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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Description

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred:

  • Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
  • Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
  • Civil Engineering,
  • Control, Informatics and Robotics,
  • Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
  • Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
  • Material Science and Nanotechnology,
  • Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:
JCR Impact Factor 2023: 1.2
5 Year Impact Factor 2022: 1.1
CiteScore 2023: 2.8
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023: 0.282
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023: 0.573
Ministry of Education and Science: 100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.
ISSN
ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

S. Osowski, B. Sawicki and T. Leś, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

D. Pijanowska, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski and A. Lamęcki, Gdansk University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

B. Major and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.


The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2

1 Importance of C/C++ compiler choice for performance and energy consumption of multithreaded WZ factorization
Beata Bylina , Monika Piekarz , Jarosław Bylina
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e153226 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153226
Keywords: processor frequency scaling performance energy WZ factorization compiler
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Abstract

The choice of C/C++ compiler significantly impacts the performance and energy consumption of multithreaded numerical algorithms related to linear algebra. This study investigates the effects of the C/C++ compiler choice and processor frequency scaling (using dynamic voltage frequency scaling) on the performance and energy consumption of the multithreaded WZ factorization on three different computing platforms, two featuring Intel Xeon processors and one featuring AMD EPYC processor. The factorization is implemented both without optimization techniques and with strip-mining. Based on time and energy tests, we have demonstrated that, for the WZ factorization (in both implementations), each compiler reacts somewhat differently to frequency changes, thus affecting overall performance and energy consumption. The Intel compilers achieved the best performance and energy savings in a multithreaded environment compared to the other compilers on each of the tested computing platforms.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Bylina
1
ORCID: ORCID
Monika Piekarz
1
Jarosław Bylina
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
2 Calibration by diffeomorphisms of robot manipulator kinematics: a novel approach
Roberto Orozco , Adam Ratajczak
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e153230 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153230
Keywords: kinematics robot kinematics calibration diffeomorphisms calibration by diffeomorphisms
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Abstract

Our paper presents a nonparametric data-driven technique that can enhance the accuracy of robot kinematics models by reducing geometric and nongeometric inaccuracies. We propose this approach based on the theory of singular maps and the Large Dense Diffeomorphic Metric Mapping (LDDMM) framework, which has been developed in the field of Computational Anatomy. This framework can be thought of as a method for identifying nonlinear static models that encode a priori knowledge as a nominal model that we deform using diffeomorphisms. To tackle the kinematic calibration problem, we implement Calibration by Diffeomorphisms and obtain a solution using an image registration formalism. We evaluate our approach via simulations on double pendulum robot models, which account for both geometric and nongeometric discrepancies. The simulations demonstrate an improvement in the precision of the kinematics results for both types of inaccuracies. Additionally, we discuss the potential application of physical experiments. Our approach provides a fresh perspective on robot kinematics calibration using Calibration by Diffeomorphisms, and it has the potential to address inaccuracies caused by unknown or difficult-to-model phenomena.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roberto Orozco
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Ratajczak
2
  1. Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
  2. Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
3 Towards backward compatibility of ADRC: revisiting classical state-feedback control with integral compensator
Mikołaj Mrotek , Jacek Michalski , Rafał Madonski , Dariusz Pazderski , Marek Retinger
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e152608 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152608
Keywords: active disturbance rejection control extended state observer state feedback control integral compensator ball-balancing table
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Abstract

