacastfoundry.se

[8] Stefanescu, D.M. (2015). Thermal analysis - theory and applications in metalcasting. International Journal of Metalcasting. 9(1), 7-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03355598.

[9] Zych, J. (2016). Impact of speed of cooling of initial phase (α) and of eutectics (α + β) on physical and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Mg alloys. In 72nd World Foundry Congress, 21-25th May 2016 (pp. 1-2). Nagoya, Japan.

[10] Stawarz, M. & Szajnar, J. (2003). Quality assessment of ductile iron using the ATD method. Archives of Foundry. 3(10), 199-206. ISSN 1642-5308. (in Polish).

[11] Jura, S., Sakwa, J. & Borek, K. (1980). Differential analysis of solidification and crystallization processes of gray cast iron. Krzepnięcie Metali i Stopów. 3, 25-35. (in Polish)

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[14] Zych, J. (2015). Analisys of castings defects - selected problems – laboratory. AGH. Kraków, SU 1737. (in Polish).

[15] Zych, J. (2013). Assessment of the cooling curve using the thermal and derivation-gradient analysis method (ATDG), Foundry’s guide. vol. I, Materials (pp. 964-981). Poland: Wydawnictwo Stowarzyszenia Technicznego Odlewników Polskich (in Polish).

[16] Döpp, R., Blankenagel, D. (1979). Zur thermischen analyse von temperguss und grauguss. Giesserei. 66(7), 182-186.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

J.S. Zych

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Reymonta 23. 30-059 Kracow, Poland,

16 Analysis of Fragmentation Phenomenon of Composite Layers of Fe-TiC Type Obtained “in situ” in Steel Casting

J. Marosz , S. Sobula

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 131-136 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149280

Słowa kluczowe: Surface layer Cast steel “In situ” composite MMCs composites SHSM reaction

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Abstrakt

A method for fabrication of a composite layer on the surface of a steel casting using coating containing TiC substrates was presented. The reaction of the synthesis of the ceramic phase was based on the SHS method (Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis) and was triggered by the heat of molten steel. High hardness titanium carbide ceramic phases were obtained, which strengthened the base material improving its performance properties presented in this article. Microstructural examinations carried out by light microscopy (LM) on the in-situ produced composite layers showed that the layers were the products of reaction of the TiC synthesis – the phenomenon called “fragmentation” by the authors of study. The examinations carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have revealed the presence of spheroidal precipitated and free of impurities. The presence of titanium carbide was twofold increase in hardness in the area of the composite layer as compared to the base alloy which was carbon cast steel.

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Bibliografia

[1] Swain, B., Bhuyan, S., Behera, R., Mohapatra, S., Behera, A. (2020). Wear: a serious problem in industry. In Patnaik, A., Singh, T., & Kukshal, V. (Eds.), Tribology in Materials and Manufacturing-Wear, Friction and Lubrication (pp. 279-298). DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.94211.

[2] Nowotyńska, I., Kut, S. & Kogut, K. (2018). Laser hardening of tools with the use of the beam. Autobusy. 19(6), 636-639. DOI: 10.24136/atest.2018.147. (in Polish).

[3] Wołowiec-Korecka, E., Korecki, M., Klimek, L. (2022). Influence of flow and pressure of carburising mixture on low-pressure carburising process efficiency. Coatings. 12(3), 337, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12030337.

[4] Jhao-Yo Guo, Yu-Lin Kuo, Hsien-Po Wang, (2021). A facile nitriding approach for improved impact wear of martensitic cold-work stell using H2/N2 mixture gas in an ac pulsed atmospheric plasma jet. Coatings. 11(9), 1119, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091119.

[5] Sedov, V., Martyanov, A., Altakhov, A. (2022). Effect of substrate holder design on stress and uniformity of large-area polycrystalline diamond films grown by microwave plasma-assisted CVD. Coatings. 10(10), 939, 1-10. DOI:10.3390/coatings10100939

[6] Bitay, E., Tóth, L., Kovacs, T.A., Nyikes, Z. & Gergely, A.L. (2021). Experimental study on the influence of TiN/AlTiN PVD layer on the surface characteristics of hot work toll steel. Applied Sciences. 11(19), 9309, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199309.

