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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Description

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred:

  • Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
  • Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
  • Civil Engineering,
  • Control, Informatics and Robotics,
  • Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
  • Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
  • Material Science and Nanotechnology,
  • Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:
JCR Impact Factor 2023: 1.2
5 Year Impact Factor 2022: 1.1
CiteScore 2023: 2.8
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023: 0.282
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023: 0.573
Ministry of Education and Science: 100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.
ISSN
ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

S. Osowski, B. Sawicki and T. Leś, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

D. Pijanowska, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski and A. Lamęcki, Gdansk University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

B. Major and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.


The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access

1 Trusses of the smallest total potential energy
Sławomir Czarnecki , Tomasz Lewiński
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e151673 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151673
Keywords: topology optimization trusses prescribed displacements
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Abstract

The paper concerns the problem of minimization of the total potential energy of trusses subjected to static loads in the presence of prescribed displacements of selected supporting nodes. The positions of the internal (free) nodes are fixed and the supporting nodes are imposed, the member stiffnesses being design variables, while the truss volume represents the cost of the design. Due to the assumption of the stiffnesses being non-negative, the problem is reduced to a problem of optimization of structural topology. Upon eliminating all the design variables analytically the optimum design problem is eventually reduced to the two mutually dual problems expressed either in terms of member forces or in terms of displacements of free nodes. The problem setting concerning the case when the prescribed displacements of supports are the only loads applied (i.e. kinematic loads) assumes a particularly simple form. A specific numerical method of solving the stress-based auxiliary problem has been developed for the selected 2D and 3D optimal designs. The study is the first step towards topology optimization of trusses with distortions
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Authors and Affiliations

Sławomir Czarnecki
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Lewiński
ORCID: ORCID
2 Determination of Wind Force Acting on an Object in the Shape of a Bent Pipe
Agnieszka Padewska-Jurczak , Zbigniew Buliński , Tomasz Krysiński
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152706 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152706
Keywords: wind action water slides fluid-structure interactions user-defined functions finite volume method finite element method
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Abstract

The aim of the paper is to determine the aerodynamic forces acting on a torus-shaped structure fragment at high wind velocity which are impossible to obtain from the existing standard EN 1991-1-4 (the so-called wind standard). The most important problem is the correct modeling of turbulence and laminar-turbulent transition in the conditions of flow interference resulting from the presence of other obstacles. For this reason, forces are obtained by two methods: Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI, force transfer) and User-Defined Functions (UDF). Variations of the total aerodynamic lift force of the half of the torus with angle β and velocity of wind w, and the formula for estimating the horizontal force Pz perpendicular to drag force are presented. Additionally, useful engineering parameters (such as pressure distribution and air velocity field) are determined. The forces of wind influence on two cylinders and a torus-shaped object are obtained and compared
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Padewska-Jurczak
ORCID: ORCID
Zbigniew Buliński
Tomasz Krysiński
3 A random field-based simulational identification of possible levels of material imperfections of adhesive-bonded joints
Karol Winkelmann , Jan Faizullah , Łukasz Smakosz , Violetta Konopińska-Zmysłowska , Victor Eremeyev , Marcin Kujawa
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e151678 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151678
Keywords: adhesive-bonded joints adhesive imperfections random fields probabilistic analysis reliability
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Abstract

Recently, structural adhesives have become significant in the shaping of structural elements, especially in thin-walled structures, where they replace or supplement traditional connection methods. However, adhesive-bonded joints are highly susceptible to internal structural imperfections due to their application technique and the nature of the adhesive. These material inconsistencies impact the strength parameters and the mechanical behavior of the entire connection. This study proposes a simplified method for the probabilistic numerical modeling of structural imperfections in an adhesive layer. The adhesive is modeled as an uncorrelated random field with weakened elements representing structural imperfections randomly scattered throughout its entire volume. The percentage of these imperfections (in relation to the total volume) is adopted a random variable. By conducting experimental tests on dogbone specimens of a selected adhesive and comparing them to adequate numerical tests with varying volumes of weakened elements, the determination of the representative imperfection volume of the investigated adhesive was possible. Based on these tests, the calibration of the probability density function to describe the volume of the imperfections may be performed. Furthermore, the application of the random model for an adhesive-bonded single lap-joint is shown to be viable. Finally, the calculation of a probability-based mechanical response (in this case, the normal force at critical elongation) of the single lap-joint with structural imperfections is performed, and its resultant reliability is assessed and evaluated.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Winkelmann
Jan Faizullah
Łukasz Smakosz
ORCID: ORCID
Violetta Konopińska-Zmysłowska
Victor Eremeyev
Marcin Kujawa
4 Introduction to the Investigation of reproduction of the real geometry of UBM panels
Ryszard Walentyński , R Cybulski , Henryk Myrcik
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152214 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152214
Keywords: UBM K-span thin-walled panels 3D scanning arch structures double corrugated steel sheets
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Abstract