In this paper, the problem of backward compatibility of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is investigated. The goal is to contextualize ADRC to deliver its interpretations from the established field of linear control systems. For this study, a control algorithm, denoted here as integral disturbance rejection control (IDRC), is considered that combines classical state-feedback control with an integral compensator. At first, an interpretation of ADRC is involved in terms of existing state-space control approaches. Next, a transition to the frequency domain is performed, which is justified as a significant part of practical control engineering is conducted in that domain. For assumed specific plant structures, both ADRC and IDRC are then holistically compared in terms of transfer function representation and frequency characteristics, as well as steady-state convergence conditions. Such a juxtaposition helps to highlight the similarities and differences of both approaches, whereas the utilized bandwidth parameterization is shown to bring the control system to the same form, thus indicating some interesting practical aspects. Finally, the theoretical results concerning both considered control structures are validated in a set of numerical simulations and experiments conducted on a laboratory hardware testbed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mikołaj Mrotek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Michalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Madonski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dariusz Pazderski
3
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Retinger
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Faculty of Control, Robotics and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3a, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
  2. Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Department of Automatic Control and Robotics, Silesian Universityof Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
  3. Faculty of Control, Robotics and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Automatic Control and Robotics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3a, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
4 Nonholonomic motion planning with special restrictions on the end and via points of the control function
Joanna Ratajczak
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e153427 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153427
Keywords: motion planning nonholonomic systems constraints continuous control function space manipulators
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Abstract

This paper introduces a new modification to the motion planning algorithm of nonholonomic robotic systems using the endogenous configuration space approach which allows imposing restrictions on control functions. The end and via points define the values which the control function should take in a predefined time, either at the beginning, the end or during the motion time horizon. Such a modification can be used to set the values of the control function, which usually are of velocity-like type, to be physically realizable. The constraints are introduced to the algorithm through the extension of the Jacobian. The efficiency of the presented method is shown with the computer simulation results for a nonholonomic space manipulator. A modified Jacobian motion planning algorithm is used for planning consisting of a sequence of two subtasks.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Ratajczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Cybernetics and Robotics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
5 GTC-DAN: A graph-temporal convolutional model with dynamic adjacency for vehicle trajectory prediction
Hao Chen , Xuncheng Wu , Ruoping Zhang , Wenfeng Guo , Yang Chen , Jiejie Xu , Weiwei Zhang , Wangpengfei Yu
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e152610 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152610
Keywords: autonomous driving trajectory prediction spatiotemporal modeling dynamic interactions
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Abstract

Autonomous driving is currently an issue of heated debate in automotive engineering. Accurate prediction of the future trajectory of self-driving cars can significantly reduce the occurrence of traffic accidents. However, predicting the future trajectories of vehicles is a challenging task since it is influenced by the interaction behaviours of neighbouring vehicles. This paper proposes a framework that allows for parameter sharing and cross-layer independence, based on a dynamic graph convolutional spatiotemporal network, to study the interactions between vehicles and the temporal dynamics in historical trajectories. By extracting dynamic adjacency matrices from different vehicle interaction features, the model can describe dynamic spatiotemporal relationships and facilitate addressing changes in traffic scenarios. Finally, the proposed model is experimentally compared with existing mainstream trajectory prediction methods using the NGSIM dataset. The results demonstrate that our trajectory prediction model achieved excellent performance in terms of model parameters and prediction accuracy. Compared to the four mainstream models, our model improved accuracy by 35.73%. In addition, we also analyze the relationship between model complexity and efficiency.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hao Chen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xuncheng Wu
1
Ruoping Zhang
1
Wenfeng Guo
2
Yang Chen
3
Jiejie Xu
3
Weiwei Zhang
3
Wangpengfei Yu
3
  1. School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
  2. School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
  3. Shanghai Smart Vehicle Cooperating Innovation Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201805, China
6 Descriptor continuous- and discrete-time linear systems with zero transfer matrices
Tadeusz Kaczorek , Jerzy Klamka , Andrzej Dzieliński
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e152710 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152710
Keywords: controllability and observability descriptor continuous-time linear systems descriptor discrete-time linear systems zero transfer matrices
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Abstract

In this paper, necessary and sufficient conditions for zeroing of the transfer matrices of descriptor continuous-time and discrete-time linear systems are established. The conditions are illustrated by simple numerical examples of the descriptor continuous-time and discrete-time linear systems. Also some remarks on the systems with delays in control are given.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Kaczorek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jerzy Klamka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Dzieliński
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, ul. Wiejska 45D, Bialystok, Poland
  2. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, ul. Bałtycka 5, Gliwice, Poland
  3. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, ul. Koszykowa 75, Warsaw, Poland
7 Quantitative risk assessment of hazardous chemical discharges and simulation of threat zones in hydrocarbon storage systems
Ahcène Akni , Manel Bidi
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e152705 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152705
Keywords: safety storage tanks boil over explosion HAZOP ALOHA software
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Abstract