[7] Zhu, Yc., Wei, Zj., Rong, Sf., Wang, H. & Zou, C. (2016). Formation mechanism of bimetal composite layer between LCS and HCCI. China Foundry. 13, 396-401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41230-016-5021-2.

[8] Szajnar, J. & Wróbel, T. (2015). Bimetallic casting: ferritic stainless steel – grey cast iron. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 60(3), 2361-2365. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2015-0385. ISSN 1733-3490.

[9] Wang, F., Xu, L., Wei, S. et al. (2021). Preparation and wear properties of high-vanadium alloy composite layer. Friction. 10, 1166-1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-021-0515-3.

[10] Ovcharenko, P.G., Leshchev, A.Y., Tarasov, V.V. et al. (2021). Effect of alloyed coating composition on composite casting surface layer properties. Metallurgist. 64, 1208-1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11015-021-01106-z

[11] Studnicki, A., Dulska, A. & Szajnar, J. (2017). Reinforcing cast iron with composite insert. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62(1), 355-357, DOI: 10.1515/amm-2017-0054.

[12] Fraś, E., Olejnik, E., Janas, A. & Kolbus, A. (2009). FGMs generated method SHSM. Archives of Foundry Engineering 9(2), 123-128. ISSN (1897-3310).

[13] Olejnik, E., Janas, A., Kolbus, A. & Grabowska, B. (2011) Composite layer fabricated by in situ technique in iron castings. Composites (Kompozyty). 11(2), 120-124.

[14] Szymański, Ł., Olejnik, E., Tokarski, T., Kurtyka, P., Drożyński, D. & Żymankowska-Kumon S. (2018) Reactive casting coatings for obtaining in situ composite layers based on Fe alloys. 350, 346-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.06.085.

[15] Szymański, Ł. (2020). Composite layers produced in situ in castings based on Fe alloys. PhD thesis. AGH, Kraków.

[16] Szymański, Ł., Sobczak, J.J., Peddeti. K. (2024). Production of metal matrix composite reinforced by TiC by reactive infiltration of cast iron into Ti + C preforms. Ceramic international. 50(10), 17452-17464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.02.233.

[17] Szymański, Ł., Olejnik, E. & Sobczak, J.J. (2022). Dry sliding, slurry abrasion and cavitation erosion of composite layers reinforced by TiC fabricated in situ cast steel and gray cast iron. Elsevier. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 308, 117688, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117688.

[18] Szymański, Ł., Olejnik, E., Sobczak, J.J. (2022). Improvement of TiC/Fe in situ composite layer formation on surface of Fe-based castings. Materials Letters. 309, 131399, 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.131399.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

J. Marosz

S. Sobula

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Poland

17 Impact of Aging Time on the Metallurgical Properties and Hardness Characteristics of an Al-Si-Mg-Cr Hypoeutectic Alloy Intended for Automotive Applications

V.V. Ramalingam , K.V. Shankar , B. Shankar , R. Abhinandan , A. Dineshkumar , P.A. Adhithyan , K. Velusamy , A. Kapilan , N. Sudheer

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 137-142 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149281

Słowa kluczowe: Al-Si-Mg Microstructure Hardness Eutectic

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Abstrakt

This research investigates the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of LM25 (Al-Si-Mg) alloy and Cr-modified LM25-Cr (Al-Si-Mg-Cr) alloy. Microstructural analysis reveals distinctive ε-Si phase morphologies, with Cr addition refining dendritic structures and reducing secondary dendrite arm spacing in the as-cast condition. Cr modification results in smaller-sized grains and a modified ε-Si phase, enhancing nucleation sites and reducing ε-Si size. Microhardness studies demonstrate significant increases in hardness for both alloys after solutionising and aging treatments. Cr-enriched alloy exhibits superior hardness due to solid solution strengthening, and prolonged aging further influences ε-Si particle size and distribution. The concurrent rise in microhardness, attributed to refined dendritic structures and unique ε-Si morphology, underscores the crucial role of Cr modification in tailoring the mechanical properties of aluminium alloys for specific applications.