The article concisely describes UBM technology (Ultimate Building Machine), that can be used as a solution for buildings and roof structures. The structure of this technology is made of double corrugated thin-walled steel profiles manufactured on the construction site by a self-contained UBM manufacturing factory on wheels. These panels serve as both the building envelope and the structural system. The specificity of the construction poses many design problems, especially the determination of the strength parameters and stiffness of the double-corrugated panels from which the structure is made. The article presents the results of spatial scanning tests of double-corrugated steel sheets, which were carried out using commonly available 3D scanning devices: Leica 3D Disto and MagiScan app. Additionally, results of numerical analyses performed on scanned samples and a comparison of these results with preliminary laboratory tests have been presented in the article. The purpose of scanning was to obtain an accurate and real geometry of the UBM panels, to implement it into a numerical software, and then to perform numerical analyses. Commonly available 3D scanning devices were used because using advanced 3D scanners is not popular nowadays for economic reasons, and hand-built geometric models pose a lot of problems and are not accurate enough. Promising results were obtained, which form the basis for further research.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Walentyński
R Cybulski
Henryk Myrcik
5 Assessing the equivalent spring modelling method of CFS elements encased in ultra-lightweight concrete
Ahmed Alabedi , Péter Hegyi
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e151384 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151384
Keywords: plate buckling; numerical analysis; equivalent spring model; sustainability
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Abstract

An efficient finite element approach was recently developed to analyse encased cold-formed steel (CFS) structures. This new technique replaced encasing material with unidirectional springs, analogous to the Winkler foundation concept, to shorten the analysis time while ensuring accuracy and reliability in predicting the structural behaviour of encased CFS components. In this paper, the validity, and limitations of the simplified spring model to represent outstanding plates were assessed. The investigation demonstrated that the simplified spring model could effectively predict the ultimate load for a wide range of ultra-lightweight concrete moduli (50-250 MPa) with an acceptable error. The analysis indicated that plate elements initially in cross-section class 4 without encasing material become at least class 3, or better as a consequence of encasing. Previously reported experiments were used to evaluate the performance of the ESM. The analysis demonstrated that the ESM can accurately predict the local failure ultimate load of encased CFS sections with an acceptable error percent and significantly less computational effort than a 3D solid model.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ahmed Alabedi
ORCID: ORCID
Péter Hegyi
6 The influence of brace to chord rotational connection stiffness on stability of the truss
Marcin Krajewski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e151952 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151952
Keywords: truss stability connection rotational stiffness
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Abstract

The paper is devoted to the numerical analysis of the roof truss subjected to upward wind loading and braced at the tensioned top chord. The linear buckling analysis were performed for the beam and shell model of the structure. As the result the influence of rotational connection stiffness between the brace and the top chord on the truss stability was appointed. The biaxial strength testing machine was used to conduct the experimental tests of the rotational connection stiffness between selected steel profiles. The results in the form of measured structural displacements and rotations were presented. The static nonlinear analysis results performed for the shell model of the structural connection were compared to the results obtained on the experimental set-up.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Krajewski
7 Efficacy of modal curvature damage detection in various pre-damage data assumptions and modal identification techniques
Milena Drozdowska , Marek Szafrański , Anna Szafrańska , Agnieszka Tomaszewska
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152217 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152217
Keywords: modal curvature based damage detection stochastic subspace identification eigensystem realization algorithm natural excitation technique masonry tower
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Abstract

