Nauki Techniczne

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Opis

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
Civil Engineering,
Control, Informatics and Robotics,

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
Material Science and Nanotechnology,
Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:

JCR Impact Factor 2023:	1.2
5 Year Impact Factor 2022:	1.1
CiteScore 2023:	2.8
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023:	0.282
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023:	0.573
Ministry of Education and Science:	100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.

ISSN

ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

S. Osowski, B. Sawicki and T. Leś, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

D. Pijanowska, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski and A. Lamęcki, Gdansk University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

B. Major and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access

1 Radial Force Variation parameter as a factor of tire uniformity

Marcin Moskwa , Bartosz Gapiński , Michał Jakubowicz

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152609 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152609

Słowa kluczowe: waveform tire assembling machine green tire Radial Force Variation (RFV)

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Abstrakt

Market demands and trends related to ecology and sustainability significantly influence various industries, including the tire market. Tires are required to meet multiple performance criteria, such as braking efficiency, wet grip, and noise levels, while also conforming to uniformity parameters evaluated during the manufacturing process. Increasing the fuel efficiency of tires, which is directly related to reducing rolling resistance, results in a modification of tire materials, dimensions and weight. As a result, components with lighter properties are used in tire construction, and at the same time tires are subjected to higher loads. Research indicates that the green tire building process at tire building machine has a key impact on the values and waveform of the tire's radial force. The methodology of this study involved introducing controlled changes in the angular alignment of the individual drums participating in the green tire assembly process. This approach enabled the isolation and analysis of specific factors contributing to the shaping of the Radial Force Variation (RFV) characteristics. For each configuration, a sample population of 20 tires was evaluated, with measurements taken for both RFV and waveform values. From these measurements, average RFV characteristics were generated. Each resulting characteristic was then compared to a reference specification in order to quantify the influence of the modified angular positions on RFV values and waveform behavior.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Marcin Moskwa

Bartosz Gapiński

Michał Jakubowicz

2 A paradigm for building fire safety

Jadwiga Fangrat

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152606 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152606

Słowa kluczowe: paradigm building fire safety engineering material database sustainability

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Abstrakt

The aim of study is to describe the fire safety paradigm using the concept of T. Kuhn, its components, and its role and significance for the further development of construction science, particularly the fire safety of buildings. The components of the fire safety paradigm form a complex structure (system) that is presented graphically to illustrate the interconnections and interactions between them. This structure is built by analogy with a three-dimensional coordinate system using linguistic quantities. Currently, it is not yet possible to assign a sequence of numbers representing the coordinates of a point in the space of this system. The three axes of this system determine the major groups of paradigm elements: - fire safety; - components; - activities and inputs. For each group, the components were distinguished, which were then briefly described and characterised, emphasising their mutual connections and importance for the fire safety of buildings. Some significant gaps in the systemic approach to fire safety in the EU were discussed and illustrated by the example of Grenfell Tower fire in London. The paradigm described is universal, and its universality is based on the possession of certain common attributes characteristic of the fire safety environment and their interpretation, as well as the manner in which fire safety entities implement them. A paradigm shift will result in the introduction of a fire toxicity criterion for the assessment of construction products, which, for unknown reasons, has so far only been implemented in relation to cables. The second necessary amendment is the addition of a requirement for the spread of fires on building facades.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jadwiga Fangrat

e-mail:

ORCID:

3 Towards backward compatibility of ADRC: revisiting classical state-feedback control with integral compensator

Mikołaj Mrotek , Jacek Michalski , Rafał Madonski , Dariusz Pazderski , Marek Retinger

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152608 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152608

Słowa kluczowe: active disturbance rejection control extended state observer state feedback controller integral compensator ball balancing table

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Abstrakt

In this paper, the problem of backward compatibility of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is investigated. The goal is to contextualize ADRC to deliver its interpretations from the established field of linear control systems. For this study, a control algorithm, denoted here as integral disturbance rejection control (IDRC), is considered that combines classical state-feedback control with an integral compensator. At first, an interpretation of ADRC is involved in terms of existing state-space control approaches. Next, a transition to the frequency domain is performed, which is justified as a significant part of practical control engineering is conducted in that domain. For assumed specific plant structures, both ADRC and IDRC are then holistically compared in terms of transfer function representation and frequency characteristics, as well as steady-state convergence conditions. Such a juxtaposition helps to highlight the similarities and differences of both approaches, whereas the utilized bandwidth parameterization is shown to bring the control system to the same form, thus indicating some interesting practical aspects. Finally, the theoretical results concerning both considered control structures are validated in a set of numerical simulations and experiments conducted on a laboratory hardware testbed.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mikołaj Mrotek

Jacek Michalski

Rafał Madonski

Dariusz Pazderski

Marek Retinger

4 Enhancing Mobile Eye-Tracking in Extreme Urban Lighting Conditions

Marta Rusnak , Zofia Koszewicz , Franciszek Hackemer , Izabela Garaszczuk , Andrew T. Duchowski , Rafał Karnicki

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152709 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152709

Słowa kluczowe: outdoor eye-tracking smart city data quality calibration sunlight

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Abstrakt

One of the methods for understanding residents' needs and socially improving urban spaces in terms of transportation, safety, landscape protection, and managing tourist traffic load is eye-tracking (ET). Researchers using mobile ET for outdoor studies face significant challenges, particularly due to sunlight affecting data quality. Existing solutions often overlook participant comfort. This article introduces a novel accessory designed for extreme lighting conditions, such as bright days, sunsets, and snowy or water-filled environments. The goal is to eliminate disruptions caused by uncontrolled sunlight on participants' eyes and enables studies in urban environments. A custom sun shield, designed for ETs based on spectacle frames, prioritizes both physical and psychological comfort. The lightweight shield is easy to install, minimally restricts the field of view, and does not interfere with eye-tracking components. It is cost-effective and suitable for DIY 3D printing. Control studies and field research confirmed its effectiveness, with feedback from over 100 users improving the final design. The shield enhances eye-tracking research credibility in sunny conditions, supports efficient calibration, and improves participant recruitment and well-being. Jakość danych znacząco wzrosła co obrazuje porównanie danych dotyczących sposobu detekcji źrenicy. Thanks to this solution, it will be possible to conduct research aimed at better understanding the behavior of city users, while ensuring their comfort and safety. It will also be possible to conduct research within the framework of so-called living labs. Importantly, studies show that the approach to designing subsequent mobile ETs based on IR should undergo significant modification.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Marta Rusnak

Zofia Koszewicz

Franciszek Hackemer

Izabela Garaszczuk

Andrew T. Duchowski

Rafał Karnicki

5 Research on Fire Smoke Traceability Based on Emotional Intelligence Jaya Algorithm

Xiaoxiao Liu , Wenhan Zhong , Tao Ding , Luyao Lin , Jinxia Mu , Jianghuan Shi , Zesong Li

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152708 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152708

Słowa kluczowe: fire smoke gas traceability EIJaya algorithm UAV

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Abstrakt

To timely detect fire smoke in the early stages and trace the gas generated, thereby reducing the loss of human life and property and the damage to the ecological environment, this paper proposes a fire smoke tracing method based on the Emotional Intelligence Jaya algorithm (EIJaya). The algorithm assigns an anthropomorphic mental state to the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in the traceability task to realize its self-evaluation and social evaluation. In the simulation concentration field, the EIJaya algorithm, the basic Jaya algorithm, and the PSO algorithm were used for the simulation verification of gas traceability, and the simulation results proved the advantages of the EIJaya algorithm in terms of the success rate and the iteration times. In this paper, the TT UAV is chosen as an experimental tool to utilize the functions of its expansion module fully, and the experimental hardware system was constructed by combining it with the corresponding sensors. The corresponding experimental scene was built in the indoor environment, and the EIJaya algorithm was used to make multiple UAVs cooperate and carry out traceability experiments, which verified the algorithm's feasibility in practical applications and proved that the algorithm could quickly and accurately trace the fire smoke.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Xiaoxiao Liu

Wenhan Zhong

Tao Ding

e-mail:

ORCID:

Luyao Lin

Jinxia Mu

Jianghuan Shi

Zesong Li

6 GTC-DAN: A Graph-Temporal Convolutional Model with Dynamic Adjacency for Vehicle Trajectory Prediction

Hao Chen , Xuncheng Wu , Ruoping Zhang , Wenfeng Guo , Yang Chen , Jiejie Xu , Weiwei Zhang , Wangpengfei Yu

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152610 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152610

Słowa kluczowe: autonomous driving trajectory prediction spatiotemporal modeling dynamic interactions

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Abstrakt

Autonomous driving is currently a hot topic in automotive engineering. Accurately predicting the future trajectory of self-driving cars can significantly reduce the occurrence of traffic accidents. However, predicting the future trajectories of vehicles is a challenging task since it is influenced by the interaction behaviors of neighboring vehicles. This paper proposes a framework that allows for parameter sharing and cross-layer independence, based on a dynamic graph convolutional spatiotemporal network, to study the interactions between vehicles and the temporal dynamics in historical trajectories. By extracting dynamic adjacency matrices from different vehicle interaction features, the model can describe dynamic spatiotemporal relationships, enabling it to handle changes in traffic scenarios. Finally, the proposed model was experimentally compared with existing mainstream trajectory prediction methods using the NGSIM dataset. The results demonstrated that our trajectory prediction model achieved excellent performance in terms of model parameters and prediction accuracy. Compared to the four mainstream models, our model improved accuracy by 35.73%. In addition, we also analyze the relationship between model complexity and efficiency.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Hao Chen

Xuncheng Wu

Ruoping Zhang

Wenfeng Guo

Yang Chen

Jiejie Xu

Weiwei Zhang

Wangpengfei Yu

7 Attempts to apply heuristic research methodology in mechanical engineering on the example of rotating machines

Jan Kiciński , Grzegorz Żywica

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152707 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152707

Słowa kluczowe: heuristic stochastic error multiple whirl rotating machine

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Abstrakt

On any website or in encyclopaedias such as Britannica or Wikipedia, under the entry 'heuristics', one can find numerous definitions, references, and examples from various areas of life. However, the authors of this article have been unable to find examples relevant to technology, particularly in mechanical engineering. This fact inspired us to address this topic, especially since many concrete examples from practice and everyday life seem well-suited to demonstrating the relevance of heuristic methodologies in technical sciences. According to the authors, turbomachinery appears to be of particular interest in this context. This is critical machinery, i.e., machinery whose failure threatens human life. Hence the importance of developing advanced tools to analyse them, especially across the entire operating range (both stable and unstable). With these tools, one can effectively use their intellect, intuition, and common sense in the decision-making process. A classic heuristic symbiosis is thus formed. The paper demonstrates an advanced computer system called MESWIR, developed at the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Gdańsk (IMP PAN) generates a range of interesting diagnostic information, including multiple whirls and stochastic errors related to the unbalance vector. The research was carried out using high-speed, low-power turbines as examples. The results obtained in this way, although they do not have formal theoretical proof of their correctness, allow the right conclusions to be drawn and decisions to be made, which is the essence of decision-making heuristics.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jan Kiciński

Grzegorz Żywica

8 Quantitative risk assessment of hazardous chemical discharges and simulation of threat zones in hydrocarbon storage system

Ahcène Akni , Manel Bidi

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152705 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152705

Słowa kluczowe: safety storage tanks boil over explosion HAZOP ALOHA software

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Abstrakt

Human activities predominantly depend on hydrocarbons, which are essential resources and pivotal drivers of economic growth and development in many nations. Countries with substantial hydrocarbon reserves have capitalized on these resources to generate wealth. However, the complex physicochemical properties of hydrocarbons pose significant risks to both human safety and environmental integrity. Hazard studies conducted across various Algerian oil (NAFTAL) regions, particularly at CBR (Cost-Benefit Ratio) industrial sites, indicate that the primary dangers involve fire and explosion. Investigations into accidents within the ARV (Arrival) terminal zone have identified a strong correlation with hydrocarbon storage practices. This work aims to evaluate the risks associated with specific phenomena linked to the storage of gas oil products. To perform a semi-quantitative risk analysis of potential accident scenarios, we employed the Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) method, alongside a detailed examination of possible incidents using the Fault Tree Method (FTM). This approach elucidates the causes and consequences of undesirable events. Furthermore, we assessed the risks posed by these adverse scenarios and their implications for nearby reservoir areas. Using Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) software for simulation, we illustrated the identified scenarios and delineated the threat zones surrounding the S11 tank.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ahcène Akni

Manel Bidi

9 Descriptor continuousand discrete-time linear systems with zero transfer matrices

Tadeusz Kaczorek , Jerzy Klamka , Andrzej Dzieliński

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e152710 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.152710

Słowa kluczowe: controllability and observability descriptor continuous-time linear systems descriptor discrete-time linear systems zero transfer matrices

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Abstrakt

In this paper, necessary and sufficient conditions for zeroing of the transfer matrices of descriptor continuous-time and discrete-time linear systems are established. The conditions are illustrated by simple numerical examples of the descriptor continuous-time and discrete-time linear systems. Also some remarks on the systems with delays on control are given.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Tadeusz Kaczorek

e-mail: t.kaczorek@pb.edu.pl

ORCID:

Jerzy Klamka

e-mail:

ORCID:

Andrzej Dzieliński

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, ul. Wiejska 45D, Bialystok, Poland
Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, ul. Bałtycka 5, Gliwice, Poland
Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, ul. Koszykowa 75, Warsaw, Poland

10 Slip Compensation Technique In Five-Phase Induction Motors Drive System

Krzysztof Blecharz , Roland Ryndzionek , Paul Gondran , Imad Merzouk

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e153223 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153223

Słowa kluczowe: five-phase induction motor multi-phase motor open-loop control slip compensation scalar control

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Abstrakt

The article presents a slip compensation method for traditional scalar (V/f) control of a five-phase induction motor. The proposed control method uses the possibility of injecting the third harmonic of voltage to increase the motor’s electromagnetic torque. The solution is characterized by both the simplicity of scalar control and improved speed control efficiency. The paper presents the PLECS simulation results and describes the laboratory tests that were conducted. The several scenarios were performed with dedicated and self developed algorithm in a laboratory stand using a 5-phase induction motor.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Krzysztof Blecharz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Roland Ryndzionek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Paul Gondran

Imad Merzouk

11 Experimental Studies on Reducing Permanent Magnet Losses Through Segmentation in a Fractional Slot PMSM Motor with High Power Density

Tomasz Wolnik , Tomasz Jarek , Jan Mikoś , Vitezslav Styskala

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e153225 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153225

Słowa kluczowe: eddy-current losses segmentation of permanent magnets high power density motors

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Tomasz Wolnik

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tomasz Jarek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jan Mikoś

Vitezslav Styskala

12 Importance of C/C++ compiler choice for performance and energy consumption of multithreaded WZ factorization

Beata Bylina , Monika Piekarz , Jarosław Bylina

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e153226 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153226

Słowa kluczowe: processor frequency scaling performance,energy WZ factorization compiler

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Abstrakt

The choice of C/C++ compiler significantly impacts the performance and energy consumption of multithreaded numerical algorithms related to linear algebra. This study investigates the effects of the C/C++ compiler choice and processor frequency scaling (using Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling) on the performance and energy consumption of the multithreaded WZ factorization on three different computing platforms, two featuring Intel Xeon processors and one featuring AMD EPYC processor. The factorization is implemented both without optimization techniques and with strip-mining. Based on time and energy tests, we have demonstrated that, for the WZ factorization (in both implementations), each compiler reacts somewhat differently to frequency changes, thus affecting overall performance and energy consumption. The Intel compilers achieved the best performance and energy savings in a multithreaded environment compared to the other compilers on each of the tested computing platforms.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Beata Bylina

Monika Piekarz

Jarosław Bylina

13 Multilevel voltage source inverter with coupled reactors using coarsely quantized pulse amplitude modulation

Krzysztof Jakub Szwarc , Artur Cichowski , Paweł Szczepankowski , Janusz Nieznański , Ryszard Strzelecki

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153227

Słowa kluczowe: multi-level inverter pulse amplitude modulation coupled reactors multi-pulse voltage source inverter

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Abstrakt

The paper discusses a multilevel voltage source inverter with coupled reactors (MVSI-CR). The output voltage is generated using the novel coarsely quantized pulse amplitude modulation (CQ-PAM). The AC voltage synthesis is realized by selecting and applying an appropriate collection of voltage vectors from the space-vector diagram. Integrating classical two-level inverters allows achieving modularity of the solution. The main advantage of the proposed approach is a very low switching-to-fundamental frequency ratio and a multistep quasisinusoidal output voltage. The paper includes a theoretical analysis, simulations, and laboratory test results.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Krzysztof Jakub Szwarc

Artur Cichowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Paweł Szczepankowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Janusz Nieznański

Ryszard Strzelecki

e-mail:

ORCID:

14 Equilibrated residual method for estimation of modelling and approximation errors in complex piezoelectric models

Magdalena Zielińska , Grzegorz Zboiński

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e153228 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153228

Słowa kluczowe: piezoelectricity complex models finite element method error estimation equilibrated residual method

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Abstrakt

The article presents the equilibrated residual method (ERM) of error estimation in coupled problems in the case of complex piezoelectric models. These models include hierarchical, first-order and transition models within the mechanical field of displacements, as well as hierarchical models within the electric field of potential. Three (classical, modified and enhanced) transition models are considered. The paper presents a variational formulation of the model problem of general piezoelectricity in the case of complex piezoelectric models and the finite element approximation of this problem. Next, the equilibration residual method for coupled problems of piezoelectricity and complex piezoelectric models is presented. The mechanical, electric and coupled parts of the modelling, approximation and total error estimators and true errors are given. Effectivity indices (the ratio of estimated error to true error) are used to assess the quality of error estimation in the case of three error parts and three types of error for the complex models of piezoelectric plates. The effectivity results for simple piezoelectric models and uncoupled problems of elasticity and dielectricity are applied as references.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Magdalena Zielińska

Grzegorz Zboiński

15 Machine Learning-Based Fault Detection in Transmission Lines: A Comparative Study with Random Search Optimization

Yıldırım Özüpak

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | e153229 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153229

Słowa kluczowe: power systems fault detection transmission line machine learning random search regression

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Abstrakt

Regular and fast monitoring of transmission line faults is of great importance for the uninterrupted transmission of electrical energy. Rapid detection and classification of faults accelerates the repair process of the system, reducing downtime and increasing the efficiency and reliability of the power system. In this context, machine learning stands out as an effective solution for transmission line fault detection. In this study, fault detection is performed using machine learning techniques such as decision trees, logistic regression and support vector machines. Random Search hyperparameter optimization was applied to improve the performance of the models. The models were trained and tested with data from fault-free and faulted cases. While the support vector machines model showed the lowest performance with 74.19% test accuracy, the logistic regression model achieved 97.01% test accuracy. The decision tree model showed the best performance with low error rates. Error measures such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) were also used to evaluate the predictive power of the models. This research demonstrates how machine learning-based methods can be effectively used in the detection of transmission line faults and presents the performance of different algorithms in a comparative manner.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Yıldırım Özüpak

Dicle University, Silvan Vocational School, Electrical Department, Diyarbakır, Türkiye

16 Design conversion, and Performance Estimation of BLDC Motor in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Thenmozhi Ganesan , Chandra Vanaraj , Manoharan Subramanian , Radhika Alagesan

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 153424 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153424

Słowa kluczowe: BLDC motor hybrid moped lead acid batteries roller bearing switching structural analysis

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Abstrakt

The core concept in this paper is to hybridize a conventional engine-powered two-wheeler into a hybrid electric vehicle. The shift in the consumers' mindset from conventional IC Engine vehicles to Electric/hybrid vehicles may be a challenge due to the high initial investment. Hence, as a preliminary work, it is proposed to convert an IC engine vehicle to a hybrid electric vehicle considering factors such as affordability, user control, and flexibility. To make the hybrid vehicle available at an affordable price, lead-acid batteries are used for the study. Also, the BLDC motor used in this vehicle has been designed and developed according to the available design constraints. The moped has been redesigned to operate in either engine or electric mode individually depending on the rider’s desire and can switch over to any mode at any time as intended. This is achieved using a unique switching mechanism constructed using needle roller bearings. The concept of hybridization thus results in reduced emissions, especially in stop-go traffic where electric mode can be used, and the performance of hybrid electric vehicles is estimated.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Thenmozhi Ganesan

Chandra Vanaraj

Manoharan Subramanian

Radhika Alagesan

17 A new model for anomaly detection in elbow and finger X-Ray images: proposed parallel DenseNet

Selahattin GÜÇLÜ , Durmuş ÖZDEMİR , Hamdi Melih SARAOĞLU

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 153233 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153233

Słowa kluczowe: DenseNet convolution classification musculoskeletal radiographs

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Abstrakt

Image recognition is one of the essential branches of computer vision and has significant theoretical and practical importance. This study aims to enhance a deep learning model, DenseNet, by incorporating parallel structures using X-ray images from the MURA (Musculoskeletal Radiographs) dataset. X-ray images of the elbow and finger are analyzed using AlexNet, DenseNet, Parallel DenseNet, and Proposed Parallel DenseNet (PPDN) deep learning models for anomaly detection, and the results are compared. For the elbow, 1534 healthy and 1630 anomaly X-ray images; for the finger, 1965 healthy and 1938 anomaly X-ray images were used to train the deep learning models. As a result of the statistical analysis, the most successful model with the test accuracy value for the elbow part was the suggested PPDN model (78.74%). The next successful model for the elbow part was AlexNet (77.05%). The most successful model for the finger part was again the PPDN model (69.97%), and the next successful model was the Parallel DenseNet model for the finger part (68.94%). In anomaly detection of musculoskeletal elbow and finger X-ray images, the PPDN model is more successful than the classical DenseNet and Alexnet models in terms of test accuracy.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Selahattin GÜÇLÜ

Durmuş ÖZDEMİR

Hamdi Melih SARAOĞLU

18 Calibration by Diffeomorphisms of Robot Manipulator Kinematics: a Novel Approach

Roberto Orozco , Adam Ratajczak

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 153230 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153230

Słowa kluczowe: kinematics robot kinematics calibration diffeomorphisms calibration by diffeomorphisms

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Abstrakt

Our paper presents a nonparametric data-driven technique that can enhance the accuracy of robot kinematics models by reducing geometric and nongeometric inaccuracies. We propose this approach based on the theory of singular maps and the Large Dense Diffeomorphic Metric Mapping (LDDMM) framework, which has been developed in the field of Computational Anatomy. This framework can be thought of as a method for identifying nonlinear static models that encode a priori knowledge as a nominal model that we deform using diffeomorphisms. To tackle the kinematic calibration problem, we implement Calibration by Diffeomorphisms and obtain a solution using an image registration formalism. We evaluate our approach via simulations on double pendulum robot models, which account for both geometric and nongeometric discrepancies. The simulations demonstrate an improvement in the precision of the kinematics results for both types of inaccuracies. Additionally, we discuss the potential application of physical experiments. Our approach provides a fresh perspective on robot kinematics calibration using Calibration by Diffeomorphisms, and it has the potential to address inaccuracies caused by unknown or difficult-to-model phenomena.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Roberto Orozco

Adam Ratajczak

19 Improvement of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles model under surge of Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse developed using Artificial Intelligence based on laboratory measurements in reference to classical regression methods

Tomasz Kossowski , Damian Mazur , Bogdan Kwiatkowski , Przemysław Hawro , Andrzej Imiełowski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 15323 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153423

Słowa kluczowe: machine learning lightning discharges mathematical model transmittance of drone circuits

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Abstrakt

Unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) are increasingly used in a growing number of applications, both civil and military. Their design is based on low weight, making the presence of shielding a difficult decision between safety and weight. Currently, there are no mathematical models to determine the safety of drones operating near a storm front. Lightning causes an electromagnetic wave of an impulse nature, which may pose a real threat to electronic systems. This work attempts to develop a mathematical model for simulating drones safety in terms of electromagnetic pulses using artificial intelligence-based tools. Actual measurement results collected from four drones were used as training data. They were tested in laboratory conditions using specialized measuring equipment used to test avionics in accordance with international standards such as DO-160. A repeatable surge pulse generator and a data acquisition system allowed us to collect information on how overvoltages propagate inside the drone’s systems. Systems that directly influence its operation were selected for this purpose, such as the power supply system, engine controllers, GPS system, camera and data bus lines. Other works show that most overvoltages are induced in motor coils and antennas. On this basis, a number of formulas and equations were developed to describe the most important elements of the drone, without which its correct operation will not be possible. The results of the analyzes and the mathematical model of the drone based on the examined cases are presented in this work as a complement to real experiments.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Tomasz Kossowski

Damian Mazur

e-mail: mazur@prz.edu.pl

ORCID:

Bogdan Kwiatkowski

e-mail: b.kwiatkowsk@prz.edu.pl

ORCID:

Przemysław Hawro

e-mail:

ORCID:

Andrzej Imiełowski

20 Machine Learning Based Throughput Enhancement in Fifth Generation Networks

Parameswaran Ramesh , P T V Bhuvaneswari , R S Ashok , S Veena

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 153426 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.153426

Słowa kluczowe: 5G channel state information bandwidth machine learning clustering

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Abstrakt

The 5G Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) category offers faster data rates, network capacity, and user experiences than prior generations. This research aims to boost the 5G uplink User Equipment (UE) user data transfer rate. We use Python to build frameworks and analyze data. A 250-m-radius center-excited Picocell Base Station (PBS) is investigated to support 15 clients. Cell-range Poisson distribution determines user position. All UEs send Channel State Information (CSI) to the PBS, which evaluates signal transmission channel conditions. The study uses Rayleigh, Rician, free space path, and longdistance route loss models. This inquiry produces a channel state dataset and then it is formulated dataset is dynamic. For servicespecific requirements, UEs use K-means clustering. Clustering concatenates bandwidth, enhancing system efficiency and UE sum rate. Observations from simulation findings. UEs are grouped by channel gain, achievable data rate, and minimum servicerequired data rate. Users in cluster 3 achieve the highest cumulative rate of 9.09 Mbps after clustering with an average of 7.16 Mbps. Bandwidth concatenation increased system capacity, meeting each UEs service needs. After evaluating different clustering models performance criteria, K-means remains the best algorithm for the framework. The methodology was carefully designed to satisfy study goals. This research will investigate beamforming and dynamic clustering to improve user fairness and performance.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Parameswaran Ramesh

P T V Bhuvaneswari

R S Ashok

S Veena

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