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Bibliografia

[1] Gustafsson, G., Thorvaldsson, T. & Dunlop, G. L. (1986). The influence of Fe and Cr on the microstructure of cast Al-Si-Mg alloys. Metallurgical Transactions A. 17(1), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02644441.

[2] Liang, C., Zhao, J. F., Chang, J. & Wang, H. P. (2020). Microstructure evolution and nano-hardness modulation of rapidly solidified Ti–Al–Nb alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 836, 155538, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155538.

[3] Tsepeleva, A., Novák, P., Vlášek, J. & Simoniakin, A. (2023). Use of rapid solidification in processing of aluminum alloys with reduced deep-sea nodules. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 968, 171790, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.171790.

[4] Ahmad, R. (2018). The effect of chromium addition on fluidity, microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium LM6 cast alloy. International Journal of Material Science and Research. 1(1), 32-35. https://doi.org/10.18689/ijmsr-1000105.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

V.V. Ramalingam

K.V. Shankar

B. Shankar

R. Abhinandan

A. Dineshkumar

P.A. Adhithyan

K. Velusamy

A. Kapilan

N. Sudheer

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, 64112, India
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India; Centre for Flexible Electronics and Advanced Marerials, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India

18 Research of Casting and Solidification of Steel Ingots by Application of Low-Melting Materials

E. Kantoríková , J. Moravec

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 143-150 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149282

Słowa kluczowe: Casting process Mold Shrinkage Temperature course

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Abstrakt

The article describes the simulation of the casting of the low-melting material stearin into a mold, which serves as a real simulation basis for monitoring the displacement during the solidification of steel ingots. The physical properties and occurrence of shrinkage are comparable for both liquid stearin and molten steel. In this way, it is possible to easily monitor the solidification of ingots after casting, while the entire simulation takes place at low temperatures, which is experimentally simpler and more practical than trial casting steel at high temperatures. The process is convenient, simple, fast and cheap. The essence is therefore the application of a new perspective on the mentioned process and its transfer into foundry practice. The temperature drop in the entire volume of the sample was monitored from filling the mold to cooling to ambient temperature and the formation of shrinkage, which was monitored and evaluated in the internal body of the ingot. The tests confirmed the suitability of selected material for this method of experimental work because they were able to capture the real behavior of the cast steel in the mold. The method proves to be suitable for industrial applications where similar multidimensional castings are produced.

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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

E. Kantoríková

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Moravec

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Žilina, Slovak Republic

19 Corrosion of Pure Magnesium and Binary Magnesium Alloy in Ringer's Solution

A. Fijołek

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 151-158 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149283

Słowa kluczowe: Biodegradability Corrosion Ringer solution Mg-Zn alloy Equivalent circuit

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Abstrakt

The work presents monitoring of the corrosion rate for pure magnesium and the binary magnesium alloy Mg72Zn28. Alloying elements with a purity of 99.9% were used. The melting was performed under the protection of inert gas - argon in an induction furnace. The liquid alloy was poured into a copper mold. In order to make amorphous ribbons, the obtained samples in the form of rods were re-melted on a melt spinner machine. The next step was to perform corrosion tests in Ringer's solution. Corrosion tests were carried out at a temperature of 37°C and pH 7.2. The purpose of using Ringer's solution was to recreate the conditions for the body fluids of the human body. The use of the following research methods, such as: OCP (open circuit potential), LSV (linear sweep voltammetry) and EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), was aimed at determining the corrosion resistance of the tested materials. Tests carried out in Ringer's solution showed that pure magnesium has significantly worse corrosion resistance than the binary Mg72Zn28 alloy. The conducted research also confirmed that the cathodic reaction takes place faster on the surface of amorphous ribbons. It was also confirmed that for both crystalline materials there is diffusion of chloride ions through the corrosion product layer. SEM-EDS tests were performed on the surface of an amorphous ribbon of the Mg72Zn28 alloy after corrosion in Ringer's solution.