The efficacy of modal curvature approach for damage localization is discussed in the paper in the context of input data. Three modal identification methods, i.e., Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA), Natural Excitation Technique with ERA (NExT-ERA) and Covariance Driven Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI-Cov), and four methods of determining baseline data, i.e., real measurement of the undamaged state, analytical function, Finite Element (FE) model and approximation of current experimental mode shape, are considered. Practical conclusions are formulated based on analysis of two cases. The first is a laboratory beam with a notch and the second is a stonemasonry historic lighthouse with modern restoration in its upper part. The analysis shows that NExT-ERA and SSI-Cov in combination with approximation of current mode shape provide high efficacy in damage localization alongside relatively straightforward determination of baseline data. It proves that the construction of advanced FE models of a structure can be replaced with a much simpler method of baseline data acquisition. Furthermore, the research shows the structural mode shapes identified with ERA may not always indicate the presence of damage.
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Authors and Affiliations

Milena Drozdowska
Marek Szafrański
Anna Szafrańska
Agnieszka Tomaszewska
8 Evaluation of the Factors Determining Thermal Comfort and Occupational Health Conditions of Employees in Multi-Storey Business Buildings in the Light of Expert Experiences
Murat Cal , Fatih Yilmaz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152215 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152215
Keywords: thermal comfort occupational health and safety multi-storey buildings AHP data envelopment analysis
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Abstract

Previous studies have generally focused on indoor temperature of buildings and air supplies to their environment. The effect of outdoor pollutants on thermal conditions has also received some attention in recent years. However, the number of studies on other factors that may potentially affect thermal comfort and health in high-rise buildings are limited. A structured Analytical Hierarchy Process and an improved Data Envelopment Analysis method are used in this study to determine the indoor and outdoor spatial features and climatic effects that influence thermal comfort in multi-storey business buildings. The impact levels of these factors on thermal conditions are determined with heuristic algorithms. Further, two climate zones in two countries are compared in terms of the factors that affect thermal comfort and their individual impact levels. The most critical main criterion for Kuwait is external insulation features, whereas for Turkey it is indoor air conditioning. The most critical subcriterion is temperature for Kuwait, whereas for Turkey it is insufficient heat and light insulation of windows. The Data Envelopment Analysis yields that respiratory health diseases are the most critical effect in Kuwait, and work accidents are the most important effect for Turkey. Temperature and humidity play a significant role in thermal comfort in Kuwait. Insulation and air conditioning are crucial factors in thermal comfort conditions in Turkey.
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Authors and Affiliations

Murat Cal
Fatih Yilmaz
9 STAFGCN:A spatial-temporal attention-based fusion graph convolution network for pedestrian trajectory prediction
Guihong Lui , Chenying Pan , Xiaoyan Zhang , Qiangkui Leng
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e151960 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151960
Keywords: pedestrian trajectory prediction micro-level spatial-temporal relationship spatial-temporal attention fusion graph convolution Time-Stacked Convolutional Neural Network
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Abstract

Pedestrian trajectory prediction provides crucial data support for the development of smart cities. Existing pedestrian trajectory prediction methods often overlook the different types of pedestrian interactions and the micro-level spatial-temporal relationships when handling the interaction information in spatial dimension and temporal dimension. The model employs a spatial-temporal attention-based fusion graph convolutional framework to predict future pedestrian trajectories. For the different types of local and global relationships between pedestrians, it first employs spatial-temporal attention mechanisms to capture dependencies in pedestrian sequence data, obtaining the social interactions of pedestrians in spatial contexts and the movement trends of pedestrians over time. Subsequently, a fusion graph convolutional module merges the temporal weight matrix and the spatial weight matrix into a spatial-temporal fusion feature map. Finally, a decoder section utilizes TimeStacked Convolutional Neural Networks to predict future trajectories. The final validation on the ETH and UCY datasets yielded experimental results with an Average Displacement Error(ADE) of 0.34 and an Final Displacement Error(FDE) of 0.55. The visualization results further demonstrated the rationality of the model.
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Authors and Affiliations

Guihong Lui
Chenying Pan
Xiaoyan Zhang
Qiangkui Leng
10 Design of fuzzy dynamic decoupler for a class of Two-Inputs Two-Outputs nonlinear systems
Szymon Król , Paweł Dworak
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152218 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152218
Keywords: dynamic decoupling TITO plant nonlinear plant experimental modeling fuzzy logic
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Abstract