Human activities predominantly depend on hydrocarbons, which are essential resources and pivotal drivers of economic growth and development in many nations. Countries with substantial hydrocarbon reserves have capitalized on these resources to generate wealth. However, the complex physicochemical properties of hydrocarbons pose significant risks to both human safety and environmental integrity. Hazard studies conducted across various Algerian oil (NAFTAL) regions, particularly at CBR (cost-benefit ratio) industrial sites, indicate that the primary dangers involve fire and explosion. Investigations into accidents within the ARV (Arrival) terminal zone have identified a strong correlation with hydrocarbon storage practices. This work aims to evaluate the risks associated with specific phenomena linked to the storage of gas oil products. To perform a semi-quantitative risk analysis of potential accident scenarios, we employed the hazard and operability study (HAZOP) method, alongside a detailed examination of possible incidents using the Fault Tree method (FTM). This approach elucidates the causes and consequences of undesirable events. Furthermore, we assessed the risks posed by these adverse scenarios and their implications for nearby reservoir areas. Using Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) software for simulation, we illustrated the identified scenarios and delineated the threat zones surrounding the S11 tank.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ahcène Akni
1
ORCID: ORCID
Manel Bidi
2
  1. Transportation Engineering Department, University Constantine, 1 – Brothers Mentouri, Algeria
  2. Electrotechnic Department of Constantine, University Constantine, 1 – Brothers Mentouri, Algeria
8 Radial force variation parameter as a factor of tire uniformity
Marcin Moskwa , Bartosz Gapiński , Michał Jakubowicz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e152609 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152609
Keywords: waveform tire assembling machine green tire radial force variation (RFV)
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Abstract

Market demands and trends related to ecology and sustainability significantly influence various industries, including the tire market. Tires are required to meet multiple performance criteria, such as braking efficiency, wet grip, and noise levels, while also conforming to uniformity parameters evaluated during the manufacturing process. Increasing the fuel efficiency of tires, which is directly related to reducing rolling resistance, results in a modification of tire materials, dimensions, and weight. As a result, components with lighter properties are used in tire construction, and at the same time, tires are subjected to higher loads. Research indicates that the green tire building process at the tire building machine has a key impact on the values and waveform of the tire radial force. The methodology of this study involved introducing controlled changes in the angular alignment of the individual drums participating in the green tire assembly process. This approach enabled the isolation and analysis of specific factors contributing to the shaping of the radial force variation (RFV) characteristics. For each configuration, a sample population of 20 tires was evaluated, with measurements taken for both RFV and waveform values. From these measurements, average RFV characteristics were generated. Each resulting characteristic was then compared to a reference specification in order to quantify the influence of the modified angular positions on RFV values and waveform behavior.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Moskwa
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Bartosz Gapiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Jakubowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Mechanical Technology, Poznan, Poland
  2. Bridgestone Poznan, Poznan, Poland
9 Attempts to apply heuristic research methodology in mechanical engineering on the example of rotating machines
Jan Kiciński , Grzegorz Żywica
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e152707 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152707
Keywords: heuristic stochastic error multiple whirls rotating machine
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Abstract