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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

A. Fijołek

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering Reymonta 23 Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland

20 Usage of the Cast Iron Cylindrical Liner in an Automobile Engine Block

A. Orłowicz , M. Radoń , M. Lenik , G. Wnuk

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 159-163 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149284

Słowa kluczowe: Cylinder liner Phosphoric eutectic Graphite Macro and micro wear

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Abstrakt

This study addresses the issues related to the quality of the connection between cast iron liners and inserts in a pressure die-cast automotive engine block, along with the macro and micro wear of the cylinder bearing surface. it was found that the commonly used HPDC high-pressure casting technology of Al-Si alloy engine blocks with cast iron liners, in which the cylinder liner is then recreated, does not ensure their metallic connection. The micro-gap created there becomes thicker as the engine is used, which worsens the conditions for heat dissipation from the sleeve to the block. Locally, on the surface of the cylinder bearing surface, reductions in honing effects and longitudinal cracks were observed. The presented literature mechanism of micro wear of the cylinder bearing surface, dependent on the morphology of graphite segregations, was confirmed. The mechanism of creating micro-breaks in the area of phosphoric eutectic and graphite precipitation occurrence was presented, initiated by the formation of microcracks in the eutectic and delaminations at the eutectic-matrix boundary.

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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

A. Orłowicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Radoń

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Lenik

e-mail:

ORCID:

G. Wnuk

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland

Instrukcja dla autorów

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Zasady etyki publikacyjnej

Publication Ethics Policy

The standards of expected ethical behavior for all parties involved in publishing in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal: the author, the journal editor and editorial board, the peer reviewers and the publisher are listed below.

All the articles submitted for publication in Archives of Foundry Engineering are peer reviewed for authenticity, ethical issues and usefulness as per Review Procedure document.

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- it constitutes plagiarism or reports unethical research.
Notice of the retraction will be linked to the retracted article (by including the title and authors in the retraction heading), clearly identifies the retracted article and state who is retracting the article. Retraction notices should always mention the reason(s) for retraction to distinguish honest error from misconduct.
Retracted articles will not be removed from printed copies of the journal nor from electronic archives but their retracted status will be indicated as clearly as possible.

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6. Acknowledgement of sources: The proper acknowledgment of the work of others must always be given. The authors should cite publications that have been influential in determining the scope of the reported work.
7. Fundamental errors in published works: When the author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.

Duties of Reviewers
1. Contribution to editorial decisions: Peer reviews assist the editor in making editorial decisions and may also help authors to improve their manuscript.
2. Promptness: Any selected reviewer who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself/herself from the review process.
3. Confidentiality: All manuscript received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except those authorized by the editor.
4. Standards of objectivity: Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Reviewers should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.
5. Acknowledgement of sources: Reviewers should identify the relevant published work that has not been cited by authors. Any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper should be reported to the editor.
6. Disclosure and conflict of Interest: Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relations with any of the authors, companies, or institutions involved in writing a paper.

Procedura recenzowania

Review Procedure

The Review Procedure for articles submitted to the Archives of Foundry Engineering agrees with the recommendations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education published in a booklet: ‘Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce’ (MNiSW, Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce, Warszawa 2011).

Papers submitted to the Editorial System are primarily screened by editors with respect to scope, formal issues and used template. Texts with obvious errors (formatting other than requested, missing references, evidently low scientific quality) will be rejected at this stage or will be sent for the adjustments.

Once verified each article is checked by the anti-plagiarism system Cross Check powered by iThenticate®. After the positive response, the article is moved into: Initially verified manuscripts. When the similarity level is too high, the article will be rejected. There is no strict rule (i.e., percentage of the similarity), and it is always subject to the Editor’s decision.
Initially verified manuscripts are then sent to at least four independent referees outside the author’s institution and at least two of them outside of Poland, who:

have no conflict of interests with the author,
are not in professional relationships with the author,
are competent in a given discipline and have at least a doctorate degree and respective
scientific achievements,
have a good reputation as reviewers.