This paper deals with the problem of designing a dynamic decoupler for a class of Two-Inputs Two-Outputs nonlinear MIMO systems with experimentally modeled dynamics. The work describes the well-known linear theory of dynamic decoupling of TITO plants and discusses problems related to its application to nonlinear systems. The solution of constructing a fuzzy dynamic decoupler with two possible approaches is proposed. The paper gives a practical example of the synthesis of such a system for the air heater, which is an example of nonlinear thermal plant.
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Authors and Affiliations

Szymon Król
Paweł Dworak
11 Radial Force Variation parameter as a factor of tire uniformity
Marcin Moskwa , Bartosz Gapiński , Michał Jakubowicz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152609 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152609
Keywords: waveform tire assembling machine green tire Radial Force Variation (RFV)
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Abstract

Market demands and trends related to ecology and sustainability significantly influence various industries, including the tire market. Tires are required to meet multiple performance criteria, such as braking efficiency, wet grip, and noise levels, while also conforming to uniformity parameters evaluated during the manufacturing process. Increasing the fuel efficiency of tires, which is directly related to reducing rolling resistance, results in a modification of tire materials, dimensions and weight. As a result, components with lighter properties are used in tire construction, and at the same time tires are subjected to higher loads. Research indicates that the green tire building process at tire building machine has a key impact on the values and waveform of the tire's radial force. The methodology of this study involved introducing controlled changes in the angular alignment of the individual drums participating in the green tire assembly process. This approach enabled the isolation and analysis of specific factors contributing to the shaping of the Radial Force Variation (RFV) characteristics. For each configuration, a sample population of 20 tires was evaluated, with measurements taken for both RFV and waveform values. From these measurements, average RFV characteristics were generated. Each resulting characteristic was then compared to a reference specification in order to quantify the influence of the modified angular positions on RFV values and waveform behavior.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Moskwa
Bartosz Gapiński
Michał Jakubowicz
12 A paradigm for building fire safety
Jadwiga Fangrat
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152606 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152606
Keywords: paradigm building fire safety engineering material database sustainability
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Abstract

The aim of study is to describe the fire safety paradigm using the concept of T. Kuhn, its components, and its role and significance for the further development of construction science, particularly the fire safety of buildings. The components of the fire safety paradigm form a complex structure (system) that is presented graphically to illustrate the interconnections and interactions between them. This structure is built by analogy with a three-dimensional coordinate system using linguistic quantities. Currently, it is not yet possible to assign a sequence of numbers representing the coordinates of a point in the space of this system. The three axes of this system determine the major groups of paradigm elements: - fire safety; - components; - activities and inputs. For each group, the components were distinguished, which were then briefly described and characterised, emphasising their mutual connections and importance for the fire safety of buildings. Some significant gaps in the systemic approach to fire safety in the EU were discussed and illustrated by the example of Grenfell Tower fire in London. The paradigm described is universal, and its universality is based on the possession of certain common attributes characteristic of the fire safety environment and their interpretation, as well as the manner in which fire safety entities implement them. A paradigm shift will result in the introduction of a fire toxicity criterion for the assessment of construction products, which, for unknown reasons, has so far only been implemented in relation to cables. The second necessary amendment is the addition of a requirement for the spread of fires on building facades.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jadwiga Fangrat
ORCID: ORCID
13 Towards backward compatibility of ADRC: revisiting classical state-feedback control with integral compensator
Mikołaj Mrotek , Jacek Michalski , Rafał Madonski , Dariusz Pazderski , Marek Retinger
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152608 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152608
Keywords: active disturbance rejection control extended state observer state feedback controller integral compensator ball balancing table
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Abstract

In this paper, the problem of backward compatibility of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is investigated. The goal is to contextualize ADRC to deliver its interpretations from the established field of linear control systems. For this study, a control algorithm, denoted here as integral disturbance rejection control (IDRC), is considered that combines classical state-feedback control with an integral compensator. At first, an interpretation of ADRC is involved in terms of existing state-space control approaches. Next, a transition to the frequency domain is performed, which is justified as a significant part of practical control engineering is conducted in that domain. For assumed specific plant structures, both ADRC and IDRC are then holistically compared in terms of transfer function representation and frequency characteristics, as well as steady-state convergence conditions. Such a juxtaposition helps to highlight the similarities and differences of both approaches, whereas the utilized bandwidth parameterization is shown to bring the control system to the same form, thus indicating some interesting practical aspects. Finally, the theoretical results concerning both considered control structures are validated in a set of numerical simulations and experiments conducted on a laboratory hardware testbed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mikołaj Mrotek
Jacek Michalski
Rafał Madonski
Dariusz Pazderski
Marek Retinger
14 Enhancing Mobile Eye-Tracking in Extreme Urban Lighting Conditions
Marta Rusnak , Zofia Koszewicz , Franciszek Hackemer , Izabela Garaszczuk , Andrew T. Duchowski , Rafał Karnicki
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152709 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152709
Keywords: outdoor eye-tracking smart city data quality calibration sunlight
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Abstract

One of the methods for understanding residents' needs and socially improving urban spaces in terms of transportation, safety, landscape protection, and managing tourist traffic load is eye-tracking (ET). Researchers using mobile ET for outdoor studies face significant challenges, particularly due to sunlight affecting data quality. Existing solutions often overlook participant comfort. This article introduces a novel accessory designed for extreme lighting conditions, such as bright days, sunsets, and snowy or water-filled environments. The goal is to eliminate disruptions caused by uncontrolled sunlight on participants' eyes and enables studies in urban environments. A custom sun shield, designed for ETs based on spectacle frames, prioritizes both physical and psychological comfort. The lightweight shield is easy to install, minimally restricts the field of view, and does not interfere with eye-tracking components. It is cost-effective and suitable for DIY 3D printing. Control studies and field research confirmed its effectiveness, with feedback from over 100 users improving the final design. The shield enhances eye-tracking research credibility in sunny conditions, supports efficient calibration, and improves participant recruitment and well-being. Jakość danych znacząco wzrosła co obrazuje porównanie danych dotyczących sposobu detekcji źrenicy. Thanks to this solution, it will be possible to conduct research aimed at better understanding the behavior of city users, while ensuring their comfort and safety. It will also be possible to conduct research within the framework of so-called living labs. Importantly, studies show that the approach to designing subsequent mobile ETs based on IR should undergo significant modification.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Rusnak
Zofia Koszewicz
Franciszek Hackemer
Izabela Garaszczuk
Andrew T. Duchowski
Rafał Karnicki
15 Research on Fire Smoke Traceability Based on Emotional Intelligence Jaya Algorithm
Xiaoxiao Liu , Wenhan Zhong , Tao Ding , Luyao Lin , Jinxia Mu , Jianghuan Shi , Zesong Li
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152708 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152708
Keywords: fire smoke gas traceability EIJaya algorithm UAV
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Abstract

To timely detect fire smoke in the early stages and trace the gas generated, thereby reducing the loss of human life and property and the damage to the ecological environment, this paper proposes a fire smoke tracing method based on the Emotional Intelligence Jaya algorithm (EIJaya). The algorithm assigns an anthropomorphic mental state to the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in the traceability task to realize its self-evaluation and social evaluation. In the simulation concentration field, the EIJaya algorithm, the basic Jaya algorithm, and the PSO algorithm were used for the simulation verification of gas traceability, and the simulation results proved the advantages of the EIJaya algorithm in terms of the success rate and the iteration times. In this paper, the TT UAV is chosen as an experimental tool to utilize the functions of its expansion module fully, and the experimental hardware system was constructed by combining it with the corresponding sensors. The corresponding experimental scene was built in the indoor environment, and the EIJaya algorithm was used to make multiple UAVs cooperate and carry out traceability experiments, which verified the algorithm's feasibility in practical applications and proved that the algorithm could quickly and accurately trace the fire smoke.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiaoxiao Liu
Wenhan Zhong
Tao Ding
ORCID: ORCID
Luyao Lin
Jinxia Mu
Jianghuan Shi
Zesong Li
16 GTC-DAN: A Graph-Temporal Convolutional Model with Dynamic Adjacency for Vehicle Trajectory Prediction
Hao Chen , Xuncheng Wu , Ruoping Zhang , Wenfeng Guo , Yang Chen , Jiejie Xu , Weiwei Zhang , Wangpengfei Yu
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152610 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152610
Keywords: autonomous driving trajectory prediction spatiotemporal modeling dynamic interactions
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Abstract

Autonomous driving is currently a hot topic in automotive engineering. Accurately predicting the future trajectory of self-driving cars can significantly reduce the occurrence of traffic accidents. However, predicting the future trajectories of vehicles is a challenging task since it is influenced by the interaction behaviors of neighboring vehicles. This paper proposes a framework that allows for parameter sharing and cross-layer independence, based on a dynamic graph convolutional spatiotemporal network, to study the interactions between vehicles and the temporal dynamics in historical trajectories. By extracting dynamic adjacency matrices from different vehicle interaction features, the model can describe dynamic spatiotemporal relationships, enabling it to handle changes in traffic scenarios. Finally, the proposed model was experimentally compared with existing mainstream trajectory prediction methods using the NGSIM dataset. The results demonstrated that our trajectory prediction model achieved excellent performance in terms of model parameters and prediction accuracy. Compared to the four mainstream models, our model improved accuracy by 35.73%. In addition, we also analyze the relationship between model complexity and efficiency.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hao Chen
Xuncheng Wu
Ruoping Zhang
Wenfeng Guo
Yang Chen
Jiejie Xu
Weiwei Zhang
Wangpengfei Yu
17 Attempts to apply heuristic research methodology in mechanical engineering on the example of rotating machines
Jan Kiciński , Grzegorz Żywica
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152707 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152707
Keywords: heuristic stochastic error multiple whirl rotating machine
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Abstract

On any website or in encyclopaedias such as Britannica or Wikipedia, under the entry 'heuristics', one can find numerous definitions, references, and examples from various areas of life. However, the authors of this article have been unable to find examples relevant to technology, particularly in mechanical engineering. This fact inspired us to address this topic, especially since many concrete examples from practice and everyday life seem well-suited to demonstrating the relevance of heuristic methodologies in technical sciences. According to the authors, turbomachinery appears to be of particular interest in this context. This is critical machinery, i.e., machinery whose failure threatens human life. Hence the importance of developing advanced tools to analyse them, especially across the entire operating range (both stable and unstable). With these tools, one can effectively use their intellect, intuition, and common sense in the decision-making process. A classic heuristic symbiosis is thus formed. The paper demonstrates an advanced computer system called MESWIR, developed at the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Gdańsk (IMP PAN) generates a range of interesting diagnostic information, including multiple whirls and stochastic errors related to the unbalance vector. The research was carried out using high-speed, low-power turbines as examples. The results obtained in this way, although they do not have formal theoretical proof of their correctness, allow the right conclusions to be drawn and decisions to be made, which is the essence of decision-making heuristics.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Kiciński
Grzegorz Żywica
18 Descriptor continuousand discrete-time linear systems with zero transfer matrices
Tadeusz Kaczorek , Jerzy Klamka , Andrzej Dzieliński
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152710 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152710
Keywords: controllability and observability descriptor continuous-time linear systems descriptor discrete-time linear systems zero transfer matrices
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Abstract

In this paper, necessary and sufficient conditions for zeroing of the transfer matrices of descriptor continuous-time and discrete-time linear systems are established. The conditions are illustrated by simple numerical examples of the descriptor continuous-time and discrete-time linear systems. Also some remarks on the systems with delays on control are given.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Kaczorek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jerzy Klamka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Dzieliński
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, ul. Wiejska 45D, Bialystok, Poland
  2. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, ul. Bałtycka 5, Gliwice, Poland
  3. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, ul. Koszykowa 75, Warsaw, Poland
19 Experimental Studies on Reducing Permanent Magnet Losses Through Segmentation in a Fractional Slot PMSM Motor with High Power Density
Tomasz Wolnik , Tomasz Jarek , Jan Mikoś , Vitezslav Styskala
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e153225 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153225
Keywords: eddy-current losses segmentation of permanent magnets high power density motors
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Wolnik
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Jarek
ORCID: ORCID
Jan Mikoś
Vitezslav Styskala

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