On any website or in encyclopaedias such as Britannica or Wikipedia, under the entry ‘heuristics,’ one can find numerous definitions, references, and examples from various areas of life. However, the authors of this article have been unable to find examples relevant to technology, particularly in mechanical engineering. This fact inspired us to address this topic, especially since many concrete examples from practice and everyday life seem well-suited to demonstrating the relevance of heuristic methodologies in technical sciences. According to the authors, turbomachinery appears to be of particular interest in this context. This is critical machinery, i.e., machinery whose failure threatens human life. Hence the importance of developing advanced tools to analyze them, especially across the entire operating range (both stable and unstable). With these tools, one can effectively use their intellect, intuition, and common sense in the decision-making process. A classic heuristic symbiosis is thus formed. The paper demonstrates an advanced computer system called MESWIR, developed at the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Gdańsk (IMP PAN), which generates a range of interesting diagnostic information, including multiple whirls and stochastic errors related to the unbalance vector. The research was conducted using high-speed, low-power turbines as examples. Although there is no formal theoretical proof of their correctness, the results obtained facilitate drawing the right conclusions and making informed decisions, which is the essence of decision-making heuristics.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Kiciński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Grzegorz Żywica
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
10 Design conversion, and performance estimation of BLDC motor in hybrid electric vehicle
Thenmozhi Ganesan , Chandra Vanaraj , Manoharan Subramanian , Radhika Alagesan
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e153424 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153424
Keywords: BLDC motor hybrid moped lead acid batteries roller bearing switching structural analysis
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Abstract

The core concept in this paper is to hybridize a conventional engine-powered two-wheeler into a hybrid electric vehicle. The shift in the consumers’ mindset from conventional IC engine vehicles to electric/hybrid vehicles may be a challenge due to the high initial investment. Hence, as a preliminary work, it is proposed to convert an IC engine vehicle to a hybrid electric vehicle considering factors such as affordability, user control, and flexibility. To make the hybrid vehicle available at an affordable price, lead-acid batteries are used for the study. Also, the BLDC motor used in this vehicle was designed and developed according to the available design constraints. The moped was redesigned to operate in either engine or electric mode individually depending on the rider’s desire and can switch over to any mode at any time as intended. This is achieved using a unique switching mechanism constructed using needle roller bearings. The concept of hybridization thus results in reduced emissions, especially in stop-go traffic where electric mode can be used, and the performance of hybrid electric vehicles is estimated.
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Authors and Affiliations

Thenmozhi Ganesan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Chandra Vanaraj
2
ORCID: ORCID
Manoharan Subramanian
3
ORCID: ORCID
Radhika Alagesan
4
  1. Department of Automobile Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
  2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, AAA College of Engineering and Technology, Sivakasi, India
  3. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, India
  4. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India
11 Equilibrated residual method for estimation of modelling and approximation errors in complex piezoelectric models
Magdalena Zielińska , Grzegorz Zboiński
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e153228 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153228
Keywords: piezoelectricity complex models finite element method error estimation equilibrated residual method
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Abstract

The article presents the equilibrated residual method (ERM) of error estimation in coupled problems in the case of complex piezoelectric models. These models include hierarchical, first-order, and transition models within the mechanical field of displacements, as well as hierarchical models within the electric field of potential. Three (classical, modified and enhanced) transition models are considered. The paper presents a variational formulation of the model problem of general piezoelectricity in the case of complex piezoelectric models and the finite element approximation of this problem. Next, the equilibration residual method for coupled problems of piezoelectricity and complex piezoelectric models is presented. The mechanical, electric and coupled parts of the modelling, approximation and total error estimators, and true errors are given. Effectivity indices (the ratio of estimated error to true error) are used to assess the quality of error estimation in the case of three error parts and three types of error for the complex models of piezoelectric plates. The effectivity results for simple piezoelectric models and uncoupled problems of elasticity and dielectricity are applied as references.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Zielińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Grzegorz Zboiński
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
  2. Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences in Gdansk, Poland
12 A new model for anomaly detection in elbow and finger X-ray images: Proposed parallel DenseNet
Selahattin GÜÇLÜ , Durmuş ÖZDEMİR , Hamdi Melih SARAOĞLU
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e153233 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153233
Keywords: DenseNet convolution classification musculoskeletal radiographs
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Abstract

Image recognition is one of the essential branches of computer vision and has significant theoretical and practical importance. This study aims to enhance a deep learning model, DenseNet, by incorporating parallel structures using X-ray images from the MURA (musculoskeletal radiographs) dataset. X-ray images of the elbow and finger are analyzed using AlexNet, DenseNet, parallel DenseNet, and proposed parallel DenseNet (PPDN) deep learning models for anomaly detection, and the results are compared. For the elbow, 1534 healthy and 1630 anomaly X-ray images; for the finger, 1965 healthy and 1938 anomaly X-ray images were used to train the deep learning models. As a result of the statistical analysis, the most successful model with the test accuracy value for the elbow part was the suggested PPDN model (78.74%). The next successful model for the elbow part was AlexNet (77.05%). The most successful model for the finger part was again the PPDN model (69.97%), and the next successful model was the parallel DenseNet model for the finger part (68.94%). In anomaly detection of musculoskeletal elbow and finger X-ray images, the PPDN model is more successful than the classical DenseNet and AlexNet models in terms of test accuracy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Selahattin GÜÇLÜ
1
Durmuş ÖZDEMİR
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hamdi Melih SARAOĞLU
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kütahya Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Türkiye
  2. Department of Computer Engineering, Kütahya Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Türkiye
13 Research on fire smoke traceability based on emotional intelligence Jaya algorithm
Xiaoxiao Liu , Wenhan Zhong , Tao Ding , Luyao Lin , Jinxia Mu , Jianghuan Shi , Zesong Li
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e152708 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152708
Keywords: fire smoke gas traceability EIJaya algorithm UAV
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Abstract

To timely detect fire smoke in the early stages and trace the gas generated, thereby avoiding the loss of human life and property and reducing damage to the ecological environment, this paper proposes a fire smoke tracing method based on the emotional intelligence Jaya algorithm (EIJaya). The algorithm assigns an anthropomorphic mental state to the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in the traceability task to realize its self-evaluation and social evaluation. In the simulation concentration field, the EIJaya algorithm, the basic Jaya algorithm, and the PSO algorithm were used for the verification of the simulation of gas traceability, and the simulation results proved the advantages of the EIJaya algorithm in terms of the success rate and the iteration times. In this paper, the TT UAV was chosen as an experimental tool to utilize the functions of its expansion module fully, and the experimental hardware system was constructed by combining it with the corresponding sensors. The corresponding experimental scene was built in the indoor environment, and the EIJaya algorithm was used to make multiple UAVs cooperate and conduct traceability experiments, which verified the algorithm feasibility in practical applications and proved that the algorithm could quickly and accurately trace the fire smoke.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiaoxiao Liu
1
Wenhan Zhong
2
Tao Ding
1
ORCID: ORCID
Luyao Lin
1
Jinxia Mu
1
Jianghuan Shi
3
Zesong Li
3
  1. China Jiliang University, China
  2. Zhejiang Light Industrial Products Inspection and Research Institute, China
  3. Ningbo Institute of Measurement and Testing, China
14 Improvement of unmanned aerial vehicles model under surge of lightning electromagnetic pulse developed using artificial intelligence based on laboratory measurements in reference to classical regression methods
Tomasz Kossowski , Damian Mazur , Bogdan Kwiatkowski , Przemysław Hawro , Andrzej Imiełowski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e153423 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153423
Keywords: machine learning lightning discharges mathematical model transmittance of drone circuits
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Abstract

Unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) are increasingly used in a growing number of applications, both civil and military. Their design is based on low weight, making the presence of shielding a difficult decision between safety and weight. Currently, there are no mathematical models to determine the safety of drones operating near a storm front. Lightning causes an electromagnetic wave of an impulse nature, which may pose a real threat to electronic systems. This work attempts to develop a mathematical model for simulating drone safety in terms of electromagnetic pulses using artificial intelligence-based tools. Actual measurement results collected from four drones were used as training data. They were tested in laboratory conditions using specialized measuring equipment used to test avionics in accordance with international standards such as DO-160. A repeatable surge pulse generator and a data acquisition system allowed us to collect information on how overvoltages propagate inside the drone systems. Systems that directly influence its operation were selected for this purpose, such as the power supply system, engine controllers, GPS, camera and data bus lines. Other works show that most overvoltages are induced in motor coils and antennas. On this basis, a number of formulas and equations were developed to describe the most important elements of the drone, without which its correct operation would not be possible. The results of the analyses and the mathematical model of the drone based on the examined cases are presented in this work as a complement to real experiments.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Kossowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Damian Mazur
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bogdan Kwiatkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Hawro
2
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Imiełowski
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
  2. Faculty of Technical Engineering, State University of Applied Sciences in Jaroslaw, Poland
15 Machine learning-based fault detection in transmission lines: A comparative study with random search optimization
Yıldırım Özüpak
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e153229 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153229
Keywords: power systems fault detection transmission line machine learning random search regression
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Abstract

Regular and fast monitoring of transmission line faults is of immense importance for the uninterrupted transmission of electrical energy. Rapid detection and classification of faults accelerate the repair process of the system, reducing downtime and increasing the efficiency and reliability of the power system. In this context, machine learning stands out as an effective solution for transmission line fault detection. In this study, fault detection is performed using machine learning techniques such as decision trees, logistic regression, and support vector machines. Random search hyperparameter optimization was applied to improve the performance of the models. The models were trained and tested with data from fault-free and faulted cases. While the support vector machines model showed the lowest performance with 74.19% test accuracy, the logistic regression model achieved 97.01% test accuracy. The decision tree model showed the best performance with low error rates. Error measures such as root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) were also used to evaluate the predictive power of the models. This research demonstrates how machine learning-based methods can be effectively used in the detection of transmission line faults and presents the performance of different algorithms in a comparative manner.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yıldırım Özüpak
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Dicle University, Silvan Vocational School, Electrical Department, Diyarbakır, Türkiye
16 A paradigm for building fire safety
Jadwiga Fangrat
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e152606 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152606
Keywords: paradigm building fire safety engineering material database sustainability
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Abstract

The aim of this study is to describe the fire safety paradigm using the concept of T. Kuhn, its components, and its role and significance for the further development of construction science, particularly the fire safety of buildings. The components of the fire safety paradigm form a complex structure (system) that is presented graphically to illustrate the interconnections and interactions between them. This structure is built by analogy with a three-dimensional coordinate system using linguistic quantities. Currently, it is not yet possible to assign a sequence of numbers representing the coordinates of a point in the space of this system. The three axes of this system determine the major groups of paradigm elements: – fire safety; – components; – activities and inputs. For each group, the components were distinguished and then briefly described and characterized, emphasizing their mutual connections and importance for the fire safety of buildings. Some significant gaps in the systemic approach to fire safety in the EU were discussed and illustrated by the example of the Grenfell Tower fire in London. The paradigm described is universal, and its universality is based on the possession of certain common attributes characteristic of the fire safety environment and their interpretation, as well as on the manner in which fire safety entities implement them. A paradigm shift will result in the introduction of a fire toxicity criterion for the assessment of construction products, which, for unknown reasons, has so far only been implemented in relation to cables. The second necessary amendment is the addition of a requirement for the spread of fires on building facades.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jadwiga Fangrat
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Building Research Institute, Warszawa, Poland
17 Machine learning-based throughput enhancement in fifth-generation networks
Parameswaran Ramesh , P T V Bhuvaneswari , R S Ashok , S Veena
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e153426 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153426
Keywords: 5G channel state information bandwidth machine learning clustering
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Abstract

The 5G enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) category offers faster data rates, network capacity, and user experiences than prior generations. This research aims to boost the 5G uplink user equipment (UE) user data transfer rate. We use Python to build frameworks and analyze data. A 250-m-radius centre-excited picocell base station (PBS) is investigated to support 15 clients. Cell-range Poisson distribution determines user position. All UEs send channel state information (CSI) to the PBS, which evaluates signal transmission channel conditions. The study uses Rayleigh, Rician, free space path, and long-distance route loss models. This inquiry produces a channel state dataset and then it is formulated dataset is dynamic. For service-specific requirements, UEs use k-means clustering. Clustering concatenates bandwidth, enhancing system efficiency and UE sum rate. The research includes observations from simulation findings, in which UEs are grouped by channel gain, achievable data rate, and minimum service-required data rate. Users in cluster 3 achieve the highest cumulative rate of 9.09 Mbps after clustering with an average of 7.16 Mbps. Bandwidth concatenation increased system capacity, meeting each UE service needs. After evaluating performance criteria for different clustering models, k-means remains the best algorithm for the framework. The methodology was carefully designed to satisfy study goals. This paper investigates beamforming and dynamic clustering to improve user fairness and performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Parameswaran Ramesh
1
ORCID: ORCID
P T V Bhuvaneswari
1
R S Ashok
1
S Veena
1
  1. Department of Electronics Engineering, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna University, Chennai, 600044 India
18 New technique for sharpening ultra-thin wires for the drawing process: incremental furnace stretching
Piotr Kustra , Andrij Milenin
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e153425 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153425
Keywords: sharpening wire wire drawing ultra-thin wires SEM FEM
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Abstract

In the wire drawing process, the wire is subjected to sharpening before each drawing. Traditional methods for sharpening wires involve one of the following techniques: crimping, grinding, rolling, chemical etching, or stretching within a furnace. Wire sharpening becomes especially difficult in the manufacture of ultra-thin wire. This study proposes and examines a novel technique for sharpening thin and ultra-thin wires through specialized stretching in a furnace. This study proposes and investigates a new technique for sharpening thin and ultra-thin wires based on stretching them in the furnace. Using a rheology-based concept of wire deformation during stretching, this study offers a substantial enhancement in the maximum attainable thinning of the wire during sharpening. Technically, this advancement is achieved by transitioning from a single-stage stretching process to an incremental one, characterized by small increments of deformation at each stage. In addition to incremental stretching, the proposed method includes simultaneous movement of the wire through a continuous micro furnace, repeated at each stage of elongation, which achieves thinning of the wire end of a given length. This study theoretically and experimentally explores further potentialities of this approach concerning the fabrication of ultra-thin wire. The findings show that the effectiveness of the proposed method strongly depends on the shape of the stress-strain curve of the wire material. For example, the conducted research demonstrated that this method is more effective for brass than for copper wire.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Kustra
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrij Milenin
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH University of Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
19 Research on collaborative optimization of fuel cell tractor transmission system and control strategy parameters
Liyou Xu , Shixun Chen , Junjiang Zhang , Mengnan Liu , Yiwei Wu , Xianghai Yan
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 2 | e153232 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153232
Keywords: hydrogen fuel cell electric tractor parameter optimization energy-saving control
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Abstract

The distributed fuel cell tractor is a new type of power tractor. The transmission system and control strategy parameters affect the energy utilization efficiency of the entire machine. There is currently no research in this area. In order to solve the problem of low energy utilization of the whole machine of distributed dual-motor-driven hydrogen fuel cell tractor, a cooperative optimization method is proposed, based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for the parameters of the transmission system and energy-saving control strategy of distributed dual-motor-driven hydrogen fuel cell tractor. According to the tractor dynamics analysis and equivalent hydrogen consumption theory, a fuel cell tractor transmission parameter-equivalent hydrogen consumption model is established, The wheel-side transmission ratio and the upper and lower threshold values of the hydrogen fuel cell working power are taken as control variables, and the minimum equivalent hydrogen consumption is taken as the optimization goal, the optimization method is simulated and tested based on the MATLAB simulation platform. The results show that under plowing conditions, compared with the rule-based control strategy, the proposed collaborative optimization method of the fuel cell tractor transmission system and control strategy parameters can reasonably control the operating status of the fuel cell and the power battery, ensure that the fuel cell works in a high-efficiency range, enhance the overall performance of the fuel cell system, and control the power battery state of charge (SOC) to remain in a reasonable range. The tractor equivalent hydrogen consumption is reduced by 7.84%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Liyou Xu
1 2
Shixun Chen
1
Junjiang Zhang
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mengnan Liu
3
Yiwei Wu
1 2
Xianghai Yan
1 2
  1. College of Vehicle and Traffic Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
  2. State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang 471039, China
  3. YTO Group Corporation, Luoyang 471004, China

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