The review form is available online at the Journal’s Editorial System and contains the following sections:

1. Article number and title in the Editorial System

2. The statement of the Reviewer (to choose the right options):

I declare that I have not guessed the identity of the Author. I declare that I have guessed the identity of the Author, but there is no conflict of interest

3. Detailed evaluation of the manuscript against other researches published to this point:

Do you think that the paper title corresponds with its contents?
Yes No
Do you think that the abstract expresses the paper contents well?
Yes No
Are the results or methods presented in the paper novel?
Yes No
Do the author(s) state clearly what they have achieved?
Yes No
Do you find the terminology employed proper?
Yes No
Do you find the bibliography representative and up-to-date?
Yes No
Do you find all necessary illustrations and tables?
Yes No
Do you think that the paper will be of interest to the journal readers?
Yes No

4. Reviewer conclusion

Accept without changes
Accept after changes suggested by reviewer.
Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review
Reject

5. Information for Editors (not visible for authors).

6. Information for Authors

Reviewing is carried out in the double blind process (authors and reviewers do not know each other’s names).

The appointed reviewers obtain summary of the text and it is his/her decision upon accepting/rejecting the paper for review within a given time period 21 days.

The reviewers are obliged to keep opinions about the paper confidential and to not use knowledge about it before publication.

The reviewers send their review to the Archives of Foundry Engineering by Editorial System. The review is archived in the system.

Editors do not accept reviews, which do not conform to merit and formal rules of scientific reviewing like short positive or negative remarks not supported by a close scrutiny or definitely critical reviews with positive final conclusion. The reviewer’s remarks are sent to the author. He/she has to consider all remarks and revise the text accordingly.

The author of the text has the right to comment on the conclusions in case he/she does not agree with them. He/she can request the article withdrawal at any step of the article processing.

The Editor-in-Chief (supported by members of the Editorial Board) decides on publication based on remarks and conclusions presented by the reviewers, author’s comments and the final version of the manuscript.

The final Editor’s decision can be as follows:
Accept without changes
Reject

The rules for acceptance or rejection of the paper and the review form are available on the Web page of the AFE publisher.

Once a year Editorial Office publishes present list of cooperating reviewers.
Reviewing is free of charge.
All articles, including those rejected and withdrawn, are archived in the Editorial System.

Recenzenci

List of Reviewers 2022

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Vivek Ayar - Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Azwinur Azwinur - Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Iwona Bednarczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Łukasz Bohdal - Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Joanna Borowiecka-Jamrozek- The Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Debashish Bose - Metso Outotec India Private Limited, Vadodara, India
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
Murat Çolak - Bayburt University, Turkey
Adam Cwudziński - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Derya Dispinar- Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Flora Faleschini - University of Padova, Italy
Imre Felde - Obuda University, Hungary
Róbert Findorák - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Marek Góral - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Barbara Grzegorczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Ozen Gursoy - University of Padova, Italy
Gábor Gyarmati - University of Miskolc, Hungary
Jakub Hajkowski - Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Marek Hawryluk - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Dario Iljkić - University of Rijeka, Croatia
Magdalena Jabłońska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Nalepa Jakub - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aneta Jakubus - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Łukasz Jamrozowicz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Vitaliy Korendiy - Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Malgorzata Lagiewka - Politechnika Czestochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jingkun Li - University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
Petr Lichy - Technical University Ostrava, Czech Republic
Y.C. Lin - Central South University, China
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ewa Majchrzak - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Barnali Maji - NIT-Durgapur: National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Pawel Malinowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Matejka - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Bohdan Mochnacki - Technical University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
Grzegorz Moskal - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Krzysztof Naplocha - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Tomáš Obzina - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Peiman Omranian Mohammadi - Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
Zenon Opiekun - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Onur Özbek - Duzce University, Turkey
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Miroslawa Pawlyta - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacek Pezda - ATH Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Jacek Pieprzyca - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Marcela Pokusová - Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich, West Midlands, United Kingdom
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University Thailand Amit Sata - MEFGI, Faculty of Engineering, India
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Vasudev Shinde - DKTE' s Textile and Engineering India Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Bozo Smoljan - University North Croatia, Croatia
Leszek Sowa - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Sławomir Spadło - Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Stradomski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Roland Suba - Schaeffler Skalica, spol. s r.o., Slovak Republic
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jan Szajnar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Michal Szucki - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Damian Słota - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Tęcza - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Mirosław Tupaj - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University United States Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Iveta Vaskova - Technical University of Kosice, Slovak Republic
Dorota Wilk-Kołodziejczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Çağlar Yüksel - Atatürk University, Turkey
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Zych - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2021

Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Imam Basori - State University of Jakarta, Indonesia
Leszek Blacha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice
Poland Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Marcin Brzeziński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Alexandros Charitos - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Zhipei Chen - University of Technology, Netherlands
Józef Dańko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Przemysław Fima - Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN, Kraków, Poland
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers P Ltd., India
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Gábor Gyarmati - Foundry Institute, University of Miskolc, Hungary
Krzysztof Herbuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Agata Jażdżewska - Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Centre of Casting Technology, Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Adrian Kampa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Wojciech Kapturkiewicz- AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tatiana Karkoszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Himanshu Khandelwal - National Institute of Foundry & Forging Technology, Hatia, Ranchi, India
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Kokot - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík - CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Kopyciński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Janusz Kozana - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Kozieł - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Wacław Kuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacques Lacaze - University of Toulouse, France
Avinash Lakshmikanthan - Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, India
Jaime Lazaro-Nebreda - Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Maria Maj - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Mendakiewicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Hanna Myalska-Głowacka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - Physics-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Mitsuhiro Okayasu - Okayama University, Japan
Agung Pambudi - Sebelas Maret University in Indonesia, Indonesia
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Seyda Polat - Kocaeli University, Turkey
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Alena Pribulova - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich West Midlands, United Kingdom
Iulian Riposan - Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
Ferdynand Romankiewicz - Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, Zielona Góra, Poland
Mario Rosso - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karthik Shankar - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Amritapuri, India
Vasudev Shinde - Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Rajwada, Ichalkaranji, India
Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Jerzy Sobczak - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sebastian Sobula - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Soiński - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Studnicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mayur Sutaria - Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Gujarat, India
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sutiyoko Sutiyoko - Manufacturing Polytechnic of Ceper, Klaten, Indonesia
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Jacek Trzaska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University, United States
Muhammet Uludag - Selcuk University, Turkey
Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Tomasz Wrobel - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Antonin Zadera - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Bo Zhang - Hunan University of Technology, China
Xiang Zhang - Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Eugeniusz Ziółkowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sylwia Żymankowska-Kumon - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2020

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Rafał Babilas - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Emin Bayraktar - Supmeca/LISMMA-Paris, France
Jaroslav Beňo - VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Boczkal - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Wojciech Borek - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
John Campbell - University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Ganesh Chate - Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Mirosław Cholewa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Khanh Dang - Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
Vladislav Deev - Wuhan Textile University, China
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Malwina Dojka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Sergii Gerasin - Pryazovskyi State Technical University, Ukraine
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers Ltd, India
Marcin Górny - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Gołąbczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Libor Hlavac - VSB Ostrava, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Philippe Jacquet - ECAM, Lyon, France
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Damian Janicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Witold Janik - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków, Poland
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík -Institute of Engineering Technology CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Sergey Konovalov - Samara National Research University, Russia
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Janusz Krawczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Agnieszka Kupiec-Sobczak - Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Aleksander Lisiecki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Major-Gabryś - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Pavlo Maruschak - Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University, Ukraine
Sanjay Mohan - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India
Marek Mróz - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Sebastian Mróz - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
Konstantin Nikitin - Samara State Technical University, Russia
Daniel Pakuła - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland